CRIMINALISTICS REVIEW COURSEpppppppppptx

"Virginity is based on the INTACTNESS of all the anatomical structures on the genital portion [for
the females]; or the ABSENCE of any form of injury (either recent or remote) on the genital portion [for
both males and females]."

1. CRIMINALISTICS REVIEW COURSE HAROLD O. GARAO, RCRIM

2. Forensic Science = refers to the application of various sciences to law or administration of justice. It is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. Forensic = was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a market place, a place where people gathered for public discussion. The word forensic once used in injunction with another subject connotes an “application to law or administration of justice” Criminalistics = is a profession or a field of forensic science that deals with recognition, collection, preservation and examination of physical evidence for the administration of justice .

3. Fields of Criminalistics Dactyloscopy = science of fingerprint Identification and classification. Forensic Photography = the application of the principle of photography in discovering truth. Forensic Odontology = the scientific identification by means of dental record. Forensic Ballistics = the science of F/A identification by means of the ammunition fired from them. Forensic Entomology = study of role or importance of insects in the crime investigation. Forensic Chemistry = the application of the principle of chemistry in relation to the administration of justice. ( Physical and Chemical composition of matters) Forensic Anthropology = the scientific method of identification by means of skeletal remains. Questioned Document = scientific analysis of documents which is under scrutiny. Forensic Toxicology = the application of the principle of toxicology (study of poison) in discovering truth concerning suspicious death in a person. Forensic Microbiology Forensic Serology Forensic Zoology Forensic Biology

4. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE a system of recognizing and identifying a particular person based on his/her characteristics as differentiate from others. METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION Tattoo Marks Scars Stature Teeth Deformities Injuries Moles

5. 1. A system of identification which was used earlier than the fingerprint system, made by measuring various bony structure of human body. Developed by Alphonse Bertillion . Portrait Parle Anthropometry Tattoo Photography

6. 2. Is the distance of recognition in broad daylight of a person who is almost a stranger . 100 yards 25 yards 16-17 yards 10-13 yards NOTE: 100 yards = never seen even once (broad day light) 16 – 17 yards = moonlight 10 -13 yards = starlight. 1yard = 0.9144 m

7. 3. Is the basic principle involve in personal Identification which states that the greater the number of similarity or difference the greater the probability for the identity or non identity to be conclusive. Law of individuality Law of infallibility Law of multiplicity of evidence Law of constancy

8. 4. Which of the following personal Identification is not easy to change? Hair Dress Speech personal pharapernalia

9. 5. Considered to be one of the most infallible means of Identification . DNA fingerprinting Dactyloscopy Fingerprint Identification Photography DNA fingerprinting = the most indispensable science. Dactyloscopy - science

10. 6. Identification of person can be done either by Comparison or by____? Exclusion Experimentation Examination Inclusion

11. 7. A system of Identification best used in case of burned body . Fingerprint Odontology Skeletal Identification Photography DNA Fingerprinting 1.Forensic Odontology= dental identification 2.Forensic Anthropology = skeletal identification

12. 8. The first conviction in the Philippine Case which gives recognition to the science of fingerprint? People Vs. Medina People Vs. Jennings Miranda Vs. Arizona West Case Note: People vs. Jennings (U.S. case) West case = defeats the Anthropometry System

13. 9. Known as the Father of Modern Fingerprint , whose system of classification was spread in almost all English speaking country . Juan Vucitich Sir Edward Richard Henry Francis Galton William Herschel Note: Juan Vucetich = his system of classification was accepted by Spanish Speaking Countries. Francis Galton = undertook the first definitive study and classification of F.P., statistical study to prove uniqueness of F.P. and wrote the book “Finger Prints”. William Herschel = first application of F.P. for identification and developed Chiroscopy .

14. 10. Is the person who discover the two main layer of the friction skin (Epidermis and Dermis) and to whom one of the thin layer of the friction skin was named. Herman Welcker Marcelo Malpighe Nehemiah Grew Dr. Henry Faulds Note: Herman Welcker = proved the principle of permanency by printing is palm twice with a lapse of 41 yrs. Nehemiah Grew = the first to wrote a treaty on the study of ridges and sweat pores Dr. Henry Faulds = a surgeon who gives value to latent prints.

15. 11. A new Mexico Geologist who adopted the first individual use of fingerprints in August 8, 1882, by using his own thumb mark as a protection to prevent tampering with the pay order he issued. Sgt John Kenneth Ferrier Capt James Parke Gilbert Thompson Dr. Henry P. De Forest Dr. Henry P. De Forest =Utilized the first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for Criminal Registration. Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate the first state and penal use of fingerprint adopted in SingSing prison Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier = First fingerprint instructor at St. Louis Police Dept. Missouri.

16. 12. Is the person known for being the U.S. public enemy number one , who attempt to destroy his friction by applying a corrosive acid . Robert James Pitts John Dillenger Roscoe Pitts John Augustus Robert James Pitts = used surgery to destroy his friction ridges. Known as the Man without fingerprint. Also known by the name Roscoe Pitts.

17. 13. Is the scientific study of the prints of the soles of the feet ? Poroscopy Chiroscopy Podoscopy Dactyloscopy Chiroscopy –( Greek word “ Cheir ” – a hand, “ Skopien ”–to examine) study of the prints of the palms of the hand. Podoscopy – ( Greek word “Podo” – the foot, and Skopien – to the study of the footprints. Poroscopy –(Greek word “ poros ”–a pare,and “ Skopien ”–to examine) study of the arrangement of the sweat pores.

18. 14. Is the science of fingerprint identification Dactyloscopy dactylography dactylomancy dactylo -analysis Dactyloscopy – (derived from the Latin words Dactyl = finger and Skopien – to study or examine) is the practical application of the science of fingerprints. Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint as a means of identification. Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of personality interpretation.

19. 15. The word finger was derived from what Latin word ? Dermis Dactyl Digitus Skopien Dactyloscopy =derived from Latin word “dactyl” and “ skopien ” Polydactyl = born with more than the regular number of fingers. Macrodactyl = enlarged finger. Microdactyl = reduced/small finger. Ectodactyl = missing finger at birth. Syndactyl = side fussion of the finger.

20. 16. The principle in fingerprint study that states that fingerprint cannot be forged . Fingerprint is a reliable and a positive means of identification. principle of infallibility principle of permanency principle of individuality None of the above Dogmatic Principles of F.P. Identification 1. Individuality = based on Statistical probability that no two persons have the same fingerprint. (1:64,000,000,000 – Francis Galton). 2. Infallibility = reliable, positive, not easy to be forged. 3. Permanency/Constancy = F.P. is unchangeable. (Herman Welcker)

21. 17. What is the main layer of the epidermis , which covers the surface on which ridges are visible? Dermis stratum corneoum stratum mucusom sanguinal stratum Epidermis =outer layer Dermis =inner layer Epidermis is divided into: stratum corneum and stratum mucosum

22. 18. Friction skin (Epidermal skin/ Papillary skin) may be damage permanently when which of its layer was damage? Dermis Epidermis dermal papillae generating layer General Rules on Ridge Destruction: Epidermis – temporary Dermis – permanent damage Cut – a depth of more than 1mm will constitute permanent scar, while less than 1mm is temporary.

23. 19. How deep is the cut in order to produced permanent scar? more than 1 cm more than 1mm 1 m 1dm

24. 20. Is that appears as tiny black line with white dots (called pores) in an inked finger impression? sweat pores Ridges Furrows sweat duct

25. 21. What are the depressed portions or canal structure of the friction skin (found between ridges). Pores Furrows Indentions Duct Component parts of Friction skin 1. Ridge Surface a. Ridges = elevated portion/hill like/black-lines. b. Furrows = depressed portion/canal-like/ white space. 2. Sweat Pores= tiny/small openings/ tiny white dots. 3. Sweat Duct = passage way of sweat. 4. Sweat Glands= the producer of sweat.

26. 22. How many standard fingerprint patterns are there? Three Two Eight nine

27. 23. What pattern type has the ridges that enter on one side of the pattern and flow to the other side with a rise in the center ? Loop plain arch tented arch exceptional arch

28. (A) (T) Arch (5%) - Two types (2): plain (A) and tented arch (T) --- (a) uptrust , (b) angle, and (c) Incomplete loop type. - no ridge count. Loop (60%)- Two types :radial and ulnar loop. - core, dellta , a sufficient recurve, at least 1 ridge count. Whorl (35%)- Four types (4) plain whorl (W), central pocket loop whorl (C), double loop whorl (D) and accidental whorl (X). - two or more deltas and at least one circuiting ridge.

29. 24. What type of a pattern has two deltas in which at least one ridges makes a turn through one complete circuit ? Arch accidental whorl Loop Whorl

30. 25. What is the type of a pattern in which the looping or slanting ridges flows towards the little finger ? loop radial loop ulnar loop tented arch Radial loop (radius bone) = towards the thumb. Ulnar loop (ulna bone) = towards the little finger.

31. 26. The diagonal sign (/) in the right hand means _________. Radial Ulnar Tented plain loop

32. 27. What type of a pattern consisting of two or more deltas, one or more ridge forming a complete circuitry and when an imaginary line is drawn from left delta to right delta it touches or cross the circuiting ridge/s considered as the most common type of whorl . plain whorl central pocket loop whorl Accidental Whorl Double loop whorl

33. Plain Whorl = lines from left to right delta cross/touch at least one circuiting ridge . Central pocket loop whorl = lines from left to right delta does not cross/touch at least one circuiting ridge. Double loop whorl = two separate loop/shoulders. Accidental whorl = combination of two patterns, except with plain arch.

34. 28. In an accidental whorl type of pattern, what pattern is not included in the combination? ulnar loop plain whorl tented arch plain arch

35. 29. The core and delta are also termed as _____? inner terminus focal point outer terminus pattern area Fingerprint Terminus/Focal Points Core – inner terminus Delta – outer terminus

36. 30. Is a point along a ridge formation, which is found in front or near the center of the diverging typelines . Core Delta island ridge convergence

37. 31. What is the rule where there are two or more possible bifurcation deltas which conform to the definition of delta ? the one nearest the core should be chosen the one away from the core should be counted the one which does not open towards the core is counted the one towards the core should be counted

38. 32. When a ridge bifurcates, sending two ridges across the imaginary line, how is it counted? One two Three Six

39. 33. What is that spreading of two ridges that previously running side by side? Bifurcation Divergence Convergence enclosure

40. 33. What kind of a ridge resembles a dot, fragment or a period? Lake island ridge ending ridge incipient ridge

41. Basic types of ridges: ridge dot, ending ridge, bifurcation and short ridge. Convergence = two separate ridges that meets at certain point. (meeting of two separate ridges). Divergence = two ridges that spreads apart. (Spreading of two separate ridges) Bifurcation = single ridge that splits into two or more forming a Y-shape. Enclosure = a single ridge that splits into two ridges and meets to form the original ridge. ***In fingerprint pattern, it refers to an end point of a ridge or a ridge with abrupt ending is what kind of ridge –(a) Ending ,(b) curving,(c) sudden,(d) looping

42. 34. What ridge divides itself into or more branches that meets to form the original figure ? Bifurcation island ridge lake ridge/enclosure Convergence

43. 35. What type of a ridge is that which curves back to the direction from which it started. diverging ridge recurving ridge converging ridge bifurcation

44. 36. Is a short horizontal ridge found inside a recurving ridge which has spoiled the inner line of flow from the inner delta to the center of the pattern. This is also found in the second type of central pocket loop. Bar obstruction Appendage upthrust Appendage – is a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve. Rod or Bar – is a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards the core or parallel to the recurve. Upthrust = a horizontal ridge that makes a sufficient rise at the center.

45. 37. Is the type of pattern in which the course is traced the line flow below the right delta and there are three intervening ridge . meeting whorl inner whorl outer whorl central pocket loop whorl Meeting whorl = there are two or less intervening ridge/s. Inner whorl = with three (3) intervening ridge and the tracing flows above/inside the right delta.

46. 38. Ridge forms in the person’s fingers and feet during its infants stage which usually starts: 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life 5th to 6th months of the fetus life 4th to 5th months of the fetus life 5th to 6th months before birth 3 rd to 4 th months of the fetus life or 5 th to 6 th months before birth. Epidermis = temporary destruction Dermis = permanent destruction Cut of more than 1mm = permanent scar.

47. 39. Is the process of counting the ridges which intervene between the delta and core of a loop? ridge tracing ridge tracking ridge counting ridge summing Ridge tracing = between tracing ridge and right delta. Intervening ridge = ridges between tracing ridge and right delta. Ridge count = ridges between delta and core.

48. 40. What fingers are rolled towards the body in taking a rolled impression? both little finger all finger except thumb both thumb finger both index finger Types of fingerprint impression on the FP Card Rolled impression = taken individually by rolling the finger from the tip to the end of the first joint. Used for classification purposes. Plain Impression = taken simultaneously by simply pressing the ten fingers. It serves as guide or reference in checking the rolled impression.

49. 41. Is the division in the classification formula which is always represented by numerical value depending upon a whorl pattern appearing in each finger. Primary key final Major Primary div. = derived from the sum of the numerator and denominator plus the pre-established fraction of 1/1(arbitrary count).

50. 42. In assigning a number value to whorl pattern, what finger should be given a value of 4 when a whorl pattern appears therein: left little finger and right thumb right little finger and left thumb right thumb and left little finger left thumb and right

51. 43. If all the fingers in the right hand are whorls and all the fingers of the left hand are loops, what will be the primary division? 25/29 29/25 24/28 28/24 P = 1/1 + the sum of N/D = 25/29 2 4 6 8 10 (fingers) 16 8 0 0 0 = 24 16 8 4 0 0= 28 1 3 5 7 9 (fingers)

52. 44. What patterns are included in the secondary division in deriving the small letter category. ulnar loop, plain arch and tented arch radial, plain arch and tented arch radial loop, ulnar and arch radial, ulnar, plain arch Secondary div. = combination of Capital Letters (index fingers), and small letters ( r,a,t ). Capital Letters – focused on Index Finger (T,A,R,U,W,C,D,X) small letters ( r,a,t ) – Focused on Thumb, Middle, Ring and Little

53. 45. What would be the secondary divisions if all the right hand fingers are radial loops while all the left hand fingers are tented arches. 3Rr/3Tt rR3r/tT3t R3r/T3t R4r/T4t

54. 46. What is the interpretation for a ridge count on the left index that reaches 8 . Exceptional inner loop radial loop outer loop Sub-secondary = derived by ridge counting loop and ridge tracing whorl appearing in the Index, Middle and Ring fingers. Loops = Inner (I) or Outer (0) ===== Index (9), Middle (10), and Ring (13) Whorls = Meeting (M), Inner (I), and Outer (O) Arches = Dash (-)

55. 47. In interpreting a loop pattern, what is the numerical value of S in the left hand ? 1 to 11 18 to 22-m 1 to 17-s 12 to 16-M Major Div. = derived from both thumb fingers. Loops = R. C. = S, M, L Whorls = R.T. = M,O,I Arches = Dash (-) Table 1 (always used in left thumb whenever there is a loop) Table 2 (used only in Right thumb if it is a loop and when the left thumb is 17 or more S = 1-11 M = 12 - 16 L = 17 or more S = 1-17 M= 18 – 22 L = 23 or more

56. 48. In ridge counting a plain whorl or central pocket loop whorl in the little finger it is derived by: a. getting the ridge count of the top loop (double loop whorl) getting the ridge count of the top loop (double loop whorl) treating it as ulnar loop getting the least ridge count (accidental whorl) getting the delta opposite each hand *FINAL CLASSIFICATION(little finger) RC – Whorls & Loops Whorls – Rules – *W&C – treat as ulnar loop *D – up right loop *X – least ridge count

57. 49. What division in the classification formula is derived from both little finger and is place at the extreme right of the classification formula. key final major Secondary

58. 50. The key division is the division in the classification which is located at the extreme left of the classification formula and it is taken by getting the ridge count of __________? loop pattern first radial loop first loop first whorl Key division - derived from the ridge count of the First Loop, EXCEPT the little finger. - If there were no loops, get the ridge count of the First Whorl. - Only numerator.