CROP IMPROVEMENT OF CARDAMOM breeding

CROP IMPROVEMENT OF CARDAMOM breeding

1. CROP IMPROVEMENT OF CARDAMOM BY J.PREETHI FETRICIA

2. CARDAMOM Small Cardamom Botanical name : Elettaria cardamomum Family : Zingiberaceae Origin : Western Ghats of South India and Srilanka Queen of Spices Chromosome number : 2n═ 48,52, X═12 Distribution : Guatemala , Srilanka Tanzania , Vietnam , Cambodia, Papau New Guinea and India Distribution : Kerala, Karnataka , TamilNadu

3. Volatile oil of cardamom Constituent Indian cardamom Guatemalan Cardamom Sri Lankan Cardamom Pinene 1.95 1.43 1.93 Sabinene + Myrcene 7.11 5.62 7.00 Limonene 3.60 3.67 3.63 1,8 Cineole 32.55 27.89 31.39 α - terpinene 2.31 2.32 1.90 Linalyl acetate 0.79 1.81 3.31 Geraniol 2.00 2.94 2.1 α – terpinyl acetate 41.2 37.93 34.92

4. India was the main producer and exporter of cardamom until the 1980s, with Guatemala emerging later as a keen competitor to India in the international cardamom market . Tanzania , Sri Lanka, El Salvador, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Papua New Guinea are also cardamom-growing countries. After World War II, cardamom production in Guatemala increased on account of high demand and a rise in the international price. The cultivation of cardamom has also grown in popularity in the virgin forest lands of Papua New Guinea, though it is restricted to private estate owners (Krishna, 1997 ). Guatemala emerged world’s premier producer and exporter of cardamom 90% In global trade India is the second largest consumer of cardamom in the world After Saudi Arabia Kerala accounts for 60% of the cultivated area in India

5. Elettaria cardamomum

6. Amomum subulatum – Nepal or Large Cardamom

7. Aframomum korarima – Ethiopian cardamom

8. Aframomum angustifolium - madagascar cardamom

9. Amomum kepulaga sprague and Burkil – Java cardamom

10. Amomum globosum – large round chinese cardamom

11. Amomum aromaticum – Bengal cardamom

12. Botany Small or lesser cardamom is 2-4 cm tall herbaceous perennial plant with branched rhizomes from which leafy shoots arise forming a cluimp . Leaves – Lanceolate, dark green and shiny on upper side and pale green on lower side. Inflorescence type: Long panicle arises with base of leafy shoots with 45-120cm long It is a self sterile . Flowers are borne in racemose, bisexual and zygomorphic Calyx – tubular green, shortly three toothed Corolla – long w ith narrow spreading pale green lobes Flower contains attractive petalloid labellum which is made up with modified stamens. Ovary – inferior, one style . trilocular and is of axile placentation.There are numerous ovules in each carpel. Pollination - cross pollination . Self-pollination is hindered due to the slight protrusion of the stigma above the stamens. Pollinator – Honeybees ( Apis cerana , Apis indica and Apis dorsata ) Fruit – trilocular capsule

13. Floral biology The peak flowering is between May and October . The time required from flower/bud initiation to full bloom stage ranges from 26 to 34 days . Capsule development takes about 110–20 days from the full bloom stage (Krishnamurthy et al ., 1989). The early hours of the day are when the maximum number of flowers open.( Anthesis ). Cardamom flowers remain in bloom for 15–18 hours per day. In the Mudigere region of Karnataka, anthesis at 3.30 am and continues until 7.30 am . The dehiscence of anthers takes place immediately followed by anthesis at 3.30 am which continues up to 7.30 am. The maximum pollen bursting occurs between 5.30 am and 6.30 am. The pollen grains are round and mostly found individually . Stigma receptivity and pollen viability are at maximum during the morning hours. Receptivity is at maximum between 8 am and 10 am, when 72 % of the opened flowers set fruit. After 10 am the stigma receptivity decreases gradually. It is reported that receptivity of the stigma is highest between 8 am and 12 noon (Krishnamurthy et al ., 1989; Kuruvilla and Madhusoodanan , 1988).

14. Germplasm Conservation S.No Centre Cultivated Related taxa Total 1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Regional Station, Appangala , Karnataka 592 13 605 2 Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara , Kerala, Spices Board 600 12 612 3 Cardamom Research Station, Pampadumpara , Kerala (Kerala Agriculture University) 177 177 4 Regional Research Station, Mudigere , Karnataka (University of Agriculture and Horticultural Science) 132 132 Survey , collection and conservation of cardamom genetic resources were initiated, and a good number of accessions are collected and these are now being conserved by following organisation

15. Breeding Objectives H igh yield of capsule Selection of plants with bold capsules Selection of plants with more number of seeds / fruit Resistance to biotic stress viz., viral diseases such as katte , fungal diseases such as rhizome rot, clump rot and capsule rot ,pest like capsule borer etc., Tolerance to abiotic stresses especially drought Higher percentage of dry capsule recovery (> 22 %) Higher seed: husk ratio . Breeding for higher quality i.e. higher percentage of essential oils, ά- terpenyl acetate which is responsible for the aroma and flavour Developing location specific varieties suitable to different agro-climatic conditions.

16. Classification of cardamon Two botanical varieties of Ellettaria cardamom have been categorized based on the size of fruit ( Wardini and Thomas, 1999). Var.major : Wild cardamom of Sri Lanka. Robust plant of 3m length with broadleaves and erect panicles. Fruit is larger eg . 2.5 to 5 cm , larger and less aromatic seeds . Known as Long wild native cardamom in trade. 2. var. cardamomum ( syn.var.minor ): This includes most of cultivatedv races.Fruits are 1-2cm long (smaller) and more aromatic seeds .

17. Var minor comprising cultivated types viz Malabar type Mysore type Vazhukka type ( natural hybrid between M ysore and Malabar) Particulars Mysore type Malabar type Vazhukka Plant stature Robust erect Medium sized Robust semi-erect Panicle capsule Bold,Elongated Prostrate round or oblong Round to oblong Adaptability Highr altitudes 900-1200m MSL Lower altitudes 600-900m MSL Wide range

18. Difference between Malabar and Mysore S.No Malabar Mysore 1. Plant grow upto 2.7m in height Plant show robust growth upto 5m 2. Leaves are short and smooth surface having hairs on lower surface Large and coarse and glaborus beneath 3. Panicles are prostrate Panicles are erect and arching 4. Fruits are small Fruits are longer 5. Susceptible to katte mosaic virus Resistant to katte mosaic virus 6. Cultivated chiefly in karnataka (Mysore , coorg and travancore ) More suited to higher elevation and grown in Kerala 7. Less sensitive to sunlight More sensitive to sunlight 8. Bud development & ripening takes 3 months Bud development & ripening takes 4 months

19. Malabar Mysore 9. Ripening completes indicated by paling of fruits No paling of fruits has been reported 10. Most pleasant and mellow aroma and flavour Harsher aroma and flavour 11. Not suited for green cardamom preparation because seeds has developed their full flavour capsule has begun to turn pale yellow well suited to green spice the seeds reach flavour maturation when capsules are still green 12. Cannot withstand sun Can withstand sun 13. Cured fruits are generally rounded shape – 18.5 mm in length. Cured fruits are three cornered and ribbed and tend to be slightly longer - 21mm in length 14. Oil has lower cineole and higher alpha terpinyle acetate Oil poses higher cineole and lower alpha terpinyle acetate 15. Important cultivars under this group are ICRI-1, ICRI-3, ICRI-4, TDK-4,PV-1, TDK-11,Mudigree-1,MCC-40 ICRI-2

20. Vazhuka type Exhibit intermediate characters. Wide range of adaptability Vazhuka cultivars possess more tillering ability Life span of tillers is around 23 months in Malabar , 26 months in Mysore and 29.5 months in Vazhuka Fruit set percent is high in Vazhuka (61%), whereas the shedding percentage of immature capsules is high in Malabar type 19%. For yield of fresh and dry capsules , Vazhuka (710g and 175g , respectively) and Malabar type (651g and 150 g) while Mysore cultivars ( 322g and 78g ) are comparatively lower yielders. Important cultivars of Vazhuka type : PV-2, NCC-200( Nijalini ),MCC-12 and MCC-16

21. Varieties of Small cardamom VARIETY TYPE INSTITUTE YIELD (Kg/ha) DRY RECOVERY FEATURES Mudigere-1 Clonal sln , Malabar type RRS, Mudigere ,Karnataka 250-300 - Suitable for high density planting . Oval bold capsule Mudigere-2 Malabar ype RRS, Mudigere 476 - Early, round to oval and bold capsule PV-1 Clonal sln , Malabar type CRS, Pampadumpara 260-520 20% Oval and bold capsule, Long panicle PV-2 Malabar type CRS 1250 Bold , oil(10.4%), Tolerant to clump and capsule rot, early maturing ICRI -1 Malabar type ICRI, Myladumpara 325-650 22.9% Oil 8.3%, early medium sized panicle

22. Variety Type Institute Yield (Kg/ha) Dry recovery (%) Features ICRI-2 Mysore type ICRI, Myladumpara 375-760 22.5 Oil (9%), Tolerant azhukal disease ICRI-3 Malabar type ICRI, 790 - Early,oblong bold berry, tolerant to rhizome rot ICRI-4 Malabar type ICRI TDK-4 Malabar type ICRIRS, Thadiyankudisai 961 Early, globose &bold, Medium panicle. MCC-61 Selection Mudigere 375 Tolerant to azhukal MCC-49 selection Mudigere 325 Bold capsule RR-1 Malabar type CRSI,Appangala 476-848 Elongated capsule, resistant to rhizome rot CCS-1 Malabar type CRS, Appangala 408 22 Oil(8.7%) oblong & bold capsule

23. Variety Type Institute Yield(kg/ha) Dry recovery % Features SKP-14 Malabar type ICRI-RS, Saklespur 430-590 - - IISR survasini Sln from OP progeny of CL 37 CRS, Appangala 1322 irrigated condition Suitable for high density planting , early, long panicle IISR Vijetha Clonal sln from field resistant plant for katte , 979 Virus resistant with high % of bold capsules. IISR Avinash Sln of OP seedlings os CCS-1, 1483 Dark green capsules, Tolerant to rhizome rot Nijalini Green Gold Clonal sln from Vazhukka type Farmers selection 1600 ( potential to >3000) High yielding , Yielding upto 5000 kg/ha recorded. Capsules bold

24. Large cardamom Botanical Name- Amomum subulatum Origin – Eastern Himalayan Region World – Nepal, Bhutan, India India- Sikkim, Darjeeling Uses- Tonic for Cough, apprtizer , diuretic, Stimulant, etc Pregnant women should not use cardamom because there is a fear of abortion Heart disease – powdered large cardamom with powdered fig roots with honey – daily in the morning

25. Varieties Ramshai / Ramsey : Tall plants (2.5m) .Fruits are small and of inferior quality ,suitable for growing at higher altitude Sawaney : Tall plants with wider and shorter leaves.Fruits are bold and brown. Popular variety of lower altitudes. Golshai / Golsey : Short plants with 5-6 shoots and short and broad leaves. Fruits bold, big , round in shape and yellow coloured. Good market value- attractive appearance Other derived varieties – Ramla , Chiba, Ramnag , Madhurai and Mongney

26. References V. A. Parthasarathy and D. Prasath , Indian Institute of Spices Research, India Chapter 8 Caradamom Mohammedsani Zaki . Review on Breeding Method and Achievements of Cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum Maton ) and Future Prospects(2019). International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry., 6(12):16-23

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