Crop Residue Management: Pros and Cons..

Crop residue management: Pros and cons

1. DOCTORAL SEMINAR I on Crop Residue Management: Pros and Cons PRESENTED BY: ANU NAWHAL 21PHAGRN103 PhD Agronomy Department of Agronomy SHUATS, Prayagraj 1

2. CROP RESIDUE Materials left in an agricultural field after the crop harvest. Residues include stalks and stubble (stems), leaves and seed pods. Cereals (352 Mt), fibers (66 Mt), pulses (13 Mt), oilseeds (29 Mt) and sugarcane (12 Mt) contributes the majority of crop residue. Cereal crops contribute 70%, while rice alone contributes 34% to the crop residues (NPMCR, 2014). 2 1

3. 3 TABLE 1. Chemical composition of different crop residues Crop residue Nutrient content (%) C N P K S C:N C:P Wheat 44 0.51 0.07 1.48 0.21 86 628 Pigeonpea 42 1.26 0.09 0.41 0.26 33 466 Groundnut 41 1.92 0.20 0.82 0.25 21 205 Maize 43 0.81 0.13 0.88 0.22 53 330 Soybean 39 1.27 0.25 0.66 0.27 31 156 Cotton 42 0.50 0.21 1.67 0.24 84 200 Source: Behera et al ., 2021 NUTRIENTS IN CROP RESIDUE 2

4. 4 GLOBAL ~140 Bt India ~ 517 Mt U.P. ~ 59 Mt CROP RESIDUE GENERATION IN INDIA ASIA ~ 1200 Mt Source: Venkatramanan et al ., 2021 3

5. RESIDUE MANAGEMENT METHODS ADOPTED BY INDIAN FARMERS 5 4

6. ON-FARM RESIDUE BURNING 6 5

7. State-wise and crop-wise residue burning 7 TABLE 2. State-wise residue burnt in India (2008-09) STATE Residue Burnt (Mt) STATE Residue Burnt (Mt) Andhra Pradesh 2.73 Manipur 0.07 Arunachal Pradesh 0.04 Meghalaya 0.05 Assam 0.73 Mizoram 0,01 Bihar 3.19 Nagaland 0.09 Chhattisgarh 0.83 Orissa 3.68 Goa 0.04 Punjab 24.83 Gujarat 3.81 Rajasthan 8.52 Haryana 9.08 Sikkim 0.02 Himachal Pradesh 0.41 Tamil Nadu 7.05 Jammu & Kashmir 0.89 Tripura 0.02 Jharkhand 1.10 Uttarakhand 0.63 Karnataka 5.66 Uttar Pradesh 13.53 Kerala 0.22 West Bengal 4.29 Madhya Pradesh 1.91 All India 140.84 Maharashtra 7.42 Source: MNRE, 2009 Source: Venkatramanan et al ., 2021 6

8. Burning effect on soil properties 8 TABLE 3. Nutrient losses as a result of burning of rice residue Nutrient Concentration in straw (g/kg) Percent lost in burning Loss (kg/ha) C 400 100 2400 N 6.5 90 35 P 2.1 25 3.2 K 17.5 20 21 S 0.75 60 2.7 Source: Porichha et al ., 2021 7

9. RESIDUE INCORPORATION & MULCHING 9 8

10. RI and Mulching effect on soil properties 10 9

11. RI and Mulching effect on weed growth 11 Table 4. Fraction emergence of indicator species, sown directly after residue incorporation of winter oilseed rape (WO) or winter rye (WR) in experiment 1 and 2 Exp Pre- Treatment Placement Stellaria media Chenopodium album WO 1 No residue - 0.30 0.25 Grinding Mixed 0.26 0.37 Crushing Mixed 0.26 0.32 Cutting Mixed 0.26 0.27 2 - - 0.37 0.26 Cutting Mixed 0.27 0.23 Cutting Mulch 0.23 0.19 Cutting Layer 0.39 0.30 WR 1 No residue - 0.25 0.28 Grinding Mixed 0.23 0.31 Crushing Mixed 0.23 0.32 Cutting Mixed 0.24 0.33 - - 0.24 0.23 2 Cutting Mixed 0.17 0.30 Cutting Mulch 0.15 0.14 Cutting Layer 0.26 0.23 Source: Kruidhof et al ., 2009 10

12. CROP RESIDUE COMPOSTING 12 11

13. 13 Residue composting effect on soil properties 12

14. 14 Table 5. Effect of composted manure ( Fertiplus ) and crop residue compost on soil chemical properties Treatments OM (%) N (%) P 2 O 5 (mg/100g) K + ( cmol /kg) Initial After 2 months Initial After 2 months Initial After 2 months Initial After 2 months Unamended soil 0.00 0.03 0.063 0.063 8.38 8.72 0.3 0.29 1.1 % w/w fertiplus 0.27 0.26 0.084 0.081 14.21 16.35 0.6 0.83 2.2 % w/w fertiplus 0.39 0.40 0.098 0.081 16.38 16.06 1.16 1.26 1.1 % w/w Crop residue compost 0.20 0.21 0.084 0.084 13.37 13.62 0.7 0.67 2.2 % w/w crop residue compost 0.37 0.41 0.073 0.073 16.27 15.06 0.85 1.09 13 Source: Becker et al ., 2010

15. BIOGAS GENERATION FROM RESIDUE 15 14

16. SUSTAINABLE METHODS OF CRM 16 Surface retention/ Incorporation Bailing and removing straw As mushroom cultivation Crop residue as animal bedding 15

17. MACHINERY FOR CRM 17 16

18. CONCLUSION 18 From the following study, it can be concluded that increased crop production resulted in significantly more crop residue generation. The mismanagement of crop residue aggravated the loss of beneficial nutrients, soil fertility and productivity. There is an urgent need to educate the farmers about sustainable modern strategies for its management. A dvanced machineries should be subsidized or made available for rent at feasible rates for marginal and small farmers for proper management of crop residue. 17

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 18

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