CROP-SCIENCE-1.pdf Document for teaching

This is the crop science documents

1. CROP SCIENCE 1
Principle of Crop Production
JOE MARIE E. REYES
Instructor

3. At the end of this lessons, student must:
1.Identify crops according to the types, uses, importance, origin and
geographical distribution.
2.Categorize crops according to the types, uses, importance, origin and
geographical distribution.
3.Discuss the meaning and scope of crop science.

4. AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the Backbone of our Society. Every human being needs
foods in order to survive in the day to day of living. As population
increases, our food production decreases. We need to utilize our pieces
of land in order to feed the over-populated world.
Agriculture plays an important role in the Philippine economy. It is
amazing to realize how agriculture impacts our lives. Food and fiber
products play a major role in each part of our lives and without them we
would perish.

5. What is AGRICULTURE?
Agriculture : Latin word
(Agri) – Field
(Cultura) – Cultivation or growing
AGRICULTURE
Is defined as an Art, Science, Technology, and Business of producing
crops and livestock for economic purposes.
Art
Raising plants and animals requires skills and practice to produce
beauty and pleasant arrangement of plants and animals in combination
that satisfies human aspiration for the perfection of his environment.
Science
Agriculture involves an array of basic facts that explains and directs
crops and animal production.

6. Technology
Agriculture requires systematic practices and operations that are
essential to a successful crop and animal production.
Business
Plants are not grown simply to satisfy the needs of man but to realize
some profit in the process of production.

7. CROP SCIENCE
CROP SCIENCE
It is concerned with the observation and classification of knowledge
concerning economically cultivated crops and the establishment of verifiable
principles regarding their growth and development for the purpose of deriving
the optimum benefit from them

8. Two Main Branches of Agriculture
Crop Production
The art and science of producing plants which are useful to man
either directly or indirectly, raw or processed, aimed at increasing
productivity and quality of the products in order to maximize monetary
returns but at the same time minimize, if not completely eliminated, the
negative effects on the environment.
Animal Production or Animal Husbandry
The art and science of producing animal to meet human needs and
luxury.

9. Two Main Division of Crop Science
AGRONOMY

Early 19
th
century word, from French words agronomie or agronome
meaning “agriculturist” the word agronomie or agronome also originated
from the Greek word agros “field” and nomos meaning “arrange” or
management
The production of field crops or the production of crops under a
system of “extensive” or large-scale culture. The productions are usually
utilized in high dry matter from or in a “nonliving state”
Agronomic Crops:
Corn, Soybeans, Rice, Wheat, Legumes

10. Two Main Division of Crop Science
HOLTICULTURE
Late 17
th
century word derived from the laten word “hortus” meaning
“garden” and the English word agriculture.
The production of crops under a system of “Intensive culture”.
Holticultural products are usually utilized in the “living state” with high
moisture content, thus highly perishable.
A science that deals with the production and utilization of garden
crops.
Holticultural Crops:
Tomato, Cucumber, Onion, Sweet Popato, lettuce,eggplant, watermelon,

11. BRANCHES OF HOLTICULTURE
➢Floriculture – the production of ornamental crop
➢Olericulture – the production of vegetable crops
➢Arboriculture– the study of how plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to
their environment, is the cultivation, management and study of individual trees, shrubs,
vines and other perennial plants.
➢Pomology – the production of fruit crops
➢Landscape horticulture – the art and science involved in beatification and
protection of the environment
➢Viticulture – is the art cultivation and harvesting of grapes
➢Post-harvest – maintaining the quality of, and preventing the spoilage of horticultural
crops.

12. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Pastoral stage (Hunting/gathering)
Primitive man satisfied his daily needs directly from nature by hunting
wild animals, gathering wild plants and fishing.
The hunters-gatherers moved from one location to another in search
of food to sustain them. The fishing tribes were more likely settled in one
place as a permanent home usually near bodies of water.

13. Origin, Domestication and History of
some Important Crops

14. Theories explaining the origin of life on earth:
➢Creation – 7days of creation of life on earth including Adam and Eve by
GOD
➢Spontaneous Generation – Living things arouse from non-living things
➢Descent and natural selection – species descent with modification.
➢Panspermia – Life forms that can survive the effect of space, such as
extremophiles, were trapped in debris and ejected into space after
collisions of planets but become active and evolving upon occurrence of
an ideal condition on a new planet.
➢Chemical Evolution – small first molecules which were carbon-
containing compounds in prebiotic soup linked together to form nucleic
acids and proteins which acquired the ability to self-replicate, becoming
the first living entity which led to biological evolution.

15. Domestication
The process of bringing wild species (plant or animals) under the
management of man.
First Domesticated Plant
▪Rye – 11,050 BCE, believed to be domesticated during the epipaleolithic
Era at Abu Hureyra in Syria.
▪Bottle Gourd – 10,000 BC, somewhere in Asia and brought by the
immigrants to America.
▪Cereal Crops – (Wheat and Barley and Pulses) 10,000 – 9,000 BC in
Mesopotamia between tigris and Euphrates river (in the Fertile Crescent)
including the new modern countries of Iran, Iraq, turkey, and Syria
(Middle East)

16. First Domesticated Animals:
Animal Approximate date Region
Dog 15,000 BC Multiple Location
Goat 10,000 BC Asia and Middle East
Sheep 8,000 BC Asia and Middle East
Pig 8,000 BC China
Cattle 8,000 BC India, Middle East
Chicken 6,000 BC India, south east asia
Silkworm 3,000 BC China

17. CONSEQUENCES OF DOMESTICATION
▪Change in plant type and limited ecological adaptation
▪Higher yield
▪Loss of seed dormancy
▪Conversion from perennial to annual
▪Increased susceptibility to diseases

18. Center of Origin of some Important Crop
▪China Millet, buckwheat, soybeans, legumes, many vegetable,
▪India – (Indo-Malayan Center Including the Philippines – rice, sugarcane, many
legumes, many tropical fruit such as mangoes and citrus
▪Central Asia – wheat, peas, lentils, several oil plants and cotton
▪Near East – wheat, rye, grapes, peas, cherry, almond and fig
▪Mediterranean Center – St. john bread, beet and several vegetables
▪Ethiopia – barley and wheat
▪Paraguay – white potato, cassava, pineapple, cashew, rubber tree

20. The Philippines is also Home to Many
Plant Species.
•According to International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the
Philippines ranks fifth in the world in terms of species diversity and
endemism.
•A total of 39,100 species of flora and fauna have been identified in the
country, of which a high 67% are endemic.

21. EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS
Sumer
About 5,000 BC or earlier. The Sumerian were a race who occupied the
fertile crescent between the great Euphrates and tigris rivers in the near
east. Egypt 4,000 BC in the nile river.
India
Prior to 2,500 BC along the banks of the fertile river indus
China
About 3,000 BC along the banks Hwang-ho or yellow river.

22. Other Historical Events Relevant to Agriculture

Development of the Plow
3,000 BC, Egyptian cultivated figs, dates, bananas, cucumber, grapes,
olives, melons, lettuce and lemons
Cultivation of Beans and Maize
2,000 BC, when Malays from Asia settled in America.
Development of landscaping
1,500 BC, Egyptians develop landscape gardens in which flowering plants,
shade trees and ornamentals shrubs, were planted and cultivated for their
beauty alone.

23. Development of Terrace Gardening with Irrigation
(605 -560 BC) Nebuchadnezzar II built the Hanging Garden of Babylon,
one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient World in four Hectares. They were
not hanging garden, but gardens with balconies or terraces supported with
concealed large pillars, irrigated from below by pumps manned by slaves or
oxen.
Discovery of Tea and Development of Paper and Bonsai Making
(200 BC),Han Dynasty of China, Tea was discovered and paper was
made. Monks Practice bonsai making.

24. The Green Revolution
Initiated in the year 1940s but soared in the late 1960s. Dr. Norman
Borlaug, The Father of Green Revolution,a Nobles Peace Prize Fellow
Characterized by a series of research, development, and technology
transfer initiative which resulted to increased agricultural production
around the world especially Asia. Credited for saving over a billion people
from starvation due to the development of high yielding varieties of cereal
grains, more efficient irrigation infrastructures, modern agricultural
techniques, hybrid crops, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides.

25. World Food Situation, Center of Production
and History of the Philippines
Food Security is a complex concept. It implies “Physical and economic
access to balanced diet and safe drinking water to all people at all times”
this means that ample food is grown, processed and transported, and
that everyone has either money to buy food or grow it.

26. FOOD SECURITY
A situation that exist when all people, at all times, have physical,
social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that
meet their dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy
life.
FOOD INSECURITY
A situation that exist when people lack secure access to sufficient
amount of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development
and an active and healthy life. It may cause by the unavailability of food,
insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution or inadequate
use of food at the household level, food insecurity, poor conditions of
heath and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practice are
the major cause of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be
chronic, seasonal, or transitory (FAO 2013)

27. Current World Population:
7,674,000,000 (2019)
Number of People Suffering from Chronic Hunger:
842 million people (12%) of the global population
Sub-Saharan Africa:
Remains the regions with the highest prevalence of undernourishment.
Major Source of food in the World
➢Agriculture 75-80%
➢Fisheries and aquaculture 15-20%
➢Forestry

28. Center of Agricultural Production:
➢International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)- research and development
in production of rice
➢CIMMYT – International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
➢ FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation

29. THE
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE

30. ➢1898
Presidential Decree creating the Department of Agriculture and
Manufacturing
➢1901
Creation of Insular Bureau of Agriculture under the Department of
Interior through Act 271 (American Sovereignty)
➢1927
Creation of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources under
bureaus: land ,Forest, weather, Science
➢1932
DANR was changed to Department of Agriculture and Commerce when it
was split into: Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)
➢1938
Bureau of Fishery and Bureau of Forestry
➢1947
DA and Commerce were change to Department of Agriculture and
Natural Resource

31. ➢ 1953
Establishment of Bureau of Agriculture Extension and Started the 4-H
club and Rural Improvement Club under Sec. Fernando Lopez
➢1954
Sec. Salvador Araneta organized the Agricultural Tenancy Commission
now the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) Philippine Tobacco
Administration now the National Tobacco Administration, and Philippine
Coconut Administration now the Philippine Coconut Authority
➢1961
Creation of Abaca Development Board
➢1962
Creation of Bureau of Agriculture Economics, National Gains Authority
to National Food Authority (NFA)
Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource was reorganize into
two Department: Department of Agriculture and Development Natural
Resources

32. ➢1978
Launching of Masagana 99 Rice Production Program by Virtue of P.D.
1397. P.D. 461, the Ministry of Agriculture established the 12 regional
office each headed by regional Director
➢1984
Renamed Ministry of Agriculture to Ministry of Agriculture and Food:
Bureau of Fisher and Aquatic Resource, Bureau of Animal Industry, Import
subsidy Program
➢1986
EDSA Revolution Freeing Agriculture Market, Farmers enjoyed higher
farm gate price elimination of agricultural taxes lending was force out.
➢1987
Reorganization of the Department of Agriculture (EO 166), livelihood
enhancement for Agriculture speed-up farmers organization access to
financing , The Comprehensive Agricultural Loan Fund(CALF), the Livelihood
Enhancement for Agricultural Development

33. ➢1990
Rice Action Program, Corn Production Enhancement Program
➢1992
Introduced key Production Approach as a basis in the formulation of
the Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan, Grain Production
Enhancement Program, Medium Term Livestock Development Program,
Medium Term Livestock Development Program, Launch the Gintong Ani
Programs
➢1998 – 1999
DA was spearheaded by Acting Sec. William Dar introduced the ten
point Agenda in agriculture and Fisheries, Sec. Edgardo Angara, the
Principle author of R.A. no. 8534 Known sa Agricultural and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1998

34. ➢2000
The Ginintuang Masaganang Ani (GMA) Rice Program trace its Root from
the Hybrid Rice Commercialization Program (HRCP) the HRCP was launch
with the signing of Administrative Order last dec. 25, 2001
➢2011-2016
The Agri-Pinoy Rice Program Plays a key role in the Food Staples
Sufficiency Program (FSSP), the Central focus of the countrys food security
policy
➢2019
Reappointed as DA secretary with the vision of increasing productivity
making families and fisherfolk prosperous.

35. Presidential Degrees (PD)
Republic Acts (RA)
Executive Order (EO)
and other passed by the Philippine Government for Agriculture

36. ▪P.D 1433
(The Plant Quarantine Law)
▪E.O 1986
( Pesticide Residue Analysis and Monitoring)
▪E.O. 1061
(Creation of the Philippine Rice Research Institute or PhilRice)
▪E.O. 116
(Creation of the Bureau of Agricultural Research or BAR under DA)
▪E.O. 430
( Creation of the National Biosafety of the Philippines or NCBP in the
1990)
▪E.O. 514
( the strengthening of the NCBP)

37. ▪DAO 8
( guidelines for importation and use of genetically modified or GMO crops
in the year 2002)
▪R.A 7394
(Consumer Act of 1992)
▪R.A 7308
The Seed Industry Development Act of 1992, or the Replacement of the
Philippine Seed Board (PSB) into the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC)
▪R.A 7607
(Magna Carta of Small Farmers)
▪R.A 5185
(Decentralization Act of year 1967)
▪R.A 7160
(Local Government Act of 1991)

38. ▪Morill Act
(Land Grant Act of 1862)
▪R.A 9168
(The Plant variety protection Act of 2002)
▪R.A 8435
(Agricultural and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 AFMA)
▪R.A 10068
(The Organic Agriculture Act of 2010)
▪R.A 10601
(Agricultura and Fisheries Mechanization “AFMech” of 2012
▪R.A 10611
(Food Safety Act of 2013)
▪R.A. 8048
(Coconut Preservation Act of 1995)

39. Meaning and Scope of Crop Science
Food is the major source of energy. Every living organism on this planet
needs food to stay alive and to continue all other essential life processes.
Plants are the main source of food on which both humans and animals
depend. We cannot image life without food.
With the rapidly growing population, demand for more food, loss of
produced crops, and other problems in the agricultural output are the main
reasons for the scarcity of food and is the biggest concern in some part of
the world facing today. This has led to an increase in the requirement of
strategies that can help in the management of the crop produced.

40. What is Crop Science 1?
Crop Science 1
Focuses on the principles of crop production, specifically on the
biology and ecology of crops.

41. PLANT VS. CROPS

42. PLANTS
✓Any organisms belong to the kingdom plantae typically lacking of active
locomotion or obvious nervous system or sensory organs and has
photosynthetic ability.
✓Organism capable of synthesizing organic compounds from inorganic
materials
✓Capable of undergoing growth, differentiation and reproduction
✓Have chlorophyll and develops cell wall
✓Photoautotrophs( take energy from light) and Autotroph(take carbon from
carbondioxide, CO2)
✓Capable to photosynthesis

43. CROPS
✓Domesticated/cultivated plants that are grown for profit, it usually
connote a group or population of cultivated plants.
✓Plants grown for human consumption (directly to eat indirectly for other
purpose)
✓Plants that are grown to meet human requirement for food, shelter and
clothing, as well as, other needs and luxury items.

44. CROP PRODUCTION AS A SCIENCE, ART
AND BUSINESS
▪Its science is derived from the adoption or application of the basic
science of chemistry, mathematics, physics, and from the various applied
science like physiology, meteorology, anatomy, plant breeding etc.
▪It requires skill to produce crops even with little or no scientific training.
▪Plants are not grown simply to satisfy the need of man but to realize
some profit in the process of production.

45. CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS
A.Systems of Classification:
a.Artificial System
Based on convenience in which a structure or feature serves as a basis
of grouping.
b. Natural system
Uses the most prominent and most peculiar morphological structure of
the plant with the intention of grouping together those crops which are
most familiar in a number of structures.
c. Phylogenetic System
Plants are classified according to their evolutionary status.

46. B. General Classification of Crops
1.According to growth habit
a.Herbs
Succulent plant with self-support stems, with soft stem.
b. Vines
Succulent or woody plants without supporting stem.
c. Shrubs
May have several main branches with no trunk and rarely grows higher
than 5 meters
d.Trees
With single central stem to which branches are attached, usually taller
than shrub.

47. 2. According to Life Cycle
a.Annual
Complete their cycle in 1 year or less (eg. Squash)
b. Biennials
Plants ordinarily require 2 years or at least 2 growing seasons with a
dormant period between growth stages to complete their life cycle. (eg.
Carrot, cabbage)
c. Perennials
Plant that do not die after flowering but live from year to year.
(eg.asparagus)

48. . 3 According to Mode of Production
a.Sexual
Plants that develop after undergoing process of meiosis and fertilization
in the flower to produce a viable embryo in the seed.
b. Asexual
Plant that are produce by any vegetative means not involving meiosis
and the union of gametes.
4. Special Types
a.Parasites – parasitic, sucking roots
b.Epiphytes – grow upon other plants but not parasitic.
c.Saprophytes – Grow in places rich in decaying organic substances.

49. Classification of Crops Base on Purpose
▪Cereals/Grain Crops
Grown for their grain (rice, corn, wheat)
▪Legumes
For pods and seeds (cowpea, mungbean,sitao, peanut)
▪Root Crops
For enlarge roots/ tuberous roots (casava, ubi)
▪Fiber Crops
Grown for their fiber used in textile, cordage, twines, sacks, bags
(cotton, ramie,jute, abaca)
▪Oil Crops
Grown for their oil content (soybeans, peanut, coconut, castor)
▪Sugar Crop
Grown for sugar content (Sugarcane, sugar beet)

50. ▪Pasture/Forage Crops
Used for roughage source for animals (Para grass, napier grass, )
▪Beverage Crops
Used for brewing non-alcholic drinks (Cacao, tea,coffee)
▪Spices, Condiments, Essences
Used to provide special flavor, scent and color to food, perfume, soap and
body dressing. Black pepper, Vanilla, Ilang-ilang, lemongrass, cinnamon)
▪Latex and Resins
Used for extracting sap from the truck/stem. (Rubber, chico)
▪Medical and Poison Crops
With curative, laxative, pesticidal properties (Lagundi, Sambong, Tobacco)
▪Vegetables
Usually eaten with staple crops, further classified according to similarities
in the method of culture

51. ▪Root
Radish, carrot
▪Leafy
Lettuce, spinach
▪Stem
Celery, asparagus
▪Flower
Squash, Katuray
▪Fruit
Okra, Tomato, Eggplant
▪Fruits
Edible botanicals fruit usually used dessert which may be eaten raw,
cooked or in processed form (Pineapple, mango,Cashew)

52. ▪Ornamentals
Plants cultivated mainly for their aesthetic value, further classified
according to their special uses:
✓Cut Flower
Grown for its flower (Rose, Orchids)
✓Cut –Foliage
Foliage provide background in floral arrangement (Ferns, fortune
plants, palmera)
✓Flowering Pot Plants
Plants grown in containers for their flowers usually used for display
(Poinsettia)
✓Landscape Plants
For landscaping purposes. Blue palm, White grass, song of India)
✓Foliage Plants
For Attractive Foliage, maybe grown indoor outdoor for decoration.
(Begonia, Philondendron)
✓Turf
Used in lawns or green (Bermuda grass, carabao grass, blue grass

53. 5. Special Groups
▪Green Manure
A crop that is plowed under while still green and growing to improve the soil
(Sesbania)
▪Cover Crop
Any Crop grown to provide soil cover, prevent soil erosion by wind, or water,
improved soil and control weeds. (Centrosema)
▪Companion Crop
Crop sown or both of the crops. (Ipil –ipil with black pepper)
▪Trap Crop
A crop which is planted to protect the main crop from pests by attracting the
pest to the crop itself and later destroying it. (Main crop is rice and sweet potato
is planted to trap some rats)