Cropping system ppt 1

Cropping Pattern and Cropping System

1. Prepared By: Dr. Pooja Goswami Assistant Professor Department Of Agronomy College of Agriculture, Balaghat JNKVV, Jabalpur Cropping Pattern and Cropping System

2. Cropping System Cropping system: The term cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences and the management techniques used on a particular field over a period of years. Cropping system is the most important component of a farming system. Cropping pattern: It indicates the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in an area. It is for larger area like zone, taluka , district etc.

3. Basic principles of cropping systems 1. Choose crops that complement each other. 2. Choose crops and a cropping rotation which utilize available resources efficiently. 3. Choose crops and a cropping system that maintain and enhance soil fertility. 4. Choose crops which have a diversity of growth cycles. 5. Choose a diverse species of crops. 6. Strategically plan and modify your cropping system as needed. 7. Monitor the progress.

4. Benefits of Cropping System 1.Maintain and enhance soil fertility. Some crops are soil exhausting while others help restore soil fertility. However, a diversity of crops will maintain soil fertility and keep production levels high. 2. Enhance crop growth. Crops may provide mutual benefits to each other. For example, reducing lodging, improving winter survival or even acting as windbreaks to improve growth. 3. Minimize spread of disease. The more diverse the species of plants and the longer the period before the soil is reseeded with the same crop, the more likely disease problems will be avoided.

5. Continued… 4. Control weeds. Crops planted at different times of the year have different weed species associated with them. Rotating crops helps prevent build up of any one serious weed species. 5. Inhibit pest and insect growth. Changing crops each year to unrelated species can dramatically reduce the population of pests and insects. Crop rotation frequently eliminates their food source and changes the habitat available to them.

6. Continued… 6. Use resources more efficiently . Having a diverse group of crops helps to more efficiently use the available resources. Natural resources, such as nutrients, sunlight and water in the soil are evenly shared by plants over the growing period for nutrient deficiencies and drought. Other resources, such as labor, animal draft power and machinery are also utilized more efficiently. 7. Reduce risk for crop failure. Having a diverse group of crops helps prevent total crop failures, as climate weather in one part of the season may not affect all crops equally. It also reduces food security concerns, as well as the amount of money required to finance production. 8. Improve food and financial security. Choosing an appropriate and diverse number of crops will lead to a more regular food production throughout the year.

7. Types of Cropping System

8. Types of Cropping System 1. Sole cropping Only a single crop or variety is grown alone in a pure stand at normal density during one farming year. 2. Mono cropping or Monoculture Mono cropping or monoculture refers to growing of only one crop on same piece of land year after year.

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of monoculture/ monocropping :- Advantages 1) Convenience in sowing with the help of machinery under mechanized farming. 2) It is convenient for harvesting with the help of machinery.   Disadvantages:- 1) Due to unsuitable soil and nutrient management practices, productivity is reduced year after year under monoculture practices. 2) Soil structure may be deteriorated. 3) Increase infestation of pests, diseases and weeds. 4)The resources like labour , fertilizers, water and machines are not utilized efficiently. 5) Natural resources are not fully utilized.

10. 2) Multiple cropping – Two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land in one calendar year E.g. Sorghum-Wheat-Green Gram Maize-Wheat-Green gram Rice-Wheat-Black gram-Linseed It aims of maximum production per unit area per unit time. It offers multiple use of resource. It is the intensification of cropping in time and space dimensions i.e. more number of crops within a year & more no of crops on the same piece of land at any given period. It includes inter-cropping, mixed cropping, sequence cropping etc.

11. Multiple Cropping

12. Advantages of multiple cropping 1. It is a better source of land utilization 2. It improves yield 3. Increase yield per unit of land 4. Costs of input decrease as compared to individual crop growing cost 5. Reduce pest and disease attack 6. Different type of products can be produce at a time 7. It helps to produce a balance diet for a family 8. It helps to maintain the soil fertility 9. It helps to control weeds

13. Disadvantages of multiple cropping 1.The survival of pests become easy 2. Pests can easily shift from one crop to another crop 3. Problem of weed management 4. Implementation of new technology is difficult etc.

14. Types of multiple cropping : A. Mixed cropping : Mixed cropping is common practice in rainfed or dry farming areas. Generally, legumes crops like red gram, black gram, green gram, cowpea etc. or oilseed crops like groundnut, mustard etc. are mixed with cereal crops like jowar or bajra . Sowing is done by drilling the mixture of seed with the help of seed drill or moghan can be attached behind the seed drill for sowing of mixed crop. Usually, cereals are grown as main crop and pulses or oilseeds as minor or mixed crop.  

15. Advantages of Mixed cropping 1) Risk of failure of crop is less 2) Fulfills the daily requirements of food grains, oilseeds, pulses etc. 3) Improve fertility of the soil if legumes are taken as minor crop 4) Better distribution of labour throughout the crop period 5) Increase gross monetary returns 6) Well balanced cattle feed is obtained 7) Safeguards against pests and diseases 8) Full utilization of space and available plant nutrients

16. Disadvantages of Mixed Cropping:- 1) Sometimes control of pests, diseases and weeds become difficult 2) Sometimes affects the yield of main crop 3) Harvesting with the help of machinery is not possible

17. Types of Mixed Cropping:- Mixed crop: - Seeds of different crops are mixed together and then sown either in lines or broadcasted is called as mixed crop. Companion crop: - Seeds of different crops are not mixed together but different crops are sown in different rows is called as companion crop. Guard crop: - The main crop is sown in the center, surrounded by hardy crop to provide protection to main crop is called as guard crop. E.g. Safflower around wheat, mesta around sugarcane. Augmenting crop: - Sub crops are sown to supplement the yield of main crop; the sub crop is called as augmenting crops. Eg . Japanese mustard with berseem .

18. Types of multiple cropping : B. Inter cropping Inter cropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row arrangement. The main objective of inter-cropping is to utilize the space left between two rows of main crops and to produce more grain per unit area. Inter cropping was originally practiced as an insurance against crop failure under rainfed condition. e.g.: Groundnut & Tur in 6:1 ratio or sorghum & Tur in 4:2 ratio

19. Intercropping is further classified as: 1. Additive Series: Intercrop is introduced in the base crop. It is done by adjusting or changing crop geometry. It is mostly used in India. Eg : maize + mungbean (1+1)

20. Replacement Series: Both the crops are component crops. It is done by sacrificing certain proportion of population. It is mostly used in western countries. e.g : wheat + mustard (9:1), maize + mungbean (1:3)

21. Advantages of intercropping: 1. Improvement in yield 2. Improvement in soil property under legume intercropping system 3. Less risk against crop diseases and pests 4. Additional income and higher profit 5. Soil erosion is reduced 6. Stability in production 7. Economic sustainability is maintainedx

22. Disadvantages of intercropping: 1. Fertilizer application in one crop may hamper the growth of other crop 2. Improved implements cannot be used efficiently 3. Harvesting is difficult 4. Yield decreases if the crops differ in their competitive abilities

23. Relay cropping:- It is the cropping system in which succeeding crop (next crop) is or sown or planted when the first crop (preceding crop) has reached its physiological maturity stage or before it is ready to harvest is called as relay cropping. Eg . Rice – Linseed / lentil / black gram / chickpea .

24. Advantages of relay cropping: 1) Better utilization of residual moisture and fertilizers. 2) Reduces the cost of cultivation practices. 3) Also reduces the cost of fertilizers and irrigation. 4) Labour requirement is less. 5) Incidence of pest, diseases and weeds is less due to early sowing operation.

25. Disadvantages of Relay Cropping 1) Risk of crop failure is more. 2) Harvesting by means machinery is difficult. 3) Lack of availability of skilled labour . 4) Greater incidence of pest, disease and weeds.

26. Alley cropping:- The system of growing jowar , maize, bajra or any other arable crop in the alleys (passage between two rows) of leguminous shrubs like subabul ( Leucaena leucacephala ) is called as alley cropping. Growing of maize, jowar , bajra , cowpea in between rows of subabul planted at 5-10 m spacing, this system is useful for conservation of moisture and maintaining fertility of soil in dry farming areas. The loppings of the subabul are used as green fodder for animals or spread in between the crop rows as mulch for conservation of soil moisture and after delaying it adds organic matter to the soil.  

27. Picture of Alley Cropping

28. Advantages of alley cropping: 1) Better utilization of natural resources. 2) Reduces the cost of cultivation. 3) Improves the soil fertility and productivity. 4) Provides fodder for animals and food for human.  

29. Disadvantages of Alley cropping 1) Competition among the natural resources ie ., moisture, nutrients, light and space. 2) Incidence of pest, diseases and weeds is more. 3) Chances of crop failure is more. 4) Less yield is obtained.  

30. Multistoried cropping:- In this system the crops of different height and vertical layers of leaf canopies, sunlight requirements and root system are grown together on the same field is called as multistoried cropping. Generally, the shorter crops favouring shade and humidity are grown in passage between the rows of taller crops, which are tolerant to strong sunlight.

31. Picture of Multistoried Cropping

32. Advantages of Multistoried cropping : 1) Better utilization of moisture and nutrients in different soil layers. 2) Better utilization of sunlight and space. 3) Provides a balanced food for humans. 4) Enrichment of organic matter or plant residues in soil. 5) Improve the water holding capacity of soil.

33. d) Double cropping:- It is multiple cropping system in which two crops are grown in sequence on the same piece of land in a year. e.g. Black gram- Jowar , Black gram-Wheat, Rice-Gram, Groundnut-Wheat etc.

34. e) Triple cropping:- It is the multiple cropping system in which three crops are grown in sequence on a same land in a year. It is possible when irrigation facilities are available throughout the year. eg . Groundnut-Wheat-Okra, Rice-Wheat- Groundnut,Jowar -Potato- Greengram , Soybean-Wheat-Groundnut etc.

35. f) Quadruple cropping:- It is the multiple cropping system in which four crops are grown in a sequence on the same land in a year. It is possible under irrigated conditions throughout the year. e.g. G.nut -Coriander-Wheat- Greengram , Soybean- Methi -Wheat-Green gram etc.

36. II) Ratoon cropping or Ratooning :- The cultivation of crop regrowth after harvest is known as rotoon cropping. Ratooning is one of the important systems of intensive cropping, which implies more than one harvest from one sowing/planting because of regrowth from the basal buds on the stem after harvest of first crop. Thus ratooning consists of allowing the stubbles of the original crop to strike again or to produce the tillers after harvesting and to raise another crop. eg . Ratooning of Sugarcane, Hybrid Jowar , Hybrid Bajra and Redgram etc.

37. Factors influencing Choice of Crops in Cropping System a)Farm resources Choice of the cropping system depends on land, labour and water. Amount of rainfall as well as soil type and water holding capacity influence the type of cropping system based on the length of crop growing season   b) Farm enterprises Enterprise at the farm level leads to a cropping system having specific crops eg .. Fodder crops in dairy and grain crops in poultry.

38. c) Farm technology Improved technologies alter the cropping systems In deep black soils with annual rainfall more than 750 mm, dry seeding yields both kharif and rabi crops instead of only one rabi crop in the post rainy season. Besides putting various measures to increase the productivity in organically grown crops, efforts would also be needed to increase the cropping intensity which was generally 100% implying that a single crop was taken during the year. Cropping intensities of any farming system could be increased by practice of intercropping and multiple cropping by way of more efficient utilization of the resources.