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1. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA College of Agriculture PowArkheda Assignment of Farming System & Sustainable Agriculture Assignment on Defination of cropping system, cropping pattern and its principles, types and benifit of cropping system. Submitted By:- Divyansh Singh Rajput Enrollment No.:- 23 1201021 Submitted To:- Dr. Ansingh Ninama B.Sc.(Hons.) Agriculture 2 nd Year 2 nd Semester

2. Cropping System Cropping system: The term cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences and the management techniques used on a particular field over a period of years. Cropping system is the most important component of a farming system. Cropping pattern: It indicates the yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow in an area. It is for larger area like zone, taluka , district etc.

3. Basic principles of cropping systems 1. Choose crops that complement each other. 2. Choose crops and a cropping rotation which utilize available resources efficiently. 3 . Choose crops and a cropping system that maintain and enhance soil fertility. 4. Choose crops which have a diversity of growth cycles. 5. Choose a diverse species of crops. 6. Strategically plan and modify your cropping system as needed. 7. Monitor the progress.

4. Types of Cropping System

5. Benefits of Cropping System 1.Maintain and enhance soil fertility. 6. USE RESOURCES MORE EFFICIENTLY 2. Enhance crop growth. 7. REDUCE RISK FOR CROP FAILURE 3. Minimize spread of disease. 8. IMPROVE FOOD AND FINANCIAL SECURITY 4. CONTROL WEEDS 5 . INIBHIT PEST AND INSECT GROWTH

6. Types of cropping system Monocropping (Monoculture ) Growing One Crop Only Definition: Cultivation of a single crop on the same land, year after year. Advantages Disadvantages ↑ Convenience: Easy for sowing and harvesting with machinery (Mechanization). ↓ Productivity: Reduces productivity over time due to nutrient imbalance. ↑ Infestation: Increases pests, diseases, and weeds specific to that one crop. ↓ Resource Use: Labor, water, and fertilizers are not utilized efficiently year-round.

7. >Multiple Cropping Overview Definition: Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year . Goal : Maximum production per unit area per unit time (intensification in time and space ). Classification Parallel Multiple Cropping (Simultaneous/Overlap) Sequential Multiple Cropping (Succession)

8. Specialized Intercropping Types Relay and Multistoried Cropping Relay Cropping (Overlap ): Succeeding crop is planted before the first crop is harvested (life cycles overlap). Advantage: Better utilization of residual moisture and fertilizers . Multistoried Cropping (Vertical Space): Crops of different heights (layers) are grown together to utilize sunlight and soil layers efficiently. Example: Coconut (tall) + Cocoa (medium) + Pineapple (ground).

9. Multiple Cropping

10. Multiple Cropping in Time (Sequential & Ratoon ) Advantage ( Ratooning ) Disadvantage (Sequential) Saves time, seeds, and labor costs. Requires high inputs (fertilizer, water) for rapid succession. Succession and Regrowth Sequential Cropping: Crops grown in succession . The next crop is planted after the preceding crop is fully harvested. Examples: Double, Triple, Quadruple Cropping. Ratoon Cropping: Raising a second crop from the regrowth of roots or stalks after the main harvest. Examples: Sugarcane, Sorghum.

11. > Multiple Cropping in Space (Intercropping & Mixed ) Advantages (Mixed Cropping) Disadvantages (Mixed Cropping) ↓ Risk: Safeguards against crop failure and adverse weather. ↓ Mechanization: Difficult for machine harvesting and sowing. ↑ Utilization: Full utilization of space and available nutrients. ↑ Management Difficulty: Control of pests and diseases can be complex. Simultaneous Cultivation Intercropping: Crops grown simultaneously in a definite row arrangement . Mixed Cropping: Crops grown simultaneously and intermingled (no row arrangement).

12. Specialized Agroforestry : Alley Cropping Advantages (Alley Cropping) Disadvantages (Alley Cropping) ↑ Soil Health: Improves soil fertility (legumes) and conserves moisture (mulch from loppings ). ↑ Competition: Competition for moisture, light, and nutrients between trees and crops. Dual Benefit: Provides food (crops) and fodder/fuel (shrubs). ↓ Yields: Can result in less yield compared to sole cropping. Integrating Trees and Crops Definition: Growing arable crops ( Jowar , Maize) in the alleys (passages) between rows of perennial leguminous shrubs (e.g., Subabul ).

13. Picture of Multistoried Cropping

14. Benefits of cropping system Economic and Environmental Payoffs Soil Fertility Maintenance: Diversity prevents the continuous depletion of specific nutrients and adds Nitrogen . Pest & Disease Control: Rotating and mixing crops breaks the host cycle, naturally minimizing infestation . Risk Reduction: Prevents total crop failure due to extreme weather or market volatility . Enhanced Crop Growth: Crops provide mutual benefits (e.g., shade, windbreak, soil stability).

15. Efficiency and Social Security Efficient Resource Utilization: Maximizes the use of land, labor, animal power, and machinery throughout the entire year . Improved Food Security: A diverse system provides a balanced diet (cereals, pulses, oilseeds) for the farm family . Increased Financial Security: Leads to more regular food production and a better gross monetary return. CONTINUE

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