Cryotechniques by faunafondness

Cryotechniques and their methods.
1.cryotomy and What is cryopreservation.
2.cryopreservation of cells, tissue, and organisms.
3.freeze fracture
4.freeze drying.
5.freezable tissues.
6.mechanism of cryopreservation.
7.cryopreservation of embryos.
for more such content reffer to www.faunafondness.com

1. CRYOTECHNIQUES www.faunafondness.com

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3. CRYOTECHNIQUES Cryotechniques are a group of related procedures for stabilizing, or “fixing” specimens for microscopic observation. Samples are rapidly frozen to maintain cellular structure and composition as it exists under physiological conditions, such as electrolyte concentration and protein antigenicity. Alternatively, samples may be lightly fixed and cryoprotected first before freezing. These techniques preserve the native structures of tissues without the artifacts associated with chemical fixation. Some cryotechniques facilitate investigations of membranes and membrane proteins. www.faunafondness.com

4. CRYOTECHNIQUES CRYOPRESERVATION OF CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS AND ORGANISMS CRYOSURGER Y CRYOTOMY FREEZE FRACTURE FREEZE DRYING www.faunafondness.com

5. CRYOPRESERVATION OF CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS AND ORGANISMS Cryopreservation  or  cryoconservation  is a process where  cells ,   tissues , or any other substances susceptible to damage caused by  chemical reactivity  or time are preserved by cooling to sub- zero  temperatures . At low enough temperatures, any  enzymatic  or chemical activity which might cause damage to the material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach low temperatures without causing additional damage caused by the formation of ice during freezing. www.faunafondness.com

6. Freezable tissues Livers   hearts   : Semen  in  semen cryopreservation Blood Stem cells Umbilical cord blood   Tissue samples like  tumors  and  histological cross sections Eggs ( oocytes ) in  oocyte cryopreservation Embryos  at cleavage stage (that are 2, 4 or 8 cells) or at blastocyst stage, in  embryo cryopreservation Ovarian tissue  in  ovarian tissue cryopreservation Plant  seeds or shoots may be cryopreserved for  conservation  purposes. www.faunafondness.com

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8. Laboratory for cryopreservation Nitrogen tub www.faunafondness.com

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11. Cryopreserved brain www.faunafondness.com

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13. Human body being cryopreserved

14. Dead body - cryopreserved

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16. Cryopreservation of semen www.faunafondness.com

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21. Cryosurgery Cryosurgery  ( cryotherapy ) is the use of extreme cold in  surgery  to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. www.faunafondness.com

22. The term comes from the Greek words  cryo   ("icy cold") and surgery meaning "hand work" or "handiwork". Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, especially  a variety of benign and malignant skin conditions . www.faunafondness.com

23. Uses Warts ,  moles ,  skin tags ,  solar keratoses ,  Morton's neuroma [3]  and small  skin cancers  are candidates for cryosurgical treatment. Several  internal disorders  are also treated with cryosurgery, including  liver cancer ,  prostate cancer , lung cancer, oral cancers,  cervical  disorders and, more commonly in the past,  hemorrhoids . Soft tissue conditions such as plantar fasciitis  (Jogger's heel) and  fibroma (benign excrescence of connective tissue) can be treated with cryosurgery. Generally, all tumors that can be reached by the cryoprobes used during an operation are treatable. Although found to be effective, this method of treatment is only appropriate for use against localized disease, and solid tumors larger than 1 cm. Tiny, diffuse  metastases  that often coincide with cancers are usually not affected by cryotherapy . www.faunafondness.com

24. Method Liquid nitrogen Cryogun used to spray liquid nitrogen Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is also available as a spray and is used to treat a variety of benign spots. Less frequently, doctors use  carbon dioxide "snow " formed into a cylinder or mixed with   acetone   to form a slush that is applied directly to the treated tissue. Argon Recent advances in technology have allowed for the use of  argon   gas to drive ice formation using a principle known as the  Joule-Thomson effect . Dimethyl ether – propane A mixture of  dimethyl ether   and  propane   is used in some preparations such as  Dr. Scholl's   Freeze Away. www.faunafondness.com

25. Some commonly used cryosurgical products are: Brymill Cry-Ac Cryoalfa CryoClear CryoPen CryoPro, Cortex Technology CryoProbe Cryosurgery, Inc. Verruca-Freeze Histofreezer MedGyn Cryotherapy System Miltex Cryosolutions Premier CryOmega Premier NitroSpray Myoscience Iovera www.faunafondness.com

26. Results Cryosurgery is a  minimally invasive  procedure, and is often preferred to more traditional kinds of surgery because of its minimal pain, scarring, and cost; however, as with any medical treatment, there are risks involved, primarily that of damage to nearby healthy tissue. Damage to  nerve tissue  is of particular concern. Patients undergoing cryosurgery usually experience redness and minor-to-moderate localized pain, which most of the time can be alleviated sufficiently by oral administration of mild  analgesics  such as  Ibuprofen ,  codeine ,  tramadol  or  acetaminophen  ( paracetamol   Blisters  may form as a result of cryosurgery, but these usually scab over and peel away within a few days . www.faunafondness.com

27. cryosurgery · benign keratosis · benign keratosis www.faunafondness.com

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30. Cryosurgery: Frozen Hazard for Cancer | Healthy Panacea www.faunafondness.com

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32. Skin Cancer Treatment – Cryosurgery: A treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue, such as carcinoma in situ. This type of treatment is also called ... www.faunafondness.com

33. Cryotomy Tissue cut into thin sections. Frozen sections are a method of tissue analysis that allows for rapid interpretation and diagnosis of tissue during surgery. Cryotomy can also be used in the preparation of sections containing fats and enzymes which can easily be lost in alcohol or paraffin sections. www.faunafondness.com

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35. Freeze Fracture In the freeze fracturing process, a specimen is frozen rapidly and cracked on a plane through the tissue. This fracture occurs along weak portions of the tissue such as membranes or surfaces of organelles. After cleaving, both surfaces are shadowed with a platinum film. This coating produces a replica of the surfaces. The replica is then coated with carbon and is then imaged in the transmission electron microscope.                                                       The method is also good for the study of intramembrane structures.   www.faunafondness.com

36. Freeze-drying —is a  dehydration  process typically used to preserve  a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport. Freeze-drying works by  freezing  the material and then reducing the surrounding  pressure  to allow the frozen water in the material to  sublimate  directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. www.faunafondness.com

37. The freeze-drying stages Pretreatment Freezing Primary drying Secondary drying www.faunafondness.com

38. Primary drying During the primary drying phase, the pressure is lowered and enough heat is supplied to the material for the ice to  sublime . The amount of heat necessary can be calculated using the sublimating molecules’  latent heat of sublimation . www.faunafondness.com

39. Secondary drying The secondary drying phase aims to remove unfrozen water molecules, since the ice was removed in the primary drying phase. This part of the freeze-drying process is governed by the material’s  adsorption isotherms . www.faunafondness.com

40. Applications of freeze-drying Pharmaceutical companies often use freeze-drying to increase the shelf life of the products, such as vaccines and other injectables. By removing the water from the material and sealing the material in a vial, the material can be easily stored, shipped,and later reconstituted to its original form for injection . www.faunafondness.com

41. Image of a freeze dryer www.faunafondness.com

42. Image of a freeze dryer www.faunafondness.com

43. Image of a freeze dryer www.faunafondness.com

44. REFERENCES MICROBIOLOGY BY MICHAEL . J. ` PELCZAR BIOTECHNOLOGY BY B.D. SINGH TECHNIQUES IN MICROSCOPY AND CELL BIOLOGY BY V.K . SHARMA Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.faunafondness.com

45. Biological instrumentation & Methodology- Gurudeep R. Chatwal , Sham K. Anand Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis (Himalaya Publishing House) - Upadhyay , Nath , - Tools & Technique www.faunafondness.com

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