CSP Study Notes 2024 - PAUL Mcneill, CSP

CSP Study Notes 2024 - PAUL Mcneill, CSP

1. CSP STUDY NOTES Paul Mcneill, CSP

2. Management Styles/Theories Matrix : rows and columns w/ projects and managers Leikert : “ participation ” at all levels BHR Theory : worker productivity and supervisor control are inversely proportional Exploitive-authoritative; Benevolent-authoritative; Consultative Herzberg : “ Motivation” Hygiene Theory : hygiene factors : salary, status, challenging work, benefits motivation factor : achievement, promotion, recognition; responsibility McGregor : Theory “X”: lazy employees Theory “Y”: motivated employees

3. Management Styles/Theories Span of Control : # of employees reporting to one manager should be limited TQM : philosophy and technique that uses statistical theory to improve production quality and performance Every employee is responsible for product quality *Shewhart Cycle: Plan, Do, Study Act Multiple Causation : accidents occur when causes and sub-causes combine Argyris : Employees treated like children and/or adults will act like such Conflict theory : Leveling : boss doesn’t make all the decisions Incongruence theory : mature workers desire independence Drucker: MBO

4. HEINRICH Father of modern safety 1st textbook on safety Domino Theory of Accident Causation (5 events): social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury 3 “E’s” of safety: Engineering, Education, Enforcement 88 (unsafe acts)/ 10 (unsafe conditions) /2 % (Acts of God) 4 steps of accident prevention 4:1 ($ spent indirect vs direct) Pyramid [NM (300), Minor Event (29), Major Events (1)] MJE MNE Near Miss

5. DEMMING’S 14 STEPS Adopt a new philosophy w/ new age Base long term relationship on loyalty – single suppliers Continual improvement Put everybody to work to accomplish transformation Institute job training Create constancy of purpose toward improvement Drive out fear Eliminate quotas and numerical goals Breakdown barriers b/w departments Eliminate inspection. Build right the first time Institute a vigorous program education and self-improvement Institute Leadership: help people do a better job Eliminate slogans and product targets

6. Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs Pyramid w/ SA at top Self Actualization Self - Esteem Belonging-Love Safety Physiological

7. Blake Mouton Grid Conceptualized management styles by number sequence

8. Blake Mouton Grid Conceptualized management styles by number sequence Task People 1 9 9 * BEST

9. BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY Geller : “The ABCs of Behavior” Antecedent Behavior Consequence

10. SAFETY MANAGEMENT THEORY Most current thinking Management ultimately responsible for safety Unsafe behaviors, conditions and accidents symptomatic of management failure Circumstances can be predicted to produce injuries Safety should be managed like any other business function Key to effectiveness is defining management accountability Safe design is key to preventing root cause of many accidents Function of safety is to locate and define operation errors that contribute to accidents

11. MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES Peter Principle : people promoted to level of incompetence Parkinson’s Principle : work expands to fill allotted time Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution : “80/20” Rule 20% of employees responsible for 80% of work

12. TYPES OF COMMANDS Unity of Command : each employee report to only one individual Span of Control : number of employees reporting to one individual Vertically Integrated : company owns all aspects of the production process (eg/ Ford) Horizontally Integrated : company owns little to none of production process (eg/ Dell)

13. ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

14. ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

15. ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

16. ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

17. ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

18. ESH PROGRAM Line management is actually responsible ESH should be a staff function which advises management Safety culture involves behavioral, environmental and personal factors Cost of preventing accidents must show a return on profit line or avoid expenses Annual cost of accidents is $100 billion Cost of Loss: Where PM is profit margin COL = (PM)($volume of business) For recovery COL = (PM)(#unit sold)(unit price)

19. ACCIDENT CAUSES BASIC: Poor management practices INDIRECT: Unsafe acts or unsafe conditions Can lead to direct causes DIRECT: Unplanned release of energy resulting in fatality, injury, or property damage

20. Safety Analysis Techniques - 1 Fault Tree Analysis ( FTA ) Failure Mode & Effect Analysis ( FMEA ) Functional Hazard Analysis ( FHA ) MORT Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction ( THERP ) Zonal JHA/JSA HAZOP Critical Incident Technique ( CIT ) Systems Hazard Analysis ( SHA ) Event Tree Analysis ( ETA )

21. Safety Analysis Techniques - 2 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): undesired event deductive (backward) analysis or Top down logic and/or logic gates (‘and’ multiply, ‘or’ add) graphical depiction Uses Boolean postulates, looking for “minimal cut sets” Failure Mode & Effect Analysis (FMEA): manner in which failure occurs and their effect on the system good for reliability studies* Inductive or “Bottom Up” logic Criticality rankings; individually JHA/JSA: Analysis by task HAZOP: study, table/logic diagram PSM/PHA; failure modes Initial effort to identify potentially hazardous components w/I a system during design phase Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA): deductive “Top down”

22. Safety Analysis Techniques - 3 Technique for human Error Rate Prediction (THERP) Calculates probability of human errors Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT): A logic tree to identify total risk inherent in the system and arising from operational/management inadequacies Similar to FTA starts w/ undesirable event Zonal: Geographical; inspection of hardware Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA): Identifies physical and functional incompatibilities b/w adjacent, interconnected and interacting elements Critical Incident Techniques (CIT): Individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses and hazardous conditions Event Tree Analysis (ETA) Forward analysis beginning with initiating event to find consequences Evaluates success or failure of a system

23. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

24. Cause & Effect Diagram (Fishbone ) Procedures People ENV EQUIP EFFECT

25. SYSTEM SAFETY CLASSIFYING FAILURE IMPACTS : Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible SYSTEM SAFETY: Fail Safe Passive : 0 energy state equipment stops operating eg/ circuit breakers and fuses Fail Safe Active : eg/ emergency lights Fail Safe Operational : safest for people eg/ feed water valve

26. REDUNDANT SYSTEMS Single Parallel : Multiply failures Double Parallel : Standby : sensor Series : Multiply successes eg/ CGM: sample O2, Flam and Toxics P f = 1 – (P s ) x A B FX A B C FX A C B FX B Sensor FX

27. RELIABILITY Basic Equation: Reliability in Series: Reliability in Parallel: 1 - # of failures / total # of items exposed R 1 x R 2 x R 3 1 - (1 - R a )(1-R b )(1-R c ) . . .

28. DEFECTS & PROBABILITIES Basic Equation: Redundant Series: P f = 1 – (P s ) x Redundant Parallel: P s = 1 – (P f ) x P f + P s = 1

29. Probability of Defect Machine A produces 25% of parts, B produces 35% and C produces 40%. Their rate of defects are .05, .04 and .02, respectively. What is probability that machine A will produce a defect? 1. Construct probability table: 2. Add up defects 1.25 + 1.4 + 0.8 = 3.45 3. Divide Machine A over total defect rate 1.25/3.45 = 0.36

30. Probability of Success Question: An airplane has two engines, each with a probability of success of 0.90. What is the probability that the airplane will arrive safely if one or both engines working will ensure a safe arrival? Both engines working means “and” therefore multiply P f = 1- P s = 1- 0.9 = 0.1 P s = 1- [(0.1)(0.1)] = 0.99 P s + P f = 1

31. Probability of Failure Question: a component has six parts connected in series, each with a probability of failure of 0.05. Determine probability of component failure. P f = 0.05 therefore P s = .95 There are six parts therefore: P f = 1- (.95) 6 = .26

32. Probability of Success Question: A widget is made of three components called wiglets. Wiglet “A” has a P s of .30, wiglet “B” has a P s of .45 and wiglet “C” has P s of .60. Calculate P s if wiglets B and C are functionally parallel and wiglet “A” is in series. Calculate P s of (B+C) P s(B+C) = 1 – P f P s(B+C) = 1- [(.55)(.40)] = .78 Calculate P s of A(B+C) P s = (.30)(.78) = .23 B C A .30 .45 .60

33. POISSON DISTRIBUTION Question: A group of 20 chips are in a piece of equipment. What is the probability of two and only two chips failing if the chips are known to be 0.03 defective. P 2 = (0.03)(20) 2 e -(.03)(20) /2! P 2 = (.6) 2 ln (-.6) / 2! P 2 = (.36)(.55) / 2 P 2 = .099 or 1.0 P(r) = (λt) r e - λt /r! Where P is probability λ = average or rate t = time r = number of occurrences e = natural log base (ln) ! = factorial (r!)

34. Probability Calculation 1.) Set up diagram 2.) Get individual Rates Combo of 2 men Combo of 2 women Combo of 2 men and 2 women 3.) Calculate probability Solution : [6/2]*[4/2]**/[10/4] 2a. 6 nCR 2 = 15 2b. 4 nCR 2 = 6 2c. 10 nCR 4 = 210 3. [15][6]/[210] = 0.43 *Female, **Male Question: What is the probability that 2 men and 2 women will be selected out of a group of 10 with 6 men and 4 women?

35. Statistical Sampling Techniques Random each item from a pop n has equal probability of being selected Cluster items from pop n are grouped by similar characterisitics and the sample group is selected randomly Stratified items pop n grouped by similar characterisitcs and sample taken from random selection in groups age groups such as: > 60, 20-60, <60 Systematic items from pop n are selected based upon factors such as time or location/position (eg/ every 5th one) good for QC

36. STATISTICS - 1 Coefficient of Correlation ( r ): relationship b/w two variables to determine “ strength and direction ” +/- 0.9-1.0 hi COC; +/- .4-.9 Lo COC; <.4 no COC Coefficient of Determination ( cd ): Explained variation divided by total variation Or COC (r) is the square root of (cd) Coefficient of Variation ( cv ): Compares % variations of two or more groups by measures of central tendency eg/ salaries of managers to workers

37. STATISTICS - 2 Z score ( Z ): Determines the location of a single score in the normal distribution % area under the curve Eg/ your score compared to rest and % widgets that will fail T-test ( t ): compare population mean to sample mean data sets < 30 eg/ compares two groups Chi Square ( X 2 ): “ goodness of fit ” b/w observed and expected usually a frequency table

38. Coefficient of Correlation Calculations High COC: +/- 0.9 - 1.0 Low COC: =/- 0.4-0.9 No COC: < =/- 0.4

39. Question: Calculate manager and employee variation given the following: Managers paid $4800/mos Employees paid $780/mos SD manager = $820 SD employee = $64 SD m = 820/4800 = .171 or 17% SD e = 64/780 = .08 or 8% Conclusion: more variation in managers salary STATISTICS ( Coefficient of Variation ) CV = SD/X Where SD is std deviation and X is the mean

40. Bell Curve 1 SD: +/- 68% 2 SD: +/- 95% 3 SD: +/- 99.7% 2.5% 13.5% 34% 34% 13.5% 2.5% -1 -2 -3 +1 +2 [phone] 150 165 X = 120 SD = 15

41. Z score Calculation ( from previous curve ) Question: Your score on the exam was 126. What % of those taking exam did better than you? 1.) Calculate Z-score Z = X-μ/σ 126-120/15 = 0.40 where z = # SD, x = data point, μ = pop n and σ = pop n SD 2.) Consult table p.2 of HO Z-score of 0.4 = .1554 3.) 0.5 - .1554 = .3446 or 34%

42. Z score Calculation (# of SDs from average χ ) Question: Your facility made 1,000 widgets w/ an avg life expectancy of 500 hrs and a SD of 100 hrs. What % will fail in first 225 hrs? Need area under curve therefore Z: Z = x-μ/σ = 225-500/100 = -2.75 SDs from χ Refer to table p2: 2.75 z-value yields .4970 or 49.7% Calculate %: 50% - 49.7% = 0.3% Z = x-μ/σ

43. T-Test ( Compares μ (popn) to χ (sample) w/ data sets < 30 ) Question: The BCSP just released latest exam results. The average score was 125 and the SD 15. A group of 21 people took the ASP prep workshop prior to above exam. Their score was 133 and the SD was 11. Are the scores of the workshop participants significantly better the the average score at the p= .05 level? Calculate t : t = 133-125/11(√21-1) = 3.25 Use table p.3 to line p-value and df (N-1= 20) for value of 1.725 Conclusion: Yes, reject null when t-test value is ≥ table value – 3.25 ≥ 1.725 t = χ – μ/s(√N-1)

44. CHI Square - 1 ( determines difference b/w observed and Expected frequencies ) Question: As Safety Director, you are concerned about the number of first aid and recordable cases involving new employees vs number of cases involving more experienced employees. A survey of employee incident/accident data is revealed below. Can you be 99% sure that any differences observed in above data are not due to chance?   NEW EEs OLD EEs TOTAL FIRST AID 100 15 115 RECORDABLE 60 25 85 TOTAL 160 40 200

45. CHI Square - 2 Basic Equation: Where o j = observed frequency e j = expected frequency df = (rows-1)(columns-1) O j equals: 100, 60, 15 and 25 e j equals: (160)(115)/200 = 92 (160)(85)/200 = 68 (115)(40)/200 = 23 (85)(40)/200 = 17 Set-up Matrix Solution Table X 2 = Σ(o j – e j ) 2 /e j

46. CHI Square - 3 Set-up Solutions Matrix: O j E j O j -E j (o j -e j ) 2/ e j 100 92 8 .69 60 68 -8 .94 15 23 -8 2.78 25 17 8 3.76     Total (Σ) 8.18

47. CHI Square - 4 Refer to X 2 table on BCSP handout df = 1, p = 0.01 (100 - .99 = .01) Table value is 6.635 Conclusion : Reject null H b/c X 2 > table or 8.18 > 6.635

48. Present Value of Money One trip to the bank: Many payments/trips to the bank: P = F(1 + i)- n where F is future value P = A [(1+i)- n /i(1+i) n ] where A is amount of monthly payment and n is # of time periods

49. Present Value of Money Question: What is better deal, 1M over term or $3K monthly? Answer: for 1M investment up front: for $3K monthly : P = F(1+i)- n Where F = 1M, i = interest rate and n= periods (eg/25) P = A[(1+i) n - 1/i(1+i) n ] where A = periodic payments (eg/ $3K) and i = monthly interest (/12)

50. Future Value of $ from Present Value Question : $10K returns $5K over 5 years, what is APR? Answer: 15K = 10K(1+i) 5 15K = 10K(x) 5 1.5k = x 5 1.5 = x x = 1.08 F = P(1 + i) n x = 1 + i 1.08 = 1 + i .0845 = i or 8.45%

51. PRESENT/FUTURE VALUE OF $ Question: You need to purchase a new machine. Two options: (1) lease a machine for 10 years @ $2K/yr; or, (2) purchase the machine for $10K with a maintenance agreement of $500/yr. After 10 yrs you can sell the machine for a salvage value of $5K. Interest will be 15% for 10 yrs. Which option is best? Option 1 - Lease (PV regular payments): P = (2K)[(1+.15) 10 -1/(1.5)(1+.15) 10 ] = 3.05/.607 (2K) = $10,038 Option 2 - Buy (PV lump sum): (a) Calculate Maintenance Costs = $10,038 x (500/2000)* = 2509 (b) Initial cost plus maintenance = 10K + 2509 = $12,509 © calculate salvage: P = F(1+i)- n = (5K)(1.15)- 10 = $1236 © Cost minus salvage = 12509 - 1236 = $11,273 *maintenance agreement is 1/4 of original monthly lease amount Option 1 is better as $10,038 < $11,273 P = A[(1+i) n -1/i(1+i) n ] P = F(1+i)- n

52. PRESENT/FUTURE VALUE OF $ Question: The initial cost of a safety project will be $15K. The project will cost $2K/yr to maintain, but will save $4K/yr over 6 yrs @ 7%. Should the company invest in the startup? (a) Calculate PV of maintenance cost: $9533 (b) Add maintenance cost to project cost: 15K + 9533 = $24,533 © Calculate PV of savings: use eqn (a) substituting 4K = $19,066 © Cost is > than Savings P = A[(1+i) n -1/i(1+i) n ]

53. PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING Conductive Loss : interfere w/ transmission involving outer and middle ear mechanical Sensorineural Loss : damage to “ organ of corti ” (inner ear) degeneration of neural elements of auditory nerve irreversible Mixed : combination of above Central (CNS) Impairment : lack of ability to interpret what is heard

54. LIFTING EQUATION Basic Equations: where RWL is recommended weight limit LC is load constant HM is horizontal multiplier VM is vertical multiplier DM is distance multiplier AM is angular multiplier/displacement (twist) FM is frequency multiplier CM is coupling multiplier RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM

55. LIFTING INDEX Basic Equation: where LI is index and L is load and RWL is recommended weight limit Most lifted is either 51 lbs or 23 kg Static Loads may aggravate disorders such as: Tendonitis Bursitis CTS LI = L/RWL

56. Safety Factor Calculations Basic Equation: SF = allowable/actual

57. Chemistry Terms Molarity : moles of solute dissolved in 1L of solution Molality : moles of solute/kg of solvent Equivalent : qty of acid/base that yields 1 mole H + Normality : # of equivalents dissolved in a liter

58. BENZENE Sampling Media - charcoal tube Bioanalysis - urine test after work shift to detect presence of phenols

59. TOXICOLOGY - 1 Bysinossis : cotton dust Leptospirosis : bacteria in animals Erysipeloid : fish processing Trichinosis : pork processing Pulmonary Edema : acid/gas exposure Pnuemoconiosis : hardening, scarring and inability to transfer oxygen form tissues to blood in lung Emphysemsa : smoking Tetanus : bacillus bacteria

60. TOXICOLOGY - 2 Hantavirus : rat droppings Anthrax : bacterial infection Histoplasmosis : pigeon/bird droppings Brucellosis : bacterial infection in farmers, vets and lab workers Tularemia : carried by rats; Rabbit fever Raynaud’s Disease : vibration-induced; “white fingers” Newcastle Disease : viral infection in birds

61. TOXICOLOGY - 2 Hantavirus : rat droppings Anthrax : bacterial infection Histoplasmosis : pigeon/bird droppings Brucellosis : bacterial infection in farmers, vets and lab workers Tularemia : carried by rats; Rabbit fever Raynaud’s Disease : vibration-induced; “white fingers” Newcastle Disease : viral infection in birds

62. GRAM-MOLES Question : What is the volume of 100 grams of N 2 at 25°C and one ATM? NTP conditions Convert from grams to liters for calculation 100 g x 1 mole/gram x 24.42 L/moles = 87.32 L Question : How many molecules are present in 100 grams of N 2 at 25°C and one ATM? Molecules relate to Avogadro’s number, therefore: 100 g x 1 mole/28g x 6.02 x 10 23 molecules/1 mole = 2.15 x 10 24

63. DILUTION VENTILATION Question: MIBK solvent based paint is used in a spray booth at steady evaporation rate of 1 qt/hr. How many CFM of dilution ventilation is required to maintain a concentration at or below the TLV? (TLV = 50 ppm; s.g. = .7; MW = 100 and assume K = 6) Basic Equation: where Q is flow SG is speicific gravity ER is evaporation rate in pts/min K is safety factor MW = molecular weight C = TLV concentration Convert qt/hr to pts/min for ER: 1 qt/hr x 2 pts/qt x 1 hr/60 min = .03 pts/min Dilution calulcation: Q = 403 x 10 6 x .7 x .03 pts/min x 6 / (100)(50 ppm) = 11,300 CFM Q = 403 x 10 6 x SG x ER x K / MW x C

64. TWA - Chemical Exposure Question: What is the TWA of the following exposure: 2 hrs @ 5 ppm, 1 hr @ 2.0 ppm, 3 hrs @ 1 ppm and 2 hrs @ 1.5 ppm? Basic Equation: where C = concentration T = time TWA = (2)(5) + (1)(2) + (3)(1) + (2)(1.5) / 480 minutes = 1.1 ppm TWA = C 1 T 1 + C 2 T 2 + C n T n / ΣT

65. MIXTURES - Exceeding the TLV Question: Given the following exposure: Toluene 5.5 hrs @ 50 ppm (TLV 50 ppm), MC 1.9 hrs @ 75 ppm (TLV 50 ppm) and Xylene .3 hrs @ 250 ppm (TLV 100 ppm). Has the TLV of the mixture been exceeded? Set up ratio: Actual/Allowed Can add because all FX same target organ TLV = (5.5)(50) + (1.9)(75) + (.3)(250) /(8)(50) + (50)(8) + (100)(8) = 1.175 1.175 is > than 1 therefore overexposed TLV = C 1 T 1 /TLV 1 (8hrs) + C 2 T 2 /TLV 2 (8hrs)

66. CALCULATING [UNK] Question: 1-L of benzene breaks and evaporates in a 20x20x10m closed room at NTP. If the MW is 78 and the sg is .6, what is the concentration ? Calculate mg: 1L of benzene = 600 g (60% of L of H 2 0 is 1) 600g x 1000mg/g = 600K mg Calculate area: 4000 m 3 Calculate ppm: (600Kmg/4000m 3 )(24.45)/78 = 47 ppm ppm = mg/m 3 x 24.45/ MW

67. REDUCING CONCENTRATIONS Question: A furniture drying area contains 100 ppm of a solvent. If the volume of the room is 100Kft 3 , the ventilation rate 2,000 cfm, how long to reduce the [solvent] to 25 ppm ? Where C 1 is initial [ ] C 2 is final [ ] Q’ is ventilation rate in cfm V is volume of room in ft 3 t 1 is start time t 2 is end time Looking for t 2 : t 2 = ln(C 2 /C 1 )(V/Q’) t 2 = ln (.25)(100Kft 3 )/(-2000ft 3 /min) = 69.31 min ln (C 2 /C 1 ) = -Q’/V(t 2 -t 1 )

68. SAMPLING SAEs Question: A sample reveals xylene exposure for an 8-hr period was 105 ppm. The PEL for xylene is 100 ppm. The SAE is 0.10. What can you conclude from these results? Where Y = standardized [ ] X = given concentration CL = confidence limits Y = X/PEL = 105/100 = 1.05 UCL = Y + SAE = 1.05 + 0.1 = 1.15 LCL = Y - SAE = 1.05 - 0.1 = .95 Therefore a possible overexposure exists because UCL> 1 and LCL < 1. Y = X/PEL UCL = Y + SAE LCL = Y - SAE

69. TLV of MIXTURES Question: What is the TLV of the following mixture? 50% heptane (TLV 400 ppm or 1640 mg/m 3 ), 30% methyl chloroform (TLV 350 ppm or 1,910 mg/m 3 ) and 20% perchloroethylene (TLV 25 ppm or 170 mg/m 3 ). Calculate mg: TLV = 1/(.5/1640) + (.3/1910) + 9.2/170) = 1/34 = 610 mg/m 3 Calculate MW: (610)((.5) = 305 mg/m 3 (610)(.3) = 183 mg/m 3 (610)(.2) = 122 mg/m 3 Calculate ppm: 305 mg/m 3 x 400 ppm/1640 mg/m 3 = 74.39 ppm 183 x 350/1910 = 33 ppm 122x 24/170 = 18 ppm Calculate total PPM: 74 + 33 + 18 = 125 ppm TLV m = 1/(f 1 /TLV 1 ) + (f 2 /TLV 2 ) + (f n /TLV n )

70. 4 Elements of Risk Management Insurance ESH Contracts Avoidance Risk Management INS ESH CONTRACTS AVOIDANCE

71. RISK MANAGEMENT Pure Risk : expectation of an event that will only produce loss should it occur (eg/ FIRE) Speculative Risk : result of an event which will produce a gain or loss should it occur (eg/ business venture) Societal Risk : # of incidences/consequences that occur per year Individual Risk : Probability of a single consequence occurring to an individual in a given year Types of Companies Captive: self-insured; pools, can’t get public insurance Stock: for profit Mutual Company : Company owned by policy holders eg/ State Farm, USAA Lloyds of London: syndicate (not insurance company)

72. INSURANCE Items covered under basic policy: “WHARVES” Wind Hail Aircraft Riot Vandalism Explosion Smoke WC organization’s pay “insured cost” of accidents only An accident resulting in hospital TX is “insured” cost of accident Uninsured costs are “deductible” part of policy

73. CALCULATING PREMIUMS Basic Equation: Gross Premium = Pure Premium / 1-Load Percent

74. Worker Compensation Definitions Premiums: Retrospective: immediate past year’s loss experience EMR: WC Loss Ratio: ratio of 0.6-0.7 is reasonable PR = (manual rating)(EMR)(earnings/100) EMR = actual expenses/expected expenses LR = losses (or benefits paid)/premium received

75. WC Miscellaneous Schedule Rating : Assigning companies credits and debits based upon safety performance compared to a baseline Manual Rating : Rate based upon hazard associated with occupation Premium Discounting : Large employers receive discounts based upon their size No fault system provides “exclusive remedy” Retrospective rating based upon immediate past year’s loss experience Manual rate based upon avg rate per $100 of payroll EMR based upon loss experience over 3 yrs adjust company’s premium based upon losses compared to like industry Uses an average of 1 for industry (eg/ >1 worse than industry std and <1 better)

76. WC Calculation Questions: Employee earns $1000, manual rating of 3.50 and EMR of 1.5. What is WC premium? Answer: $3.50 (rate per $100 of payroll) x 10 ($1000/100) x 1.5 (b/c above avgEMR of 1.0) = $40.25

77. OSHA Incident Rate Calculations Basic Equations: Incident Rate (IR) Days Away, Restricted, Transfer (DART) *exposure hours is the # of ee’s x 2000 hrs/yr Record Maintenance: I&I Logs must be maintained for 3 years Medical records must be maintained for 30 yrs past date of employment IR = # cases x 200,000/exposure hours DART = #cases x 200,000/exposure hours*

78. CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY COMMISSION (CPSC) Established as a result of the CPS Act of 1972 Operates a national info network called the NEISS Products regulated: Apparel and non-apparel fabrics Hazardous substances Materials required child-resistant packaging (eg/ food, drugs, cosmetics and fuels) Household/educational / recreational products MFRs, Distributors and Retailers must report to CPSC when product : Fails to comply with standards Contains a defect which creates hazards Poses unreasonable risk of serious injury or death Subject to 3 or more civil actions in one year

79. HYDROSTATICS Basic Equation: where Q is volume in gpm where d is distance in inches Question: The VP in a 2” pipe w/ 1000 gpm flowing is? Answer: P v = (1000) 2 /(891)(2) 4 or 70.14 psi P v = Q 2 /891d 4

80. HYDROSTATICS Question: A 4’x 6’ container is 10’ deep and contains 50% water and 50% oil with a sg of 0.8. What is P ½ distance from surface if oil and water remain separated? Where P is pressure H is height Sg is specific gravity Ph20 = (.433psi/f)(5ft)(.8) = 1.732 psi P = .433 psi/f (h)(sg) Oil Water 10 ft 5 ft

81. ELECTRICITY Ohms Law Basic Equations: where P is power V is volts I is current R is resistance P = VI V = IR

82. ELECTRICITY (Resistance - 1) Question: Given the below diagram, what is the total Resistance R? Rules of Thumb: w/ parallel R, total R must be < the smallest R w/ combination series and parallel, do series first than parallel 1/R p = 1/50 + 1/10 + 1/10 = 1/.22 2.) Invert: 1/.22 = 4.54 ohms 1/R p = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R n Note: always invert final answer R series = R 1 + R 2 + R n 110V 50Ω 5Ω 5Ω 5Ω 5Ω R

83. ELECTRICITY (Resistance - 2) Question: What is the current in B (on previous page)? Where V is voltage I is amps R is resistance in ohms V= IR I = V/R = 110V/10ohms = 11 amps Rule of thumb: Voltage doesn’t change thru system in parallel/series V = IR

84. Bonding and Grounding Bonding : connecting two conducting bodies by means of a conductor Grounding : provides a conducting path b/w charged objects and the earth flam liquids build up electrostatic charge when agitated or during transfer

85. ELECTRICITY MISC Interlocks used in electrical equipment must meet “ fail-safe ” criteria An electrical “ open knife ” switch cannot be used in hazardous locations because: Live parts are exposed It has sharp edges “ Snap switches ” enclose live parts and are safer than open knife switches Electrical circuit protective devices (eg/ fuse or circuit breaker) open the circuit Electrical bonding eliminates the potential difference b/w two conductors Electrolytic fluid in in lead-acid batteries during changing can produce hydrogen gas An electrical system is “de-energized” only after it has been shut off and tested Conductive (protective) clothing is used for electrostatic hazards

86. Flammable/Combustible Liquids Flammable Liquids Class IA: FP < 73F and BP < 100F Class IB: FP < 73F and BP > 100F Class IC: FP > 73F and < 100F Combustible Liquids Class II: FP> 100F and < 140F Class IIIA: FP > 140F and < 200F Class IIIB: FP > 200F

87. Electrical Classifications (NEC 500) Class I : Div. 1:ignitable [ flam. Gases and vapors ] normally exist, (eg/open systems) Div. 2: volatile liquids or gases confined Class II : Div. 1: comb. dust under normal conditions Div. 2: sufficient qty of dust not normally present Class III : Div. 1: ignitable fibers are handled and/or processed Div. 2: ignitable fibers are handled only

88. FIRE MISCELLANEOUS - 1 Extinguisher Requirements Visual inspection monthly Maintenance checks annually Hydrostatic testing every 5 and 12 years Travel distance to Class A is 75 feet Travel distance to Class B &C is 50 ft 2 TYPES OF SMOKE DETECTORS: Ionizing smaller smoke particles incipient stage of fire Photoelectric larger particles smoldering fires

89. TETRAHYDRAN OF COMBUSTION: Requires the following 4 elements: Fuel Oxygen Ignition Chain Reaction FIRE MISCELLANEOUS - 2

90. Fire Prevention (Basic Principles) Combustion rapid chemical rxn of 0 2 w/ a fuel produces CO and CO 2 plus heat elements include 0 2 , heat, ignition Convection a result of movement of air and combustion products determines direction which a fire will spread Conduction mechanism of thermal E transfer b/w materials materials have high conduction (metals) or low (plastics)

91. Fire Prevention Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids - 2 Flash Point lowest temp at which a liquid can generate enough vapor above its surface to support combustion in presence of ignition source Vapor Pressure Pressure exerted by a vapor on its liquid at equilibrium strongly affected by Temperature Equilibrium Vaporization and condensation of molecules until the rates of the two become equal strongly affected by Temperature Fire Point lowest temp at which a flam liquid in an open container gives off enough vapors to continue to burn once ignited. Explosive/flammable Range Concentration of flam vapor or gas in air that can ignite in presence of ignition source LFL: min conc of vapor in air below which flame will not propagate (eg/ 1.4 for gas) UFL: max conc of vapor in air below which flame will not propagate (eg/ 7.6 for gas)

92. Fire Prevention Properties of Flam and Comb Liquids - 2 Autoignition Temp lowest temp that will produce combustion w/o an ignition source Specific Gravity density of liquid relative to density of water Vapor Density measure of relative densities of vapors and gases compared to air most flam liquids VP> air therefore ventilation needed at floor level most flam gases VP<1 therefore ventilation needed above floor level Evaporation Rate rate at which liquid is converted to vapor at given T and P ER reported in relation to butylacetate Water Solubility many flam liquids (ROHs, ethers, ketones) completely soluble in water mixture reduces flammability and static charge Boiling Point (BP) temp at which the liquid transforms into vapor at given P a strong function of P and always decreases with a decrease in P Boiling Liquid-Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) failure of a container at atm P holding a liquid above it’s B

93. FLAMMABLE GASES Definition: Must satisfy either: a UFL of 13% or less at ambient T and P Flammability range wider than 12% at ambient T and P Can be liquified by T and P Wider explosive range than vapors Usually lighter than air

94. FIRE GASES CO results from incomplete combustion of C 12 -containing compounds large amounts produced in fires 210 times more reactive with blood than O 2 Simple Asphyxiant CO 2 large amounts produced in fires not toxic gas but reduces concentration of O 2 HCN deadly, produced from wool, silk, acrylonitrile, ag chems, rodenticides and polyurethane SO from sulfur-containing materials; strong irritant Ammonia generated from wool, silk, fertilizers, explosives, nylon HCL generated by PVC, dyes, perfumes, ag chems HS 2 generated via incomplete combustion of sulfur-containing compounds such as wool and rubber NO 2 generated via N 2 -containing cmpds such as fabrics, cellulose, catalysts and polymerase inhibitors

95. FIRE EXTINGUISHER AGENTS CO 2 flammable liquids, ordinary combustibles, electrical fires forms barrier b/w O 2 and flammable vapors Dry Chemical Regular/Ordinary Chems: for flam liquid fires Multipurpose Dry Chems: flam liquid fires and electrical fires Use dilution, cooling, radiation, shields and flame-retardant actions to extinguish Foam flam liquid fires use mechanical or chemical means forms cooling blanket that prevents transfer of flam vapors from surface of liquid Halogenated Agents HC with one or more atoms of H 2 replaced with halogens replacement w/ halogen eliminated flammability characteristics and imparts flame-retardant capability known as Halons Halons stop combustion rxns by interfering w/ progress and development of combustion intermediate free radicals Halon numbering system : eg/1301 (1st place indicates number of C atoms, 2nd is Fl, 3rd is Cl, 4th is Br and 5th is I Dry Powder Used on combustible metals

96. 4 CLASSES OF FIRES AND EXTINGUISHERS Class A ordinary combustible materials; use water eg/ wood, cloth, paper, rubber and plastics Class B flam or comb liquids, flam gases, greases can use water but recommend dry chem and halon Class C energized electrical equipment use halons Class D comb metals (eg/ Mg, Ti, Zi, Na, and K) Numerical rating on Class A and B: the larger the #, the more the capacity Should be visible from 3 feet away OSHA required travel distances: Class A: 75 feet Class B: 50 feet Class D: 75 feet

97. SPRINKLER SYSTEMS Regular Dry Pipe sprinkler heads attached to piping containing air or N 2 sprinkler head opens due to heat Wet Pipe heads attached to piping containing water under P at all times head opens due to heat Pre-Action Automatic control fire when possibility of damage to piping or heads water valve added to dry pipe system operates like “wet system ” w/o water in piping at all times Deluge sprinkler heads are open at all times air in piping Combined Dry Pipe and Pre-action Special and Limited Water Supply special situations only

98. COLOR CODING FOR SPRINKLER HEADS Max. Ceiling T (°F): 100 Uncolored 150 white 225 blue 300 red 375 green 425 orange 475 orange

99. Sprinkler Calculations Question: what is the required pressure for a fire protection sprinkler with a K value of 5.6, protecting 120ft 2 with a density of .22 gpm per ft 2 ? Q = (.22 gal/min/ft 2 )(120 ft 2 ) = 26.4 gpm P = (Q/K) 2 = (26.4 gpm/5.6) 2 = 22.2 psi Q = gpm/ft 2 x ft 2 where Q is flow P = (Q/K) 2 where P is pressure and K is factor

100. FIRE DETECTION INSTRUMENTS Fixed T Thermal Detectors bimetallic element with two metals having different coefficient of expansions *thermal lag Rate-Compensation respond to fixed pre-determined T in air Rate-of-Rise respond to pre-determined rate of rise of T in air Pneumatic increase of air P inside bulb due to increase in T completely mechanical and good for explosive environments Smoke Detectors respond to products of combustion based upon less or more light reaching them Flame Detectors respond to either UV or IF portion of light generated by flame Combustible Gas Indicators resistance of heated element increases w/ contact w/ gas Fire Alarms Type A: operator receives alarm and transmits to FD Type B: alarm automatically transmitted to FD

101. BUILDING FIRE SAFETY Flame Spreading Rate measure of burning characteristics of a material Fire Loading max amount of heat generated in given area as result of a fire Fire Proofing insulating steel in structures from heat generated during fire Fire Safe area designated such that fire will not spread to other areas Fire doors classified by hourly rating Classes A, B, C, D, and E Hot Work Permits authorization to perform work w/ equipment or devices capable of igniting combustible materials Most important step is a “ policy statement ”

102. HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL (General Info) - 1 Scaffolds should be designed to 4X anticipated load Scaffolds > 20 ft require safety belt and lifeline Rope on scaffold must be at least 6X > than load Ladders position at 4:1 ratio Cranes should be at least 30 feet apart 3” b/w cranes and overhead structures Hydrostatic P should not exceed 1.5X maximum working P Max value of a slope is 15°; never exceed 20° VP and T increase in closed containers of volatile liquids Fuel containers for LPG FL trucks conform to DOT/ASME FL Truck confirms to ANSI

103. HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL (General Info) - 2 Treating Cold Contact Burns: water b/w 105° and 115 F° Treating 3rd Degree Burns: keep hands elevated above heart System grounding protects “system” Capacitors pose hazard “on” or “off” GFCI protects people and equipment by opening an electrical circuit & line to ground contact “Explosion-Proof” electrical equipment withstands “internal” explosion

104. HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL (General Info) - 3 3 Types of Electrical Fuses: link plug cartridge 2 Main Categories of Circuit Breakers: magnetic thermal High T welding air contaminant is No x Cutting and welding generates O 3 and UV Trench is a: narrow excavation deeper than wide never wider than 15 feet Bracing ad shoring required at 5ft or > unless sloped to angle of repose or stable rock

105. Block and Tackle Systems (Mechanical Advantage or MA) 1 part system - 1 rope: 0 MA 2 part system - 2 ropes: 2:1 MA 3 part system - 3 ropes: 3:1 MA 4 part system - 4 ropes: 4:1 MA 5 part system - 5 ropes: 5:1 MA Question: Lifting 2500 lbs with 5 part rope system. How many pounds of force are required for equilibrium lifting conditin? Answer: 5 ropes are 1:5 ratio therefore 2500/5 = 500 lbs.

106. Block and Tackle Question: A 5-part B&T is used to lift 500 lbs. If friction loss is %10 for each sheave, what force is required? F = (100)(1.1) 5 = 160 lbs. F = P(1+i) n

107. Compression Questions: What is the compression in member BC? 980 lbs/1.5 ft = x/ 3 ft = 1960 lbs 1.5 ft 3 ft 980 lbs A B C

108. COMPRESSION (Rules for Trusses) C ats crawl across the roof T urtles crawl along the ground C is compression and T is tension If you cut at center and it falls “inward” then compression If you cut at center and it falls “outward” then tension Inverted trusses act the same Compression members can be replaced by I/H-beams, channel/angle iron or pipe/solid dowels Tension can be replaced by cables, chains, or turnbuckles (because pulling action)

109. COMPRESSION (Rules for Trusses) A E D B C Compression (c) Tension ( T ) Load A D B C E C C C T T T T C C C C T T T

110. Definitions - Material Properties Bending Moment tendency of loaded beam to bend when acted upon by a force operating through a distance tendency to rotate about a point must be able to resist bending or failure Section Modulus measure of capacity of a section to resist any bending moment to which it is subjected Dangerous Section cross section of beam where bending moment is greatest Flexure Stress indicates stress caused by bending

111. HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL Basic Equations: Friction Force where F = frictional force μ = coefficient of friction N = total weight Distance for Presence Sensing Device where D = distance V = velocity T = time F = μN D = V x T

112. FRICTION Question: How much pressure is lost to friction for 200 ft of 6-in steel pipe when providing a flow rate of 1850 gpm. Assume a C factor of 100. P d = (4.52)(1850) 1.85 /(100) 1.85 (6.065) 4.87 = 5005023/32537637 = .1538 Factor drop for 200 ft: (.1538)(200ft) = 30.1 psi P d = 4.52Q 1.85 /C 1.85 d 4.87

113. THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION (STICK/SLIDE - 1) Question: The coefficient of friction is .5 b/w the 100-lb box and the upper ramp and .3 b/w the 40-lb box and the lower portion of the ramp, and the pulley is frictionless. Will the boxes remain on the ramp? Equation : F f = μN where F f = pushing/pulling force (parallel force) μ = coefficient of static friction N = normal force (perpendicular to surface) 40 100 30° 20° 40 30° 40 R N 30°

114. THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION (STICK/SLIDE - 2) Three parts of ramp question: (1) friction (stick), (2) non-friction (slide) and (3) F net. 40-lb weight : Friction calculation (stick): F = μN = (.3)(N) and N = cah (from SOHCAHTOA) therefore: cos30 A/40 = 34.6 lbs. F = (.3)(34.6) = 10.38 lbs. Non-Friction calculation (slide): Solve for R where R = SOH or sin30° = O/H or R/H = 20 lbs. Calculate F net : 20lbs - 10.38lbs = 9.6 lbs More slide than stick

115. THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION (STICK/SLIDE - 3) 100 lb weight : Friction calculation (stick): F f = μN = (.5)(N) = cah = cos20° N/100 = 93.96 lbs. F f = (.5)(93.96 lbs) = 46.98 lbs. Stick Non-Friction calculation (slide): F R = SOH = sin 20° R/100 = 34.20 lbs. Calculate F net : 46.98 - 34.20 = 12.78 lbs More stick than slide

116. THE EFFECTS OF FRICTION (STICK/SLIDE - 4) Set up Solutions Table: Solution: Will the boxes remain on the ramp? 9.6 lbs (slide) compared to 12.78 lbs (stick) = 12.78 - 9.6 = 3 Yes, by 3 lbs.

117. HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL Breaking Strength: where B is rope breaking strength S = # of parts of sheaves in rope W = weight F = Safety Factor B = [W + 0.1WS/S]F

118. Calculating Dikes - 1 Question: What is min. height dike required in a 50’x80’ area containing 3 tanks (one 100K gal w/ 35’ diameter and two 20K gal w/ 20’ diameters)? Answer: 1. ) Convert largest tank from gal to ft 3 100Kgal x 1 ft 3 /7.48 gal = 13,369 ft 3 2.) Calculate tank farm area A = hw = 50*80 = 4000 ft 2 3.) Subtract out area for other tanks from #2 2(Π)(10ft 2 )= 628 ft 2 4000 ft 2 - 628 ft 2 = 3372 ft 2 4.) Solve for H (height) of dike V = ah or h = V/a = 13369/3372 ft 2 = 3.96 or 4 ft

119. Floor Loading and Tank Sizing Question: A 5000 lb capacity tank weighs 6500 lbs. Floor loading is 200 PSF. How high can tank be? Answer: 1.) Convert tank size (in gal) to lbs. x sg eg/ 5000gal x 8.34 lb/gal x 0.8 2.) Add tank volume (in lbs) to tank weight eg/ 33.360 lbs + 6500lbs = 39860 lbs 3.) Convert lbs to ft 2 for area eqtn a = Πr 2 39860 x 1ft 2 /200 lb = 199 ft 2 4.) Solve for radius: a = Πr 2 so r 2 = a/Π = 1.99/3.14 = r = 63 r = 7.9 of 8 ft

120. PLANT LAYOUT Considerations during design and operations: Direction of wind # of employees to run plant Cost of future revisions During design of “ outdoor ” plant layout, all equipment containing flammable materials should be located on the “downwind” side such that vapors do not re-entrain “Flow ” plant layout: Advantages: Minimization of length of transfer lines Minimization of energy requirement for transport of materials Disadvantages: Requires more people “ Grouped ” Plant Layout: All similar equipment is placed together

121. Safety Facts 3 leading causes of UST releases are: Piping failure Corrosion Spilling/overflowing Code developed by ASME requires pressure for hydrostatic test at 150% MAWP Per ANSI/ASME A17.2, the recommended frequency for inspections for passenger elevators is every 6 months

122. PPE Consensus Standards ANSI Z87.1 –1989 Eyes ANSI Z41-1991: Shoes ANSI Z89.1-1986 Head ANSI Z53.1 Color coding for safety

123. Classes of Hardhats Class A: falling objects, electricity and low voltage conductors Class B: falling objects, electricity and high voltage conductors Class C: falling objects

124. 49 CFR 172 - Labeling Hazardous Materials RED YELLOW GREEN BLACK & WHITE ORANGE BLUE Flammables Oxidizers NF gas Corrosive Explosive Dangerous

125. Classifying Hazardous Materials F List: finishing compounds, solvents, TCDD, plating “F for finishing” K List: special industrial processes “K for special K” P List: acutely toxic chemicals “P” for potent U List: other toxic chemicals -”U” for udder

126. Branches of the Government

127. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Issue CDL Random alcohol testing 25% Controlled substance testing 50% Alcohol test required within 2 hrs of accident Substance test required within 32 hrs of accident

128. PLAYGROUND SAFETY Recommended use zones for playground equipment should extend a minimum of 6ft in all directions from perimeter of equipment Minimum distance b/w structures w/ designated play surfaces of 30” or > is 9 ft Recommended diameter of rungs and other hand gripping components is 1.25 . The younger the children the > the grip size due to motor skills

129. Communication 4 Elements of Effective Communication : Sender Message Receiver Feedback Berlo 7 steps : Communication Source Encoding Message Channel Decoding Receiver Feedback

130. 4 ELEMENTS OF BHR-BASED LEARNING/TRAINING OBJECTIVES A, B and C’s of Learning/Training Objectives : A for Audience B for Behavior C for Conditions D for Degree Learning Theories: Expectancy (eg/ value) Needs Adult learning Info processing Reinforcement Social learning Goal setting

131. Rules of Training People generally remember: 10% of what they read 20% of what they hear 30% of what they see 50% of what they see and hear 70% of what they say 90% of what they say and do

132. TRAINING CONCEPTS Reliability: consistency in measuring employee’s knowledge and abilities eg/ returns same basic results time and again Validity : Effectiveness Relevance of test to job knowledge and skills eg/ final test for maintenance department on confined space entry Norm-referenced : Grading system where student’s performance is compared to that of others Criterion-referenced : Performance is dependent upon predetermined standard of conduct or behavior eg/ competency on employee HazCom exam

133. LAWS OF LEARNING Law of Frequency: Repetition; practice makes perfect, Law of Recency: Better learning w/ most recent information Law of Readiness: When you have chance to use it, you’re ready Law of Disuse: Use it or lose it Law of Effect: Will learn better if area of interest Law of Primacy: Of prime importance, high retention Law of Intensity: Increase involvement level, increase retention

134. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY - 1 3 Functions of a computer: Input Output Process (CPU) 4 Major Types of Software Events (Hazards): Unwanted Prevents needed event Out-of-sequence Out-of-tolerance

135. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY - 2 Two Types of Networks: Peer-to-Peer inexpensive simple centralized control Client-Server centralization expensive security DB classifications: Single User Multi-User

136. Computer Terminology - 1 ASCI American std code for info interchange Buffer Memory area used for temporary storage during input/output operations DBMS Collection of data organized for efficient storage, editing, etc. DNS Domain name system, registration for domains Ethernet interconnects computers GIF/JPG Graphical interchange format HUB used to connect multiple computers to an ethernet LAN GUI Graphical user interface HTML Hpertext markup language, web language HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol

137. Computer Terminology - 2 LAN Local area network Protocol System of rules/procedures governing communication b/w devices RAM Random access memory, temporary memory while power is on ROM Read only memory; permanent memory RAID Redundant array of independent drives for data protection SQL Structured Query Language URL Uniform resource locator; protocol for web address USB Universal serial bus; connector replacing serial port for printers, scanners, cameras, etc. VPN Virtual private network WAN Wide area network

138. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Large quantity generators must sign Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest that includes waste minimization certification Manifests must be maintained for 3 years Open drum : drum/container that has a removable lid Small quantity generator can store waste on-site w/o permit for 180 days Environmental Risk Assessment Techniques : Probability Analysis Systems Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Risk Assessment Process : Hazard Identification Hazard Accounting Risk Characterization Risk Evaluation

139. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TX of Hazardous Waste Precipitation: Uses coagulants and flocculants to TX waste water Heavy metals precipitate at different pH levels Ion Exchange: Chemical process Distillation: Reduces volume of waste stream by separation into haz and non-haz streams Physical TX Sedimentation: Removal of solids by gravitational force Physical treatment Biological TX: Aerobic (free O2) and Anearobic Low Temp oxidation Aeration: Used to TX contaminated water Uses adsorption and air stripping Adsorption is removal of components of gas mixture onto a solid bed Turbid meter: Device used to measure clarity

140. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Control of Air Pollution Incineration: Controlled combustion Afterburners convert CO to CO 2 “Excess Air” enhances combustion Removes organics but not heavy metals Scrubbers: Remove contaminants by absorption into liquid Neutralize gas mixtures Operate on countercurrent flow basis

141. LEGAL CONCEPTS Tort: A wrongful act or failure to exercise due care, other than breach of contract, resulting in legal injury (eg/ libel, slander, assault and negligence) Liability: An obligation to rectify or recompense an injury or damage by the responsible party Negligence: Failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care or to carry out a legal duty so that injury or damage occurs to another Contributory Negligence: defense used by employers prior to WC laws Concept of Privity: direction connection to one another Patent Defect discovered in all items of a given manufactured batch Latent Defect occur in a limited number of manufactured items of a given batch

142. LEGAL CONCEPTS Liabilities: Implied Warranty : expectation, what product should be able to do Warranty of Fitness : will meet buyer’s intended use Warranty of Merchantability : relates to buyer’s expectations or what the product should do Express Warranty : written or oral promise Strict Liability : negligence or fault not necessary for liability Limited Liability : to compensate injured parties Breach of Warranty: Failure of product to fulfill contractual obligation regarding product’s specifications and suitability Doctrine of “Fellow Servant Rule:” Employer not responsible for injuries suffered by an employee due to negligence of another employee Statutory law is codified by a governing body

143. LEGAL PRINCIPLES res ipsa loquitur : speaks for itself caveat emptor : buyer beware caveat venditor : seller beware ultra vires : beyond given authority 4 Parts of a Contract Agreement Consideration Legal Purpose Competent parties Note : considered a contract when placed in mail or fax received

144. REGULATORY (OSHA - 1) OSHA OSH Act of 1971 Standards to protect S&H of employees Created NIOSH and OSHRC National Consensus Standards NFPA and ANSI General Standards OSHA Emergency Temporary Standards Created by OSHA in response to IDLH situations Record Keeping Must be maintained by employers with 11 or > employees Forms: OSHA 300: “Log of Work-related Injuries & Illnesses”; detailed description of I&I containing employee info OSHA 300A: Total numbers of I&I; must be posted annually FEB-APR Injury must be recorded w/I 6 days All I&I records must be maintained for 5 years

145. REGULATORY (OSHA - 2) Variances Temporary: to give ER additional time to come into compliance; must show “on-going” compliance program Permanent: must show existing procedures will result in environment as safe and healthful as procedure mandated by standard OSHA Inspections Regular: normal “planned” inspection schedule Special: result of complaint, referral, accident, etc. Citations Issued by OSH Area Director ER can appeal w/in 15 days of issuance May issue “notice” rather than citation 6 Types: IDLH, Willful, Repeat, Serious, Non-Serious, FTA

146. REGULATORY (Haz Com) “Workers Right-to-Know” of 1983 Affects 3 groups: Chemical MFRs, importers or distributors Employers Employees Requirements: Written program, MSDSs, labeling & training Above must be available during each work shift and available upon request Labels must be in English Exemptions: Haz waste, food additives, drugs and cosmetics, consumer products or hazardous substances (by CPSC), Pesticides and Alcohol not intended for industrial use.

147. REGULATORY (HAZWOPER) Operations involving: Hazardous waste TX TSDs Hazardous materials response Haz mat clean-up Requirements: Site characterization Site Control Training Medical Surveillance (annual) ENG, PPE & Work Practices Decon Emergency Response Illumination Sanitation Site S&H Plan

148. REGULATORY (RCRA - 1) Amendment to Solid Waste Disposal Act (1976) Deals with safe disposal of both haz and non-haz waste Subtitles D: management of non-haz solid waste C: management of haz waste I: regulations for USTs Does not deal with abandon haz waste sites (CERCLA) “Solid Waste:” solid, semi-solid, liquid or contained gas “Open Dump”: under Title D, a solid waste facility which does not meet “minimum technical standards” Must be either upgraded or stopped “Hazardous Waste”: one or more of following characterstics: corrosive, reactive, ignitable or toxic Or, a listed waste Or, a mixture containing a listed hazardous waste Generator responsible for haz waste determination Generator must apply and obtain EPA ID number Exclusions: household waste, industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, energy and mineral deposits, fossil fuel combustion products, mining wastes, nuclear waste and irrigation wastes

149. REGULATORY (RCRA - 2) Generator Types: Conditionally Exempt: < 100 kg/month Small Quantity: 100-1000 kg/month Large Quantity: >1000 kg/month Transporters must have an EPA ID number TSD’s must have an EPA permit “Storage Facility”: facilities storing haz waste in excess of 90 days Large Qty Generators must have permit for >90 day storage Manifest or “cradle-to-grave” document tracks waste from generation to disposal Large QTY generators must certify on manifest that haz waste minimization program is in place “Exception Report” required when manifest not received from TSD w/I 45 days Generators must submit “Biennial” report to EPA by March 1 of each even-numbered year All generators, transporters, and TSDs must maintain records for at least 3 years

150. REGULATORY (CERCLA) “Superfund Law” Involves clean-up of abandoned hazardous waste sites Site must be placed by EPA on NPL using HRS (a score of at least 28.5 required) Concept of “Joint and Several” liability: one polluter can be held liable for cleanup when many are involved Waste from clean-up managed under RCRA

151. REGULATORY (SARA – Title III - 1) Amendment to Superfund Law in 1986 “Community Right-to-Know” as a result of Bhopal incident Also known as EPCRA Deals with chemical emergencies in communities Governor responsible for forming an SERC SERC responsible for forming LEPC and dividing state into EPDs Each facility must designate a “facility emergency coordinator” Any facility that produces, uses or stores any of the chems on EPA list of extremely hazardous substances (40CFR) exceeding the TPQ is subject to SARA If subject, facility must notify SERC w/I 60 days SERC and LEPC must be notified if release off-site beyond RQ Affected facilities must submit MSDSs or list of haz chems to SERC, LEPC and local FD LEPC must submit copies of MSDSs upon request

152. REGULATORY (SARA – Title III - 2) Reporting: Tier I: aggregate information by hazard type Tier II: specific chemical information Must be submitted by March 1 of each year Form R: reflects all releases from facility for previous calendar year Must be submitted by July 1 of each year Based upon usage threshold FOI All plans, MSDSs, inventory forms and release forms must be available to public during normal working hours

153. REGULATORY (FWPCA) Federal Water Pollution Control Act Goal to bring all bodies of water into fishable/swimmable condition Covers “point” and “non-point” sources of pollution NPDES permits required for discharge Must be renewed every 5 years Must meet discharge limits set by EPA based upon “best available and practicable” (BACT) technologies for TX prior to discharge Sludge produced by TX facility treated as hazardous waste EPA and FDA set “action levels” for toxic materials in water Discharges into POTW must be pre-treated Act also controls vessel sewage NDPES permits required for any “point source” discharge of pollutants into bodies of water NPDES applicant data must be maintained for 3 years 1987 amendment to CWA introduced management of “non-point” sources

154. REGULATORY (TSCA) Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Identifying haz chems and their means of control Risk factors for any new or existing chems put into substantial new use must be evaluated by EPA before commercialization and/or distribution Gives EPA authority to place controls on MFR, distribution and use of a chemical, including total ban Exemptions: FDA controlled chems FIFRA controlled chems NRC controlled materials EPA, after public hearing, can force MFRs to perform additional testing MFR and importers of new chems must provide a “90 day Notice of Intent” to EPA New chemical: any chem not EPA list of existing chems Chems produced in small quantity for research purposes are exempt from notification EPA must inform other countries of chem export EPA has authority to inspect any facility that stores, mfrs, or processes chems PCBs and Asbestos are covered under TSCA

155. REGULATORY (CAA - 1) Clean Air Act passed in 1970 Primary and secondary NAAQS (national ambient air quality standards) Standards set maximum allowable concentration of pollutants Amendment of 1977 created” Prevention of Signification Deterioration (PSDS): intent to limit pollution in areas in compliance with NAAQS requires permit for owner/operator of “stationary sources” prior to new construction Mandates use of BACT (best available control technology) Non-attainment: restricts construction which may add to sources of air pollution; also requires permit Titles: I: stationary sources such as mfg plants II: mobile sources such as automobiles III: judicial review/citizen lawsuits

156. REGULATORY (CAA - 2) Standards: Ambient: max safe pollutant concentrations Emission: controls amount of pollution produced by a given source NESHAPS (national emission standars for haz air pollutants) NSPS (new source performance standards) State responsible for designing and implementing a SIP (state implementation plan) that achieves NAAQS Hazard air pollutant is one which has no NAAQS Operator/owner of emission source must: keep records Install/maintain monitoring equipment Comply with reporting requirements If SIP violated, EPA issues notice, to be corrected within 30 days Violations of NESHAPS/NSPS do not require notice by EPA, but may illicit immediate action Allows citizen suits against EPA and owner/operator

157. REGULATORY NEPA: National Environmental Pollutant Act of 1970 CEQ has responsibility for enforcement EIS (environmental impact statements) must be prepared prior to undertaking any project which may have averse affect on environment Activities which require EIS: Those requiring federal permit Those using any source of federal resources for their implementation FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act of 1972 Regs for labeling, storage and disposal of pesticides Requires pre-market clearance for pesticides EPA has established educational programs for users

158. REGULATORY SDA: Safe Water Drinking Act of 1974 Major objectives: Set maximum pollutant levels on drinking water Protect underground water MPRSA: Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Major objective: Eliminate ocean dumping of hazardous waste Requires permit for any waste disposed of at sea Pre-empts any state regulations

159. Misc. Safety History Marshall v. Barlow (1978): 1st Supreme court case lost by OSHA 4th amendment issue Right to entry of OSHA Brought about right of refusal of entry and subsequent warrant process to enter Whirlpool Decision (1980): Expanded OSHA protection to EEs EEs could refuse to perform “IDLH” work American Textile MFG Institute v. Donovan (1981): “Cotton Dust decision” Cost benefit analysis not most important consideration

160. SAFETY ORGANIZATIONS / ASSOCIATIONS ASSE Formed in 1911 as United Assoc. of Casualty Inspectors Professional Safety Journal NSC Formed in 1913 as Assoc. of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers System Safety Society Journal of System Safety AIHA AIHA Journal NFPA NFPA Journal

161. MISC. BCSP MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATION FOR BCSP : ASSE SFPE (Society of Fire Protection Engineers) AIHA NSC SSS (System Safety Society) IIE (Institute of Industrial Engineers) ACCREDIATION AGENCIES OF BCSP : CESB (Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards) NCCA (National Commission for Certifying Agencies)

162. BCSP Ethics Hold paramount S&H of people, Environment & property Be honest and fair Issue public statements based upon fact & knowledge Undertake assignments when qualified Avoid deceptive acts Adhere to highest professional standards Act in a way that is free of bias Seek opportunities for constructive service

163. Thanks! Paul McNeill, CSP is a Senior Safety Consultant with Insperity Paul Mcneill, CSP [email protected]