CST 20363-Session 1.2-A Brief History of Computing

A Brief History of Computing; CST 20363-Session 1.2

1. CST-20363-Intro-to-CS “The good news about computers is that they do what you tell them to do. The bad news is that they do what you tell them to do.” –Ted Nelson Session 1.2 A Brief History of Computing

2. Early Computational Devices

3. Abacus (4 th Century B.C.) The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C. This device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.​ Considered the first computer​

4. Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called the "Adding Machine". One of the first and earliest mechanical devices used for calculating was the Pascaline​​

5. Jacquard Loom (1805) First fully automated and programmable Loom Used punch cards to “program” the pattern to be woven into cloth

6. Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871) English mathematician, engineer, philosopher and inventor. Originated the concept of the programmable computer and designed one. Invents Difference Engine in 1822 Performed basic arithmetic First described a general-purpose analytical engine in 1837 but worked on the design until his death in 1871. It was never built.

7. Difference Engine (1822) The difference engine is a mechanical calculator first developed by Charles Babbage in 1822. It can compute several sets of numbers and make hard copies of the results. Due to a lack of funding, he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine.

8. Augusta Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815 - 1852) Created a program for the (theoretical) Babbage analytical engine which would have calculated Bernoulli numbers. Widely recognized as the first programmer.

9. Kurt Gödel (1906 – 1978) Famous for his incompleteness theorem This theorem implies that not all mathematical questions are computable (can be solved).

10. Herman Hollerith (1860 – 1929) Invented electromechanical counter in 1880s Machine uses punch cards as input Serves tabulation role in 1890 US census Company created around technology becomes IBM

11. Howard Aiken (1900 – 1973) Aiken thought he could create a modern and functioning model of Babbage's Analytical Engine. ​ He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million dollars for his proposed Automatic Sequence Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.​ In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each component. ​

12. The First Universal Calculator

13. Aiken & Hopper – Harvard Mark I Computer (1944) The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Computer was created by IBM for Harvard University, which called it the Mark I. First universal calculator.

14. Colossus Mark I & II (1943 – 1944) The Colossus Mark I & II are widely acknowledged as the first programmable electric computers and were used at Bletchley Park to decode German codes encrypted by the Lorenz SZ40/42. Consisted of Vacuum Tubes

15. John Eckert & John W. Mauchly – ENIAC 1 Computer (1946) ENIAC was short for E lectronic N umerical I ntegrator A nd C omputer. It was the first general purpose (programmable to solve any problem) electric computer. It contained over 17,000 vacuum tubes, weighed 27 tones and drew 150 kW of power to operate.

16. The Transistor (1947) Invented by William Shockley (seated) John Bardeen & Walter Brattain at Bell Labs. The transistor replaces bulky vacuum tubes with a smaller, more reliable, and power saving solid sate circuit.

17. UNIVAC (1951) First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, 47 UNIVAC I computers were delivered. 25 feet by 50 feet in size 5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes 300 relays Internal storage capacity of 1,008 fifteen-bit words was achieved using 126 mercury delay lines

18. IBM 701 EDPM Computer (1953) IBM enters the market with its first large scale electronic computer. It was designed to be incomparable with IBM's existing punch card processing system, so that it would not cut into IBM's existing profit sources.

19. Grace Hopper (1906 – 1992) Developed the first compiler (A-0, later ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC) while working at the Remington Rand corporation on the UNIVAC I. Later returned to the NAVY where she worked on COBOL and was eventually promoted to Rear Admiral.

20. Grace Hopper (1906 – 1992) Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, US Navy, and other programmers at a UNIVAC console - 1957 Grace Hopper (January 1984)‏

21. The First High Level Programming Language

22. FORTRAN (1954) John Backus & IBM invent the first successful high level programming language, and compiler, that ran on IBM 701 computers. FORmula TRANslation was designed to make calculating the answers to scientific and math problems easier.

23. Integrated Circuit (1958) Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments & Robert Noyce at Fairchild semiconductor independently invent the first integrated circuits or “the chip”. Jack Kilby was awarded the National Medal of Science and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the integrated circuit.

24. First commercial transistorized computers (1960) DEC introduced the PDP-1and IBM released the 7090 which was the fastest in the world.

25. First computer game & word processor (1962) Steve Russell at MIT invents Spacewar , the first computer game running on a DEC PDP-1. Because the PDP-1 had a typewriter interface, editors like TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) were written for it. Steve Piner and L. Peter Deutsch produced the first “word processor” called Expensive Typewriter (MIT's PDP-1 cost $100,000).

26. The mouse and window concept (1964) Douglas Engelbart demonstrates the worlds first “mouse”, nicknamed after the “tail”. SRI (Stanford Research Institute) received a patent on the mouse in 1970, and licensed it to apple for $40,000.

27. The Internet and Age of Personal Computers

28. ARPANET (1969) The precursor to the Internet as we know it, funded by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency now DARPA) begins. The first four nodes were located at: UCLA Stanford Research Institute UC Santa Barbara University of Utah

29. Intel 1103 Dynamic Memory Chip (1970) Worlds first commercially available dynamic memory chip, 1024 bytes or 1KB

30. Intel 4004 Microprocessor (1971) Worlds first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors, had the same processing power as the 3,000 cubic-foot ENIAC.

31. First computer game & word processor (1962) Robert Metcalfe at Xerox invents Ethernet so that multiple computers can talk to a new laser printer. Originally, Ethernet used a large coaxial cable and ran at 3Mbit/sec. Ethernet today runs over twisted pair (usually CAT5, or CAT6) and can achieve speeds of 10Megabit/sec to 1Gigabit (1000 Mbit/sec).

32. Personal Computers (1974 – 1975) Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and IBM 5100 computers are first marketed to individuals (as opposed to corporations). They are followed by the Apple I,II, TRS-80, and Commodore Pet computers by 1977.

33. ALTAIR (1975) The invention of the transistor made computers smaller, cheaper and more reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the entrance of the computer into the domestic realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers commenced. Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Company (MITS) wanted to design a computer 'kit' for the home hobbyist. ​

34. Enter Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and Microsoft Gates and Allen develop a BASIC interpreter High level language for microcomputer programmers Briefly associate with MITS Form Micro-Soft company in 1975

35. First individual productivity software (1978) VisiCalc Spreadsheet software and WordStar word processor are the “killer applications” for personal computers, especially for small business owners.

36. IBM PC (1981) The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86. The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones. CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB Price: $5,000 - $20,000

37. Apple Macintosh (1984) Apple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer), modelled after the unsuccessful Xerox Alto computer. Motorola 68000 @8Mhz 128KB Ram US$1,995 to US$2,495

38. The World Wide Web (1989) Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet addresses), and put up the first server supporting the neq World Wide Web format

39. The Internet Browser (1993) The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible to everyone. Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.

40. Portable Computing and Technology Today

41. The Handheld Computer (1996) The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by Palm Computing, Inc.

42. Desktop and Notebook PCs Personal Computer (PC) Desktop PC Notebook PC

43. Desktop and Notebook PCs Tablet PC Workstation To visualize and solve complex, technical problems.

44. Server Computers Applications in business financial, customer management solutions, decision support data warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise resource planning

45. Supercomputers In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per second.

46. Information Systems Data processing systems Transaction handling, record keeping Primarily for clerical personnel and operational-level managers

47. Management of Information Systems Uses an integrated database and supports a variety of functional areas Structured information (for example, a weekly inventory status report with predefined content and format) Applications in hospitals (patient accounting, point-of-care processing), insurance (claims-processing systems, policy administration, actuarial statistics), and colleges (student registration, placement)

48. Decision Support System Helps the decision makers, especially those at the tactical and strategic levels, in the decision-making process

49. Executive Information System Subset of DSS Supports decision making at the executive levels of management, primarily the tactical and strategic levels

50. Artificial Intelligence Expert systems, simulation of human sensory capabilities, neural networks, intelligent agents, robots and robotics

51. Virtual Reality Combines computer graphics with special hardware to immerse users in an artificial three-dimensional world

52. What About the Future? Parallel Computing Massive amplification of computing power Can be hosted by local networks as well as Internet Wireless networking Bluetooth Embedded or ubiquitous computing Digitization of Economy Privacy and security Open-source movement

53. Copyright