Cultivation of GERANIUM PPT Geranium persentation.pptx

Geranium cultivation

1. SARDAR VALLABH BHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Topic : Cultivation Of Geranium Submitted to:- Submitted by:- Dr. Hariom Katiyar Ravi Gauswami (6514) Department Of Horticulture Tushar(6516) SVPUAT Rukmini(6517) Vikas(6518)

2. CULTIVATION OF GERANIUM

3. Geranium: Pelargonium graveolens , Family: Geraniaceae Common Name: Rose-scented pelargonium Geranium is one of the important aromatic plants, yielding an essential oil which is highly priced for its very profound and strong rose-like odour . The plant is also known as rose geranium. The chief constituents of the oil are (18%) geraniol and citronellol (25%).Essential oil extracted through steam-distillation is used in fragrance, flavor and pharmaceutical industries. The pure geranium oil is almost a perfume by itself and blends well with all other perfumes.

4. As against the yearly consumption of about 150 t requirement of geranium oil, India produces a meagre quantity of about 5 t per year. Therefore, most of the 145 t requirement of geranium oil of the Indian industry is being largely met through imports The current international demand of about 600 tonnes geranium oil is being largely met by China, Morocco, Egypt, Reunion Island and South Africa ( Qinghua 1993; Anon., 1996-1997). India is a net importer of rose-scented geranium oil as demand far exceeds its production, therefore excellent potential exists for extending it cultivation.

5. INTRODUCTION Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) is an erect, branched shrub, which can reach a height of up to 1.3m and a spread of 1m . The leaves are strongly rose scented. It is a native of dry rocky slops of Cape Province (South Africa) and grown chiefly in Reunion, Algeria, southern France, Spain, Morocco, Madagascar, Congo and Russia for the production of oil. A number of species have been introduced into India and grown in gardens, some of which are found in the Nilgiri hills. In India, it is cultivated mostly in south and grows well in temperate, subtropical and tropical climates. It is propagated by stem cuttings (Anon, 1991).

6. USES Geranium oil has historically been used in the treatment of dysentery, haemorrhoids , inflammation, heavy menstrual flows and even cancer Geranium oil is one of the top 20 essential oils in the world and used mainly in perfumery, cosmetic and food industry (Rashmi and Manjushri, 2010) The French medicinal community currently treats diabetes, diarrhoea , gall bladder problems, gastric ulcers, jaundice, liver problems, sterility and urinary stones with this oil Geranium oil provides relief within minutes whereas tropical capsaicin, the commonly prescribed conventional remedy for shingles pain, begins to alleviate pain in about two weeks (Greenway et al., 2003). The aromatic oil is extensively used in various types of rose fragrances where petal and foliage effects are desired; in scenting of soaps due to its stability in slightly alkaline medium and in cosmetic products. Leaves of geranium is also used in herbal teas.

7. Origin and Distribution Geranium is a native of the Cape Province in South Africa . Commercially cultivated in France, Belgium, Spain, Morocco, Madagascar, Egypt, Reunion Islands, Congo, china , India and the former USSR countries. The world production of geranium oil is estimated at 250-300 tons, whereas the demand is more than 600 tons annually. The first planting of a high yielding Geranium introduced from Renuion island was grown at Yercaud by a French planter, in the early twentieth century. From that time onwards it has been cultivated as a commercial crop, but only in high altitude areas with a milder climate. Presently it is being commercially cultivated mainly in the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal Hills of Tamil Nadu and in and around Bangalore in Karnataka in an area of about 2000 ha.

8. CLASSIFICATION Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Order : Geraniales Family : Geraniaceae

9. Description of the Plant Geranium is a bushy, aromatic plant. The stem is cylindrical, woody at the base, pubescent, green when young and turning brown with age. The leaves are alternate, stipulate, simple with 5 primary lobes and secondary lobes and densely pubescent. The leaves are highly aromatic in nature.

10. SPECIES Geranium is a genus of 422 species. Some of the commonly grown species include P. clarkei (Clark's geranium) P. endressii (Endres's cranesbill) P. fremontii (Fremont's geranium) P. himalavense often sold under Geranium grandiflorum) P. libericum (Caucasus geranium) P. macrorrhizum (bigroot cranesbill or bigroot geranium) P. maculatum (wild geranium) P. maderense (giant herb robert ) P. magnificum (showy geranium)

11. Genus Pelargonium ( Geraniaceae ) contains a large number of species with scented leaves of various odours, ranging from pleasantly fruity or floral to minty flovour . The numerous aromatic species , P. citronellum : lemon scent ( Demarne and Van der Walt, 1993). P. tomentosum : peppermint odour ( Demarne and Van der Walt, 1990). P. graveolens and P. radens : mint-scented(Van der Walt and Demarne , 1988) P. fragrans : an unusual nutmeg smell ( Rollet , 1998)

12. SOIL REQUIREMENTS Grown on a wide variety of soils. It prefers well-drained sandy to loam soils with a pH range of 5.8 to 8.5 and sunny, hot, frost-free conditions. Ideal soil types should be rich in organic matter and have a clay content of not more than 40%. Pelargonium grow well in the sandy soils of the coastal belt.It can tolerate high alkaline soils as well. Good drainage is required to prevent water logging and reduce the incidence of root diseases.

13. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS TEMPERATURE Prefers warm temperate to subtropical climates with a long growing season without extreme weather conditions. It grows well at a temperature range of 10 to 33 °C, and it needs enough sunshine for the development of oil in the plant. The plant is sensitive to cold weather and cannot withstand frost. Optimum temp 20 to 25 °C.

14. RAINFALL The favourable rainfall should range from 700 to 1500 mm per year, uniformly distributed throughout the season. In areas where rainfall is less, it can be grown with supplementary irrigation.

15. ESSENTIAL PART Leaves and stalks are the essential parts of this plant. The essential oil is extracted from fresh plant material mainly using steam distillation.

16. TYPES 1. Algerian or Tunisian This type of geranium is slender with flowers of a dark pink colour.It is being grown in the Nilgiris and is unsuitable for wet conditions.This variety yields 50-60% more oil than that of the Reunion type. 2. Reunion or Bourbon Grown in the Nilgiris and Anamalais , the plant is sturdier with light pink flowers and more suitable for wet conditions.✓ The oil content is higher during the summer months from April to June.✓ The terminal portion with 6 to 12 leaves contains more oil than the middle and basal portions.

17. VARIETIES PAWAN : High yielding genotype, more herb and good quality oil 20- 25%. For cultivation of North Indian plains, reunion types. HEMANTHI : This variety is released by CIMAP, Lucknow for cultivation in the plains of North India. It is same as Algerian type rich in citronellol. BIPULI : This variety is released by CIMAP, Lucknow. It is the same as Bourbon type equally rich in both geraniol and citronellol. Narmada : The invention is related to the development of a novel geranium plant 'Narmada' derived as a somaclonal variant "CIMAP/GER SA 44" from the Indian cultivar 'Bourbon'.

18. IIHR PG-8 : Among 13 accessions evaluated this is selected as a superior cultivar for herbage and oil yield. It yields 25-30 t herbage contains 0.25-0.30% oil leading to the production of 65-90 kg oil/ha. The chemical composition of the oil is Isomenthone 13.54% ; Linalool-2.86% ; Citronellyl formate-13% ; Geraniol--18% ; Guaiadiene-1.24% ; Citronellol 52.63%

19. PROPOGATION Geranium is easily propagated by cuttings ; since there is no seed setting in geranium, vegetative propagation is a must. Terminal cuttings about 10-20 cm long and consisting of about 8 nodes are the best suited material for propagation, as they give 80% rooting even without any treatment. However the middle portion and basal cuttings are reported to give poor rooting, which can be improved by treating them for 6 minutes with growth regulators like IBA or IAA at 200 ppm. The transplanted cuttings have a characteristic initial slow growth and are susceptible to weed competition during this lag phase leading to yield losses ( Rajeswara Rao and Bhattacharya, 1997) Rao et al. (1988) found 60×45 cm spacing to be optimum for obtaining high yields of rose-scented geranium in Bangalore plains.

20. The cuttings are planted in raised beds 3m long and 1m wide. The soil should be well mixed with powdered FYM. The cuttings are planted closely at a spacing of 8-10 cm.Before planting, the cut end of the cuttings is dipped in 0.1% Benlate solution. Before root initiation, temporary shade is provided and the beds are watered regularly.The nursery is sprayed with a 0.2% urea solution at biweekly intervals and the cuttings strike roots in 40 days. After about 60 days, the cuttings are ready for transplanting. They can also be rooted in polythene bags, which help to avoid damage to the root system while planting in the main field. This practice ensures a high percentage of success in the field.

21. INTERCROPPING To enhance crop productivity, attempts were made to grow short duration legumes like : Cowpea( Vigna unguiculata ) Blackgram ( Vigna mungo) (Prakasa Rao et al., 1984, 1986) Greengram ( Vigna radiata ) Clusterbean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) ( Rajeswara Rao et al., 2000) Butterbeans ( Phaseolus luteus L .) (Narayana et al., 1986) and Garlic( Allium satium L .) (Muni Ram and Kumar, 1998 )

22. PLANTING Terminal stem cuttings of uniform size (9-10 cm) in length having seven to eight nodes and three to four terminal leaves) of rose- scented geranium cv. Bourbon were grown in polythene bags (10 cm in diameter and 16 cm in length, filled with native red soil, kept under partial shade and regularly watered. One cutting was planted in each bag for Rooting. Healthy, profusely rooted, 60 days old cuttings were transplanted in the field

23. PLANTING AND AFTER CARE About 30,000 cuttings are required for planting an area of 1 ha. Before planting, the land should be properly prepared by ploughing and brought to fine tilth. Ridges and furrows are made, the application of fertilizer and irrigation should be done a day prior to planting. The cuttings are carefully dug out from the nursery and planted at a spacing of 60 x 45 cm. They must be irrigated immediately after planting.Irrigation is continued on alternate days for about 10-15 days and then reduced to twice a week. The schedule is modified during the winter and summer months at intervals of 7 to 10 days depending on the situation. Though geranium tolerates short periods of drought, but water logging of the crop must be completely avoided.

24. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS Prior to transplanting the cuttings, 10 t of good quality FYM, 35 kg N, 35 kg P2O5, and 35 kg K2O/ha are incorporated into the soil in the form of urea, super phosphate and murate of potash. A second dose of nitrogen at 34kg/ha is applied about 2 months after the first application. Further nitrogen is given in two equal split doses for each harvest the first dose being just after the crop is harvested and second two months later.

25. Altogether, 210 kg/ha/ yr of N is applied to the crop in six equal doses to cover three harvests. Application of 30 kg N/ha (15kg/ha as basal and 15 kg as a foliar spray with 1%urea solution, 45 and 90 days after basal application) is reported to increase herbage yield and oil yield by 447% and 140% respectively over the control. In addition, the application of 20 kg/ha of zinc sulphate and 10 kg/ha of boron has been reported to increase the herbage yield. Similarly, an application of copper (20kg/ha) and molybdenum (30Kg/ha/year) in four split doses after each harvest has been found to increase the yield by 37% . Rose-scented geranium were fertilized with 10t FYM, 150 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 60 kg K₂O and 25 kg ZnSO , per hectare were applied prior to transplanting and thoroughly mixed with the soil. Nitrogen as urea was applied in four equal splits at one split per harvest. Urea was applied in 5-7 cm deep furrows, which were closed manually.(Rao, 2002)

26. PEST AND DISEASES The incidence of pest and disease is not severe in the geranium crop. However, it is found to be affected by wilt disease, caused by the Fusarium species and Botrydeplodia theobromoe , which are soil borne fungi. Recently Alternaria alternata has been reported to cause leaf blight in the Terai region and the Kumaon Hills of Uttar Pradesh Sclerotium rolfsii causes, collar rot disease Rhizoctonia solani causes root rot Wilt in the Kodaikanal region of Tamil Nadu.

27. CONTROL Generally, the suggested control measures for these pathogens are only partially satisfactory, even if anthracnose and botrytis can be controlled by spraying specific fungicides. Despite the need for resistant varieties, a genetic improvement programme does not seem reasonable or economically viable regarding the economic importance of the crop in the individual oil-producing countries,

28. HARVESTING Geranium is harvested 4 months after transplanting, when the leaves begin to turn light-green and exhibit a change from a lemon like odour to that of rose. However this requires careful observation and experience. The crop should be harvested using a sharp sickle and sent for distillation immediately. The use of a sharp sickle is important as it minimizes the jerks, pulls and damage to the crop while harvesting. After every harvest, hoeing, fertilizer application and irrigation are done according to the schedule. The plants then put forth fresh shoots, grow faster, and reaches the next harvesting stage in 4 months. Thus a total of 3 harvests can be expected in a year. Cultivation under poly house conditions is reported to reduce the harvest time by 21 days.