Cultivation practice of (Direct seeded )ppt.pptx

Cultivation practice of dsr rice

1. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE RAIPUR Topic – C ultivation practices of Rice ( Direct Seeded ) Course title – Agronomy of major cereals and pulses PRESENTED TO Dr.N.K.Choubey professor Dept.of Agronomy PRESENTED BY Mali Sanjana M.Sc. 1 st year 2 nd sem. Dept.of Agronomy

2. Origin and history of Rice

3. Rice is a plant of Asian origin. Cultivation of rice began around 2200 B.C. De candolle (1886) and Watt (1892) thought that South India was the place where cultivated rice originated. Vavilov (1926) suggested that India and Burma should be regarded as the centre of origin of cultivated rice.

4. International and National status in terms of area and production

5. World rice production of 2022

6. Area, production and productivity of countries in year 2022-23 Highest area under rice is in India (46.91mha) followed by China ( 30.07 mha ) Highest production under rice in world is in China(147.69 million tonnes ) followed by India( 125.039 million tonnes ) Highest productivity for rice in world is in China ( 4.5 t/ha) followed by India ( 2.61t/ ha) Area, production and productivity of Indian States in year 2022 -23 Area : Uttar Pradesh(6.03 Mha )>West Bengal(5.94mha)>Odisha(4.45mha) Production: West Bengal(15.04mt)>Andhra Pradesh(14.24mt)>Uttar Pradesh(13.10mt) Productivity : Punjab(4022kg/ha)>Tamil Nadu(3389kg/ha)>Andhra Pradesh(3246kg/ha)

7. Area of rice in India (2022) Total area 46.91 mha Area under transplanted rice 32.408mha Area under DSR 11.092 mha Area under SRI 3.53 mha Source : Directorate of Economics and statistics

8. Economic importance

9. Rice is important staple food for more than 60% world population. The flattened parboiled rice is known as flaked rice. Flaked rice is also used for preparing different kinds of food items. Bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is used as a cattle feed. Paddy husk is used as fuel. It is also used in brick making. Straw is used as cattle feed, in the manufacture of strawboards and for making hats, ropes, mats, etc.

10. Nutritional value of 100 gms of rice.

11. Botanical description

12. Taxonomy Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants) Superdivision : Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants).
Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
Subclass: Commelinidae Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae (Grass family) Genus : Oryza (rice)
Species: sativa L. (rice)

13. Morphology Root : Fibrous root system Shoot: It is composed of culms, leaves and inflorescence. Culm:The culm or stem is made up of a series of nodes and internodes. Inflorescence : Rice inflorescence is called Panicle

14. Leaf characteristics: Type : Simple, narrow Surface: Rough Shape: linear Margin : Entire Venation: Parallel

15. Inflorescence:

16. Grain (Caryopsis) Rice grain develops after pollination and fertilization are completed. The grain is tightly enclosed by the lemma and palea. The dehulled rice grain is known as ‘brown rice’ as brownish pericarp covers it.

17. Physiological characteristics Rice has a C3 photosynthetic pathway, hence inefficient in converting inputs into grain. It is a short day plant It is a semi aquatic plant. Seed germination type : Hypogeal germination In Rice, Gas spaces ( aerenchyma ) form as an adaptation to submergence to facilitate gas exchange.

18. Improved varieties and their characteristics

19. Name of variety Year of release Duration Released by Yield potential Special characteristics CR Dhan 315 2021 Medium duration (125-135 days) NRRI, Cuttack 5054kg/ha Zinc biofortiified rice variety, Resistant to leaf folder, moderately tolerant to leaf blast and brown spot and neck blast , stem borer. High agronomic efficiency

20. Name of variety Year of release Duration Released by Yield potential Special characteristics Rice ASD 21 2023 120 days TNAU 6330 kg/ha Erect & Non lodging plant type, Short bold
Moderately resistant to stem borer, leaf folder, gall midge, blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight

21. 1.Poornima 2 Mahamaya 3 Shyamla 4 Danteshwari 5 Indira sugandhit dhan-1 6 Bamleshwari 7 Sambleshwari 8 Jaldubi 9 Chandrahasini 10 Indira sona (hybrid) 12 IGKVR-1244 13 Indira barani dhan-1 14 IGKVR 1 (Rajeshwari) 15 IGKVR 2 ( Durgeshwari ) IGKV released varieties

22. Varieties suited for DSR and Transplanted rice S.No . Condition Varieties 1. Direct seeded rice PR-115, Pusa Basmati1509, Pusa Basmati 1121,Nidhi, Narendra359, PR-123, Pusa 1121 2. Transplanted rice BPT5204, MTU1010, CR Dhan 601,Satabdi,Rajshree, Aditya, Swarna , MTU7029, Pusa 2511

23. Varieties based on Duration S. No Classification Duration Varieties 1. Extra early duration 60-90 days Pusa Basmati 1847, Saat din 2. Short duration 90-120 days ADT-36, IR-64, ASD-20, MDU-5 3. Medium duration 120-140 days IR-20, Co43, ADT-38, Bhavani , MDU-4 4. Long duration 140-180 days BPT5204, CR1009, ADT-44, CR Dhan 802 5. Extra long duration 180-190 days 119 wayanad gandhalasala

24. Varieties based on situation S. No Situation Varieties 1. Upland Vandana , Satyabhama(CR2340), Kamesh (CR Dhan 40) 2. Lowland Pooja, Swarna sub-1, Reeta , CR Dhan300 3. Midland/Irrigated Satabdi , Naveen, Rajlaxmi (CRHR-5) 4. Waterlogged/semi deep Sarla (CR 260-77), Durga , Varshadhan (CRLC899) 5. Coastal saline Luna suvarna , Luna sampad , Luna Shankhi

25. s.no Name of the variety Year of release Name of the institute/ research station Yield potential ( t/ha) Duration days Adaptability area characteristics 5 DRR Dhan 53 2021 ICAR IIRI 5.5-6 115-120 ODISHA BIHAR JHARKAND Bacterial leaf blight , High yielding fine grain k CR DHAN 802 2019 ICAR NRRI 6.5 142 days madhyapradesh bihar NON LODGING Drought and submergence tolerant Moderately resistance to BLB RTV SB y CR DHAN 801 ( plalguni ) 2019 ICAR NRRI Normal – 6.3 Submergence – 4 Drought – 2.9 140-145 Odisha WB up ap telangana Non lodging Drought and submergence tolerant 2 CR Dhan 310 2019 ICAR -NRRI 4.5 120-125 Odisha madhyapradesh uttarpradesh High protein variety (10.3%)

26. s.no Name of the variety Year of release Name of the institute/research station Yield potential ( q/ha) Duration days Adaptability area characteristics 1 DRR Dhan 45 2015 ICAR – IIRR 5-6 130 Karnataka Tamilnadu Andhrapradesh Telangana High Zn content 4 Pusa 1592 2014 IARI 4.75 120-125 Punjab Haryana Up Uttarakhand Jammu Kashmir Extra long slender grain Bacterial leaf blight resistance 1 Pusa sugandh 5 2004 IARI 5.5-6 120 - 125 Punjab Haryana U ttarpradesh Uttarakhand Jammu Kashmir Excellent cooking quality & tolerance to shattering 3 BPT 5204 ( Sambha mashuri ) 1986 ANGRAU 6 140-145 Andhra Pradesh Telangana Karnataka Non shattering,Non lodging excelling cooking quality

27. IMPORTANT INSTITUTES

28. Adaptability

29. Most rice varieties are adapted to only shallow water. Flooding to more depths cause low yields due to reduced panicle number and high sterility Low yield of rice on unflooded soils is usually attributed to moisture stress and weed competition. High fertile soils yield high quality and long grain Lodging is often severe with Japonica varieties. No commercial variety is resistant to blast, bacterial blight.

30. Climate and soil requirements

31. Under rainfed rice culture, rainfall is the most limiting factor in rice cultivation. When irrigation is provided, the growth and yield are determined by temperature and solar radiation. Water stress at any growth stage may reduce the yield. Rice plant is most sensitive to water deficit from the panicle initiation stage to heading. Water stress before heading reduces yield significantly by causing a high percentage of sterility. Rainfall

32. Growth stage Temperature (˚C) Low Optimum High Germination 10 20-35 45 Seedling emergence 12-13 20-30 35 Rooting 16 25-28 35 Leaf elongation 7-12 31 35 Tillering 9-16 25-31 33 Panicle initiation 15 25 33 Anthesis 22 30-33 35 Ripening 12-18 20-25 30 Temperature

33. High temperature at vegetative stage increase s ti llering due to increased nutrient uptake. High temperature at flowering and ripening stages causes spikelet sterility due to unfavorable balance between respiration and photosynthesis. Lower night temperature during flowering is favorable and promotes higher grain yield. The booting stage (7-14 days before heading) is considered as most sensitive stage to low temperatures and the second most sensitive stage is heading or flowering. In general japonica varieties are more tolerant to low temperatures while Indica varieties are more tolerant to high temperature. Mean daily temperature higher than 30°C may decrease rice yield. High night temperature increases respiration loss, thereby reducing net photosynthesis. High temperature during the day (coupled with high solar radiation) increases net photosynthesis.

34. The solar radiation required by the rice crop differs with the growth stages. Shading during vegetative stage slightly affects yield components and yield. Shading during reproductive stage however has a pronounced effect on spikelet number. Solar radiation at the reproductive stage has the greatest effect on grain yield. The critical period for solar radiation is from panicle initiation to 10 days prior to maturity. The requirement of solar radiation to produce 5 t ha-1 of rice yield is 300 cal cm-2day-1. Solar radiation

35. Moderate wind is beneficial for crop growth. Light wind helps to stir the air within the crop canopy and to transport CO2 to the leaf canopy. Strong wind causes drying of top leaves at the time of flower opening, it increases sterility and during ripening period it results in serious lodging and shattering of grains. Wind velocity of 0.75 to 2.25 m/sec is not conducive for photosynthesis. Wind

36. Rice which is cultivated in standing water builds up an environment with high relative humidity resulted in development and spread of many fungal and bacterial disease. Relative humidity less than 40% inhibits flowering and 70-80% relative humidity is for flowering. Relative humidity

37. Soil characteristics Rice grows well in pH range of 5.5 to 6.5High soil pH leads decreased rice yield, shoot weight and reduced nutrient uptake. Soils with good water retention capacity with high amount of clay and organic matter are ideal for rice cultivation. Clay or clay loams are most suited for rice cultivation. Rice grows well in E.C.range of 0.8-1.8 dS /m. It is strongly affected by salt stress at both seedling and reproductive stages.

38. Soil bulk density should be within the range of 0.97-1.53 g/cm³.Puddling increases bulk density and destroys soil properties. Increasing soil moisture storage capacity is a strategy that can be implemented to minimize the use of water in paddy rice cultivation. Soil organic matter management by adding suitable organic amendments could help retain soil moisture under water limiting conditions

39. Factors affecting yield

40. Abiotic factors Biotic factors Drought High salinity High/Low temperature Flooding Low mineral availability Mineral toxicity Weeds Insects Fungi Bacteria Viruses Mechanical injury by animals

41. Among these stresses, weeds,pathogens , over-irrigation or submergence, nutrient deficiency, toxicity due to over-feeding of fertilizers, and high salinity stress factors have a huge impact and they reduce average yields by more than 50% One of the most sensitive indices of the paddy crop under stress is the change in the color of leaves or a yellowing of leaves caused by stress

42. Rice Eco-systems

43. Rice is grown under varying eco-systems on a variety of soils under varying climatic and hydrological conditions ranging from waterlogged and poorly drained to well drained situations. Rice is also grown under rain fed as well as irrigated conditions.

44. Irrigated rice The total area under irrigated rice is about 26.00 million hectares, which accounts about 60 per cent of the total area under rice crop in the country. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Puducherry and Gujarat.

45. Upland rice Upland rice areas lie in eastern zone comprising of Assam, Bihar, Eastern Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and North-Eastern Hill region. In the rain fed upland rice, there is no standing water in the field after few hours of cessation of rain. The productivity of upland rice is very poor. The average yield of rice in upland areas in the country is only 0.90 t ha-1

46. Low land rice Low land rice area is mostly located in the eastern region comprising of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Eastern Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The average productivity of rice in low land areas ranges from 1.0 to 1.2 t ha-1.

47. Coastal saline The coastal area is always subjected with salinity problem and these areas are situated in West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The yield in coastal saline soil is very poor. Average yield in costal saline area is about 1 t ha-1. The coastal saline soils are often affected with deficiency of ferrous and zinc which causes chlorosis and reduced tillering.

48. Hills Such rice areas lie in the hill regions comprising of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and North-Eastern hill states. The productivity in cold or hill areas is very poor. The average yield is about 1.1 t ha-1. The major problems of these areas are cold injuries, blast, drought spell and very short span of cropping seasons.

49. Seasons of rice cultivation

50. Direct seeding of rice refers to the process of the establishing the crop from seeds sown in the field rather than by transplanting seedlings from nursery Direct seeded Rice(DSR)

51. Advantages of DSR over transplanted rice No significant reduction of yield under optimal condition Savings on irrigation water by 12-35% under efficient water management practices Reduces labour by eliminating seedling uprooting and transplanting Reduces cultivation time, energy, and cost Faster maturation of crops Lower GHG emissions Increases total income by reducing cost of cultivation No need of nursery preparation

52. C onstraints in DSR Higher seed rates Seeds exposed to birds and pests Higher risk of lodging Risk of poor or non-uniform crop establishment

53. Methods of Direct seeding of rice: Dryseeding : Seeds are drilled or broadcasted into dry soil and then covered with soil. Wet seeding : involves sowing of pre germinated/ sprouted seeds on puddled wet soil either by drilling or broadcasting and then gradually flooding the land.

54. Conditions for Dry seeding Dry seeding also called as Aerobic rice. When grown in the dry season on a sandy loam soil with only a few irrigations or in a low rainfall environment.

55. Conditions for wet seeding When grown in the monsoon season on clay soils, dry seeded rice is likely to be flooded or the soil saturated much of the time, and is not aerobic. Followed in irrigated conditions

56. Seed bed preparation

57. Th e field should be ploughed once followed by a harrowing and then planking . The soil should be ploughed to attain a reasonable depth (10−20 cm of cultivated soil) with varying clod sizes, and to kill weeds by burying or exposing the roots All the uprooted and the established weeds along with stubbles of the previous crop should be picked up , collected and thrown out of the field. Summer ploughing has proved beneficial in increasing water infiltration rate and thus in a higher production of upland rice due to increased moisture availability and less weed infestation.

58. Laser land levelling Laser land leveling (LLL) is a laser-guided technology used to level field by removing soil from high points of the field and depositing it in low points of the field. LLL improves crop establishment and enables crops to mature uniformly In a level field, water is distributed evenly, thus, reducing the amount of time and volume of water needed for irrigation.

59. Method of sowing Seedrate Broadcasting 100-120 kg/ha Drilling 70-90 kg/ha SPACING AND SEED RATE Spacing Row to Row – 20cm

60. TIME OF SOWING

61. Depth of sowing Seeding depth is very critical in DSR and varied with the rice varieties Rice should not be drilled deeper than 2.5 cm to maximize uniform crop establishment
Optimum depth of sowing is 2-3 cm

62. Seed treatment Seed treatment prevents and controls seed and soil-borne diseases. It improves germination, vigor , and productivity. Many varieties have dormancy period where germination levels are low. Hence,Expose seeds to high temperatures (40−42°C) for 1−2 days prior to sowing. Submerge seeds in water for 12−24 hrs or until small shoots appear at the end of the seed. In colder weather, seeds may need to be soaked for 36−48 hrs. Drain and dry the seed in bag for 24 hrs in a shady area where air can circulate around the bags.

63. Azospirillum inoculation: Use 1 g of Azospirillum sp. Inoculant (as a powder) per kg of seed and mix with primed wet seed just before sowing. Fungicide treatment: Dissolve 3 g fungicide (e.g., Benlate + Mancozeb or Arazone red alone) per kg seed . Brine solution treatment : Upgrade the seeds by specific gravity grading method with salt solution by dissolving 1.5 kg of common salt in 10 lit of water. Remove floating seeds, and use sinked seeds for sowing after repeated washing with water 3-4 times

64. Seed hardening Seed hardening is done with 1% KCl for 16 hours ( seed and KCl solution 1:1) and shade dried Seed hardening is done to enable the crop to withstand early moisture stress. On the day of sowing, treat hardened seeds with Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g/kg of seed.

65. Method of sowing

66. Rice-green manure drum seeder

67. Scientific management of essential nutrients Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) Nanofertilizers Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

68. Leaf Color Chart (LCC) Critical LCC grade is 4 for transplanted rice and 3 for direct seeded rice . Crops showing a leaf colour below the critical values suffer from N deficiency and require immediate N fertilizer application to prevent yield losses.

69. Chlorophyll meter (SPAD) Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools to measure crop nitrogen status.

70. Nanofertilizers Nanofertilizers comprise one or more plant nutrients within nanoparticles where at least 50% of the particles are smaller than 100 nanometers . Urea formaldehyde (38%N) S-coated urea (SCU, 30-40%N) Polymer coated urea ( 40-44% N) Urea super granules(46% N)

71. Integrated Nutrient Management

72. Integrated nutrient management (INM) aims at reducing the chemical fertilizer applied and improving its efficiency through combined use of different sources of plant nutrients such as: 1. Organic manures 2. Green manures 3. Crop residues 4. Biofertilisers 5.Inorganic fertilizers

73. Biofertilizers : – 1.Blue green algae  -  10 kg/ha on 10 DAS it can fix 20-30 kg N/ha 2.. Azotobacter / Azospirillium   / Phosphobacteria   - 10 packets (soil application) on 10-15 DAS 3 . Azophos – 20 packets ( one packet-200g) (soil application) on 10 DAS

74. Green manuring in situ. 1.Sun hemp- Crotalaria juncea In corporate – 5-6 weeks (40 days) after sowing Seed rate- 25-35 kg/ha N fixed- 70-80 kg/ha 2. Dhaincha Sesbania aculeata In corporate – 5-6 weeks after sowing Seed rate- 20-25 kg/ha N fixed- 75-80 kg/ha 3 . Sesbania rostrata Nodule present on roots and stem Incorporate 5-6 weeks after sowing Seed rate- 20-25 kg/ ha N fixed- 75-80 kg/ ha Amount of dry matter accumulated for Sunhemp is 30.6t/ha, for daincha 23.2 t/ha. GREEN LEAF MANURE • The important plant species useful for green leaf manure are neem , mahua , wild indigo, Glyricidia , Karanji ( Pongamia glabra ) calotropis , avise ( Sesbania grandiflora ), subabul and other shrubs.

75. Brown manuring Brown manuring is similar to green manuring , except the fact that rice and Sesbania spp. are bothgrown together and when these dhaincha plants overtake the rice plants in height at about 25 days of co-culture, a herbicide 2, 4-D (500g/ha) is applied to kill these Sesbania plants. After 4-5 days of spraying Sesbania plants will appear brown and thenstart dying. As it is a selective herbicide, it kills only Sesbania plants and not the rice plants. Brown manuring is usually recommended for the rice which is directly seeded, but not when transplanting is done.

76. Blanket Nutrient recommendation Duration of crops N (Kg/ha) P205 (kg/ha) K2 O (kg/ha) Short duration varities 120 40 40 Medium duration varities 1 40 50 50 Long duration varites 150 60 50 Zinc deficient soils Apply ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 Apply full dose of P, K, and ZnSO4 and 25 kg N/ ha as basal at the time of sowing. The remaining N should be applied in three equal splits at early tillering , active tillering and panicle initiation.

77. Nitrogen: Spilt N fertilizer rates if larger than 60 kg N into 2 ( medium and short duration varieties) and 3 ( Long duration varieties) N fertilizer placement should be in reduced soil layer about 8-10cm below soil surface Sources of N Ammonium nitrate( 32-37.5% N) Ammonium sulphate ( 20.5%N, 23.4% S) DAP (18% N, 46% P2O5) Urea (46% N)

78. How to increase N use efficiency? Split application Deep placement Nitrification inhibitors N-serve Sulphathiazole Slow release N fertilizers Sulphur coated urea Neem coated urea Isobutyildene diurea (IBDU)

79. Phosphorus Potassium Sources SSP (16%P205, 12%S) DAP ( 46%P2O5) Urea phosphate ( 20% P2O5 18% N) Rock phosphate (11-17%P2O5 , 33-36% Ca) Potassium chloride(60% K2O) Potassium nitrate (13%N, 44% K2O) Potassium sulphate (48% N, 17.5% K2O)

80. Zinc Deficiency of zinc causes Khaira disease Sources Zinc sulphate(35% Zn) Zinc oxide ( 78% Zn) If zinc deficiency symptoms are observed in the field, apply 10-25 kg/ha Zinc sulphate Foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 solution with 200 L water / ha is given at tillering stage.

81. Silicon Required for development of strong leaves, stems and roots. Thick silicated epidermal cell layer which helps in reducing rice plant’s susceptibility to fungal and bacterial diseases. Sources Calcium silicate 120-200 kg/ha Potassium silicate 40-60 kg/ha Deficiency causes soft, droopy leaves

82. Iron Deficiency is more prominent in sandy soils Sources Ferrous sulphate(19% Fe) Ferrous ammonium sulphate(29% Fe) Foliar spray of FeSO4 (2-3% solution) at tillering stage

83. Water management

84. Scheduling of irrigation Approaches IW/ CPE ratio Depletion of Available Soil Moisture Critical stage approach Time intervals Indicator plants

85. Depletion of Available Soil Moisture Irrigation scheduled when soil moisture level in effective root zone depth decreases. Irrigation scheduled at 10-20% depletion of available soil moisture IW/CPE method Irrigation is scheduled at 0.8-1.0 ratio with 5 cm irrigation water IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 with 5 cm irrigation water means 5 cm irrigation water is applied when cumulative pan evaporation reaches 5 cm

86. The water requirement of rice varies from 800-1400 mm depending upon growing season, soil type, crop duration and management practices etc. Critical stages of water requirement in rice are a ) Active tillering b) p anicle initiation c ) booting d) heading e) flowering For drill sown rice care should be taken to drain out excess rain water during first 10-15 DAS and the water level in the field should not be more than 2.5cm height during tillering stage. Critical stage approach

87. Precison water management

88. Methods of irrigation Flooding Most common form of irrigation where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by gravity Exclusive for lowland rice Water Use Efficiency is low

89. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) AWD is a type of water-saving rice production system In this system, the field is irrigated with enough water to flood the paddy for 3-5 days and the surface is then allowed to dry for 2-4 days before re- flooded. It can reduce water input by 15-30%

90. Drip irrigation Direct seeded rice (DSR) under the drip irrigation (DI) method is considered to be a water saving technology. Saves 40-70% of irrigation water Best method of irrigation

91. Weed management

92. Weed flora Grasses : Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass) Echinochloa crussgalli (Barnyard grass)

93. Sedges Cyperus iria (Rice flat sedge) Cyperus rotundus (Purple nutsedge )

94. Broad leaved weeds Ludwigia perennis ( Perennial water primerose ) Phyllanthus niruri (Gale of the wind) Trianthema portulacastrum (Giant pigweed )

95. Integrated Weed Management A.Cultural method : - Tillage Mulching C.Chemical method B. physical method:- 1.Hand hoe (manual) 2 Spike tooth harrow (mechanical) 3 Finger weeder ( mechanical) D. Biological method : Hirsch - Maniella spinicaudata is ( a rice root nematode which control most upland rice weeds ) Bactra verutana – Cyperus rotundus E. Preventive measures Stale seed bed Summer ploughing

96. Critical period of crop weed competition in rice is influenced by different rice establishment methods ( Arun babu and Jena, 2018). S.No . Rice establishment method Critical period of crop weed competition 1. Transplanted rice 20-40 DAT 2. Wet seeded rice 15-60 DAS 3. Dry seeded rice 15-60 DAS 4. Rainfed direct seeded rice 0-90 DAS

97. Chemical weed management in Dry DSR Chemical name Time of application Dose (kg or g a.i. /ha) Control Trade name Dry DSR Oxyflourfen 23.5% EC With in 2 DAS 150-240g Grasses and Sedges Goal,Galigan,Oxygold,Alto,Vadha,Ronaldo , Jurgan Pendimethalin 38.7% EC 2 DAS 677 g Broadspectrum Stamp xtra,Pendigaurd , Dhanutop,Pendamil super, Pendiherb , Pendigan Pendimethalin 38.4% + Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.85% ZC 2 DAS 900+20g Broadspectrum Stiletto

98. Chemical name Time of application Dose (kg or g a.i. /ha) Control Trad name Post emergence Metsulfuronmethyl 10% + Chlorimuron-ethyl 10% WP 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 4g Sedges and broad leaved weeds Almix , green mix,rymixan Penoxsulam 1.02 % + Cyhalofop -butyl 5.1% OD 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 135 g Broad spectrum herbicide Vivaya Triafamone 20% + Ethoxysulfuron l0% WG 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 44+22.5 g Broad spectrum herbicide Council activ Chemical weed management in Dry DSR

99. Chemical weed management in Wet DSR Chemical name Time of application Dose (kg or g a.i. /ha) Control Trad name Post emergence Bentazone 480SL 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 960 Broad spectrum herbicide Basargan (BSF) Bispyribac Sodium 10% SC 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 25 g a.i. /ha Grasses ( Echinocloa spps .) Nominee gold,Tarak,Adora , Banister,Novelty gold, Junun Fenoxaprop-Pethyl 9.3% w/w 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 56.25 g Grasses Whipsuper,Vego super Metsulfuronmethyl 10% + Chlorimuron-ethyl 10% WP 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 4g Sedges and broad leaved weeds Almix , Green mix,Rymixan Penoxsulam 1.02 % + Cyhalofop -butyl 5.1% OD 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 135 g Broad spectrum herbicide Vivaya Triafamone 20% + Ethoxysulfuron l0% WG 2-4 leaf stage of weeds 44+22.5 g Broad spectrum herbicide Council activ

100. Lehi method of cultivation The Lehi method of cultivation is popular in rice-growing regions of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. In this method, sprouted seeds of rice are broadcast in puddled seedbeds. Lehi is the most suitable method when sowing is delayed. It is easy, cheap and less time-consuming compared to direct-seeding of rice in dry fields and transplanting of seedlings in wet fields.

101. Cultivation technology Required quantity of seeds (45- 50 kg/ha) should be soaked in water overnight 3 days before sowing Soaked seeds should be removed from water in the morning and then allowed to air-drying for 2- 3 hours. • Airdried soaked seeds should be heaped on the heap should be well covered with wet gunny bags or dung cakes or rice straw.

102. Covered seeds of heap will be germinated within 24 to 36 hours depending on the temperature. High temperature results in quick sprouting and vice-versa. The benefit : cost ratio (profit over every rupee of expenditure, was higher for Lehi and gives good yield with a minimum investment incurred for cultivation in per unit area. Thus it could be said that Lehi is a cheap, easy and quick (time-saving) method of rice cultivation.

103. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) SRI is a methodology for increasing the productivity of irrigated rice cultivation while at the same time reducing inputs, including seeds, fertilizers and water requirements. SRI was developed in Madagascar in the early 1980s by Fr. Henri De Laulanie , a French priest.

104. Benefits of SRI Increase in yield/ha
Increase in net income/ha
Reduction in cost of production (7-56%).
Reduction in water requirement (24-60%).
Shorter time to maturity (1-3 weeks less).
Protection against biotic stresses pests/diseases (Sheath blight, leaf folder, brown plant hopper) 70% reduction in incidence.

105. Principles of SRI SRI is based on six principles seedlings get transplanted at a much younger age at 8-12 days old (2 leaf stage)
only single seedling, instead of a handful of seedlings get planted in each hole
increased use of organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility;
intermittent water application to increase wet and dry soil conditions, instead of continuous flood irrigation;
plants are spaced wider apart; plants were set out carefully and gently in a square pattern, 25x25cm or wider if the soil is very good Conoweeder /rotary hoe/power weeder to control weeds and promote soil aeration.

106. References: Rice Science and Technology by Sakkarai Ramaswamy Textbook of field crops production by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Vol-I, pg no :1-54 www.knowledgebank.irri.com www.tnauexpertricesystem.com www.riceportal.in