Cultural Geography

1. Cultural Geography

2. Part 1: Introduction to Culture

3. What is Culture?

4. CULTUS – “To Care About” What is Culture?

5. Culture is the mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that form a people’s way of life.

6. Part A: Introductions

7. How do we study culture?

8. What is cultural geography?

9. Cultural geography is the study of how cultures vary over space.

10. What is the cultural landscape?

11. The cultural landscape is the interactions of a group in relation to their own cultural practices as well as the values of society as reflected through artifacts and architecture .

12. What is cultural ecology?

13. Cultural ecology is the field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture.

14. Cultural Geography: Schools of Thought

15. What school(s) of thought best explains the following scenarios?

16. Case 1 A small, undiscovered community is located on the coast of South America. The food they consume is fish and they spend much of their time sacrificing to their god Elmo – who visits wrath upon them in the form of large, windy storms that destroy their village when he is angered.

17. Case 2 Develop your own case study that demonstrates both Possibilism and Cultural Determinism. It needs to be at least four sentences long.

18. Part B: Concepts of Culture

19. How does culture form?

20. What is culture made of?

21. Nonmaterial Culture Values Beliefs Behaviors Norms ?

22. A large area marked by a number of cultural regions. It is set apart from other world areas because of these regions. Cultural Realm An area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions. Culture Region A group of interconnected culture complexes. Any area with strong cultural ties that bind its people together. Culture System The combination of different cultural traits in distinctive ways. Common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make one place distinct. Culture Complex A single attribute of a culture. Often not confined to a single area. Culture Trait

23. What are the traits, complexes, and systems that make up New Orleans?

24. What does culture come from?

25. What is a cultural hearth?

26. A cultural hearth is the area where a cultural aspect first began.

27. Early cultural hearths were almost completely determined by their physical environment – IE. Environmental Determinism.

28. What are independent inventions?

29. Independent Inventions are developments that can be traced back to specific civilizations or cultural hearths.

30. Cultural Diffusion

31. What is cultural diffusion?

32. Cultural Diffusion is the spread of culture to areas surrounding the cultural hearth.

33. How do people adapt to culture?

34. Acculturation is the process of the less dominant culture adopting the traits of the more dominant one. Assimilation is when immigrants lose their native customs completely.

35. Two-way flows of culture.

36. How do we interpret culture?

37. Big Dog? Small Dog? Its all about perception.

38. Part 2: Folk and Popular Culture

39. Part A: Introductions to Folk and Popular Culture

40. Traits of a Folk Culture:

41. Folk Culture can be expressed in three ways:

42. Indigenous Cultures

43. Folk Culture Region

44. Sub Culture

45. Traits of Popular Culture:

46. Causes of Popular Culture

47. Communication Technology

48. Travel Technology

49. Globalization

50. What is globalization?

51. Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture.

52. Globalization of Food

53. Globalization of Economics

54. Globalization of Politics

55. Part C: Folk Music

56. A Vietnamese Folk Song While seedlings for the summer crop are no old when they are three months of age, Seedlings for the winter crop are certainly not young when they are one-and-a-half months old

57. American Folk Music

58. Part D: Popular Music

59. Part E : Folk Architecture

60. Folk House in the US

61. Salt Box

62. Two Chimney

63. Cape Cod

64. Front Gable and Wing

65. I-House

66. Part 2: Language

67. Part A : Intro to Language

68. What is language?

69. Language is a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.

70. Is this Language?

71. Is this Language?

72. Is this Language?

73. Why did language come to exist?

74. The Ability to Communicate

75. Cultural Transmission

76. How do languages differ?

77. What is Linguistic Geography?

78. Linguistic Geography is the study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions.

79. What can this map teach us about language?

80. How do we track languages?

81. We track languages by looking at language divergence and convergence.

82. Albanian: kryq Aromanian : crutse Catalan: creu Dalmatian: crauc English: crux , crucial French: croix Galician: cruz German: Kreuz Italian: croce Occitan: crotz Old Portuguese: cruz Portuguese: cruz Romanian: cruce Romansch : crusch , crousch Sardinian: cruche , crugi , cruxi , gruche , grughe , gruxi Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑ж Spanish: cruz Venetian: cróxe Latin: Crux

83. Tracking Language By Scale

84. This is a map of various language families and branches.

85. Proto-Indo-European is spoken by 46% of the world’s population.

86. Where did PIE come from?

87. Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Developed by Colin Renfew Also called the “ Renfew Hypothesis” PIE Started in the Fertile Crescent Language diffused peacefully through agricultural trade.

88. Kurgan Migration Nomadic Warrior Thesis Developed by Marinja Gimbutas Also called the “Conquest Theory” PIE Started around Russia Says that Kurgan Warriors brought the language with them as they conquered

89. Languages of Proto-Indo-European

90. Indo-Iranian Branches

91. The Iranian Languages

92. The Indian Languages

93. What is Linguistic Fragmentation?

94. Linguistic Fragmentation is when people in a country speak many different languages. This often reveals large cultural differences.

95. Many countries with linguistic fragmentation also have an official language. India’s official language is English.

96. What is an official language?

97. An official language is the language used by government when making laws, reports, public objects, money, and stamps.

98. Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only spoken by 5% of the Population An official language is not always the majority language of an area.

99. Some countries have more than one official language. Example: Switzerland has four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch

100. European Branches

101. Geographic boundaries play a huge role in language formation. Look at this little language here: Basque. Basque is a language isolate.

102. What is an language isolate?

103. A language isolate is a language that is isolated from all other languages around it.

104. Part B: The English Language

105. English is part of the Germanic Branch of PIE.

106. The English Language: Origins

107. Where did English come from?

108. Old English Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum ; Si þin nama gehalgod to becume þin rice gewurþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum . urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice

109. Middle English Oure fadir that art in heuenes , halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene : gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce ; and forgyue to us oure dettis , as we forgyuen to oure gettouris ; and lede us not in to temptacioun , but delyuere us fro yuel .

110. What are some concepts that the growth of the English language show us about the growth of language in general?

111. The English Language: Diffusion

112. The English Language: Dialects

113. One result of the mass spread of the English language is the creation of many dialects.

114. What is a dialect?

115. A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

116. What is an isogloss?

117. An isogloss is a geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs

118. British Received Pronunciation The perceived dialect of the upper-class British living in London. Used by many actors, broadcasters and politicians.

119. The English Language: American English

120. Differences between British and American English

121. How has mass media changed dialects?

122. The English Language: DOMINATION

123. Many areas do not learn full English but a Pidgin.

124. A Pidgin is a simplified version of a language.

125. What is a creole language?

126. A Creole Language is a pidgin language that becomes the major language of a people group.

127. English Diffusion to Other Languages Spanglish – A combination of English and Spanish Franglais – A combination of French and English

128. Languages and Political Geography

129. Toponyms can show us: The History of a Place Colonialization Example: Most Brazilian toponyms are Portugese Example: French toponyms in Louisiana The Culture of a People George Washington Bridge, Martin Luther King Blvd, Jacksonville, Florida

130. Part B: Religious Geography

131. How do you define religion?

132. Religion is a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.

133. The Sho uldness

134. Sacred Vs. Profane

135. Types of Religions

136. Part 1: Universalizing Religions

137. What is a Universalizing Religion?

138. A Universalizing Religion attempts to be g lobal, to appeal to all people wherever they live, not just those of one culture or location.

139. The Five Universalizing Religions

140. http:// www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.html

141. Each Universalizing Religion Has:

142. Christianity

143. Origins of Christianity Founded upon the teachings of Yehōshu'a Translated to Jesus Christians believe that Jesus died to atone for human sins, that he was raised from the dead by God, and that his resurrection provides people with hope for salvation.

144. Three Forms of Christianity

145. Why is South America 93% Catholic and North America only 40% Catholic?

146. Diffusion of Christianity First diffused by relocation diffusion as believers (Missionaries) moved from place to place. Secondly, it diffused by contagious diffusion – word of mouth between believers in the towns and nonbelievers in the countryside Finally, it diffused by hierarchical diffusion as elite figures (the emperor) began to accept it.

147. Islam

148. Origins of the People

149. Origins of the Prophets

150. Origins of the Scripture (Qur’an)

151. The Five Pillars of Islam

152. 1 – The Testimony There is no god worthy of worship except God (Allah), and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

153. 2 – The Salat The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

154. 3 – The Zakat Almsgiving (Charitable Donations)

155. 4 – The Sawm Fasting during the month of Ramadan. No eating from sunrise to sunset.

156. 5 – The Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca

157. Two Main Branches

158. The Diffusion of Islam

159. How Islam Diffused Largely brought about in the early years by conquest (Relocation/Hierarchical Diffusion) Southwest Asia was converted through Islamic traders. Now, largely brought about by missionaries (relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion)

160. Ethnic Religions

161. What is an ethnic religion?

162. An Ethnic Religion is religion that primarily appeals to one group of people living in one place. More closely tied to the physical geography of a particular region, especially with agriculture.

163. Hinduism 3 rd Largest Religion in the World Concentrated in India and Nepal It is up to the individual to decide the best way to worship God. Does not have a central authority. Has many gods but the most popular (70 percent) is Vishnu. 26% adhere to the god Siva.

164. Confucianism Located largely in China Based on ethical obligations important to the Chinese.

165. Taoism (Daoism) Located mainly in China. Followers seek Tao (Dao) which means the path

166. Shintoism Religion of Japan Consider the forces of nature to be divine. Was regarded as the state religion before WWII and the Emperor was considered to be a God.

167. Judaism One third live in Israel, One third in the United States, and one third everywhere else. First religion to espouse monotheism.

168. Animism Mostly located in Africa Finds animate qualities of all other life. Not a specific religion but a collection of tribal religions.

169. Ethnic Diffusion Ethnic religions rarely diffuse farther than their starting point. This means that they are much more susceptible to Universalizing religions. Many times an Ethnic religion will hybridize with universalizing religions.

170. Judaism diffused more widely than other Ethnic religions because they were forced out of their homeland by the romans in AD.70. This was called the diaspora . Many J ews were forced to live in ghettos. Judaistic Diffusion

171. Cosmogony and Calendars

172. What is cosmogony?

173. Cosmogony is the religious beliefs concerning the origins of the Universe.

174. Ethnic Verses Universalizing Ethnic religious creation stories tend to deal with the physical environment and natural events, whereas universalizing religion stories often attempt to explain the mystical .

175. Religious Calendars

176. Ethnic Calendars Ethnic religions focus on climate, seasons, and agriculture. Jewish Holidays (A Lunar Calendar) Fall Holidays Rosh Hashanah (New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Spring: Sukkot (Final Harvest) Pesach(Passover) Shavuot(Feast of Weeks)

177. Ethnic Calendars Most important day to many Ethnic Religions: The Solstice (The Shortest and Longest Days of the Year)

178. Universalizing Calendars Usually centered around the individual founder. Example: Christmas

179. Religious Spaces

180. The Dead

181. Religious Settlements Some cities have been founded for religious reasons. These are called utopian settlements . The Most Important: Salt Lake City (Mormonism)

182. Religious Administration

183. Hierarchical Religions A hierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into administrative units.

184. Example: The Catholic Church

185. Autonomous Religions Self sufficient religions where interaction between communities is only loose cooperation of shared ideas.

186. Example: Islam Islam provides the most autonomy in any universalizing religion. The only time this is not true is when the religious territory coincides with secular states. Examples: Iran, Saudi Arabia

187. Slides I Did Not Get To Make Religious Conflict – Make sure to study up on Northern Vs. Southern Ireland (Catholic Vs. Protestant) The Middle East – Especially Israel Vs. Palestine Religious Extremism