Culture, short story and types (english 8).pptx

lecture notes

1. Week 6

2. What is Culture? Culture is the integration of human knowledge, faiths, and manners. It includes language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques and works of art, among other items. Culture comprises an association of values, beliefs, knowledge, skills, and practices that enhance the behavior of members of a social group at an individual definite moment.

3. Brainstorming Activity: Search about the culture of the assigned Afro-Asian country to your group. List down important details in this graphic organizer. Share and discuss your answers with your groupmates.

4. Philippines United States Korea China

5. Who is your target audience? What is your writing style? What specific culture of the Afro-Asian country would you like to highlight in your literary piece?

6. What Is a Short Story? Short stories are self-contained works of prose fiction whose function is to impart a moral, capture a moment, or evoke a certain mood. Short stories are often more focused, as all the elements within —plot, character, pacing, story structure, and so on —must work together towards this common goal.

7. How Many Words Are in a Short Story? A typical short story has a word count of anywhere between 1,000 words to 5,000 words, although, as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Flash fiction is a form of creative writing that can have as few as five words, while there is a gray area between short stories and novellas (which are typically 30,000 words or more).

8. 7 Different Types of Short Stories There are a number of different kinds of short stories, each with its own distinct characteristics.

9. 1. Anecdote - A brief account of something interesting and often humorous whose purpose is to support a point. They function much like parables: short narratives with a core moral lesson.

10. 2. Drabble - A short story of about 100 words whose main purpose is to test the author’s skill, both in prose and in successfully getting a meaningful point across in so few words.

11. 3. Feghoot- A funny short story that ends in a pun.

12. 4. Fable - A short story featuring anthropomorphic creatures, usually animals, whose narrative reveals some kind of a moral point at the end. (Note: while a parable serves the same function, it does not use animals to make its point, while a fable almost always does. Aesop’s Fables are a great example.)

13. 5. Flash fiction or micro fiction Flash fiction or micro-fiction refers to stories shorter than 1,000 words. One of the most famous examples of the form is the following short story, often attributed to Ernest Hemingway: “For sale: baby shoes, never worn.”

14. 6. Sketch A piece of writing that doesn’t typically contain a plot. Instead, the point of a sketch is to illuminate a particular character, setting, or location.

15. 7. Vignette A short scene which can be part of a larger body of work. The point of a vignette is to capture a single moment or detail about an element in the story, such as a character, idea, or object.

16. 5 Things Every Good Short Story Needs There are some common elements across all fiction writing, but short stories specifically feature:

17. 1. A clearly defined mood or feeling. This can be a genre (humor, romance, horror); an idea (adultery, childbirth, life lessons); or an emotion (loss, grief, joy). Or it can be a combination—as long as it is cohesive, and the point is clear.

18. 2. Clear, descriptive language that sets up the concept of the story quickly and without being superfluous.

19. 3. A small cast of characters, including a main character and supporting character(s) who must serve a vital role in the story.

20. 4. A strong point of view. Know from the beginning what it is you want to say with your short story. Ask yourself: what do you want people to feel or think as they read your story? Make sure this point of view is clearly reflected throughout the story.

21. 5. Experimental elements. Short stories don’t necessarily have to stick to traditional storytelling techniques, which means that you can feel free to play around with certain conventions. For example, while the general advice is that every scene in a story should have a “turn”—shifting the emotional charge to its opposite—this doesn’t have to be the case in a short story. Don’t feel shy about breaking a few rules and see what works best for you.

22. What makes a good poem? All good poetry evokes something in its reader. It may be the result of delicately used figurative language or a rhyming pattern that makes the words on the page feel alive.

23. Good poetry is also thought-provoking – whether that be in a serious sense or a light-hearted one. It makes us reflect on the world around us and nudges us to see things a little differently.

24. How to start writing poetry There’s a lot of work that goes into writing good poetry. Even those that seem simple have required plenty of consideration, time, and effort from their writer. So let’s take a look at a few ways to help you start writing poetry.

25. Pick your subject This is something every creative has to do – whether you’re a songwriter, playwright, painter or sculptor.

26. 2. Choose the form Matsuo Basho opted for Haiku poems and Shakespeare went for sonnets. But there are plenty of forms you can choose from when it comes to writing your poem.

27. 3. Finding the words Now it’s time to get writing. Differently to prose, which generally follows standard sentence and paragraph structure, poetry is a little looser with its rules. And it comes with a whole host of literary tools you can use to create something great. Explore figurative language, juxtaposition, simile, metaphors and imagery. These are incredibly expressive tools for writing poetry.

28. 4. Start editing Now for the next part. It’s likely you’ve gotten your poem to a stage where you’re either happy with it, or it could do with some help. This is where you can cut, crop, remove, and replace any lines that you think don’t work with ones that do.

29. 5. Ask for feedback This stage is an important part of the process in any creative endeavor. If you’re lucky enough to have friends in the literary world, send your poem over to them for a review. Ask for honest opinions and elements of feedback they may have.

30. 1. Formative Assessment Fill in the blanks. 1. _____ is the integration of human knowledge, faiths, and manners 2. _____ is a short story featuring anthropomorphic creatures, usually animals, whose narrative reveals some kind of a moral point at the end. 3. The point of a _____ is to capture a single moment or detail about an element in the story, such as a character, idea, or object. 4. _____ or micro-fiction refers to stories shorter than 1,000 words. 5. A _____ is an important element in writing where you can ask comments from others about their opinion of what you have written.

31. 2. Homework (Optional) Submit your first draft or outline to your teacher. Once the outline has been returned, take note of the comments regarding the ideas presented in the first draft.

32. Week 7

33. Unlocking Content Vocabulary Direction: Rearrange the jumbled letters to form a word. Share your thoughts or ideas about each word you create. 1. DNMEEUNEOT 2. CTARRHEACS 3. COLFNICT 4. RYHME SECHME 5. SLYTE

34. LITERARY ELEMENTS AND CONVENTIONS Elements of Narration for Short Story

35. A. Theme is perhaps the most important literary concept because it is the overarching idea that the writer of the story wants the reader to understand. All other literary concepts are used to create themes. The theme is the author’s commentary on a subject. To determine the theme, examine other literary elements of the story.

36. B. Plot is the structure of the narrative as it moves through time. Most narratives (but not all) follow this traditional plot structure. ● exposition (introduction of setting and characters), ● rising action (events that build conflict for the protagonist), ● climax (tension of conflict reaches highest, most intense point), ● falling action (the events following the climax), and ● denouement (the resolution of conflict).

37. C. Characters are the people involved in the narrative. The process by which a writer creates a character is called characterization . The main or central character, often considered the hero, is called the protagonist . The main character who opposes the protagonist is the antagonist , sometimes considered the villain . Literary analysis of characters often focuses on whether or not and to what extent a character changes throughout the story.

38. D. Conflict refers to the issue or problem characters in a story are confronted by. The narrative is structured around how the characters face the conflict. 1) person vs. person (a couple going through a divorce); 2) person vs. self (protagonist wrestling with depression); 3) person vs. nature (protagonist trying to survive a natural disaster); and 4) person vs. society (protagonist fighting for civil rights). The interaction of character and conflict creates the central effect of the story and is the main indicator of meaning.

39. E. Setting This element can refer to a time and place the story is set in. The location can either work symbolically or it can simply be a backdrop for the story to take place in.

40. F. Point of View This refers to the perspective the story is told from. First-person narrator (Tells the story from the perspective of one or several characters with the word “I” or “we.” The readers, as if from their own eyes, can envision the characters actions.) Third-person limited narrator (Tells the story from an outside perspective from the perspective of one of the characters, usually the protagonist.)

41. ● Third-person omniscient narrator (Also tells the story from an outside perspective but this narrator is not limited to actions and thoughts of one character. This narrator knows all of the information of the story and can relate the events of the story, the actions and speech of each as well as the interior thoughts of any character. There are no limits for this narrator.

42. G. Style This element refers to the way the writer uses language including diction, voice, tone, sentence style, etc. Paying attention to these details allows the reader to identify how and why word choice and sentence style, etc. can help create the effect and meaning of the story.

43. Of course, these aren’t the only literary devices narrative writers use to create their stories. Imagery, symbolism, metaphor,foreshadowing , and ambiguity, for example, are other important devices that should also be considered in the analysis of narratives.

44. Elements for Poetry Poetry, as a distinct and interesting art form, comprises a number of elements that are worth considering while analyzing and understanding a poetic text.

45. Structure and Form ● Stanza: is a group of lines set off from others by a blank line or indentation. ● Verse: are stanzas with no set number of lines that make up units based on sense. ● Canto: is a stanza pattern found in medieval and modern long poetry.

46. 2. Meter It is the definitive pattern found in verse. consists of one unstressed syllable ● Iamb: followed by a stressed syllable, as in des-pair, ex- clude , re-peat, etc. ● Trochee: is a metrical foot containing one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable, as in sis- ter , flow-er, splin-ter , etc. ● Dactyl: comprised one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, as in si -mi-lar.

47. ● Anapest: consists of three syllables, where the first two are unstressed and the last one is stressed, as in com-pre- hend . ● Spondee: contains two stressed syllables, like “drum beat”. ● Pyrrhic: is the opposite of spondee and contains two unstressed syllables.

48. 3. Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme ● End Rhyme: is a common type of rhyme in poetry that occurs when the last word of two or more lines rhyme. ● Imperfect Rhyme: is a type of rhyme that occurs in words that do not have an identical sound. ● Internal Rhyme: occurs in the middle of lines in poetry. ● Masculine Rhyme: is the rhyming between stressed syllables at the end of verse lines. ● Feminine Rhyme: is the rhyming between unstressed syllables at the end of verse lines.

49. 4. Subject The subject or content of poetry differs across a variety of forms. A subject is what the poem is about. For instance, the subjects of sonnets include love and admiration for one’s beloved, heartache and separation. Whereas divine sonnets include the subjects of devotions to God, enlightenment, and salvation. Elegies are written in memory of someone who is no more. Therefore, the subject of these poems is a dead person.

50. 5. Speaker Speaker is one who narrates the poem. In poetry, we tend to think that the poet is the speaker himself. However, it is not always the case. Sometimes, poets assume an imaginative character and write the poem from their perspective. Generally, the poem is told from the perspective of a first-person speaker or a third-person speaker. Poets also use the second-person point of view in order to communicate directly with readers. Understanding the speaker helps us to know the poem’s tone and mood.

51. 6. Figurative Language and Poetic Devices ● Simile: is a comparison between two unlike things using the words “like” or “as”. ● Metaphor: is an implicit comparison between different images or ideas without the use of “like” or “as”. ● Repetition: is a poetic technique that refers to the reuse of words, phrases, and images several times in a poem. ● Enjambment: occurs when a line is cut off before its natural point.

52. ● Irony: occurs when an outcome is different than what is expected. ● Personification: is a poetic device that refers to the projection of human characteristics into inanimate objects. ● Onomatopoeia: occurs when a word imitates a natural sound. ● Hyperbole: occurs when one statement is elevated for a certain poetic effect.

53. 7. Theme The theme is a recurring idea or a pervading thought in a work of literature. Poetry themes include some common ideas such as love, nature, beauty, and as complex as death, spirituality, and immortality. An understanding of the theme helps readers to identify the core message of the poem or the poet’s purpose for writing the poem.

54. Lesson Activity: Peer Evaluation Directions: Choose a partner and exchange work with them. Have them evaluate your draft (short story or poem). Let partners answer the prompt questions as a basis for the revision of the short story or poem for clarity of meaning.