CURRENT TRENDS DISASTER MGT.pptx

disaster management

1. Ms.ARUNA R M.Sc (N) MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING DEPARTMENT ASST.PROFESSOR GANGA COLEGE OF NURSING COIMBATORE

2. CURRENT TRENDS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

3. INTRODUCTION Globally disasters and calamities throw up major challenges for National Governments. The major challenge is the protection of life, property & the vital-life supporting infra-structure necessary for disaster mitigation.

4. INTRODUCTION Cont … With growing population and infrastructures the World’s exposure to natural hazards is inevitably increasing. This is particularly true as the strongest population growth in located in coastal areas .

5. DEFINITION Disaster is defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption and loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area. -WHO

6. DISASTERS – THE GLOBAL SCENARIO A Challenge for all humanity Increase in frequency and intensity Higher human development – better preparedness Lower human development - more vulnerable Floods most common – India, China, and Bangladesh most affected Drought – the deadliest – 40% of all deaths from disasters

7. TRENDS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT Global Trends in Disaster Current trends in disaster Science & Technological trends in disaster - Early warning & disaster preparedness - (ICST – Information , communication and Space Technologies)

8. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTERS Urban disasters Pandemics Complex emergencies Climate change

9. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER CONT… During these years migration to cities has been increasing at a rapid rate. This is an alarming issue to public authorities and the policy makers. People are forced to leave their native places in search of jobs, livelihood or better career opportunities. It has resulted in concentration of population in big cities.

10. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER CONT … Large number of manmade disasters in the form of road accidents, industrial accidents, fire mishap, epidemics, social clashes etc are also increasing correspondingly. Manmade disasters are indirectly contributing for the emergence of some natural disasters. (For example, decreased cultivable land due to population pressure, decreased vegetation, deforestation, pollution etc.)

11. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER CONT … This kind of influence is also forced at the global level leading to loss of human and normal lifeline, economical loss, loss of resources etc. Economically backward countries are largely vulnerable to the natural and manmade disasters due to lack of supply of funds to take up mitigation measures.

12. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 1.Over the last ten years (2008-2017) EM -DAT has recorded 3751 natural disasters, of which majority have weather-related triggers, with floods and storms alone accounting for almost two-thirds of all incidents (Floods 40.5%, Storms 26.7%, other weather related 16.9%).

13. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 CONT… 2.Estimated number of people affected by natural hazards over the last ten years was 2 billion. About 95% of people are affected by weather related hazards.(Floods 36.7%, storms 17%, other weather related 41.8%)

14. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 CONT… 3. Estimated cost of damages in 141 countries over the last 10 years was 1,658 billion dollars. About 73% of costs are due to weather related hazards (Storms 41.7%, Floods 21.9%, other weather related 9 -International Fed.Red cross & Red Crescent Society

15. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 CONT… 4. Number of crises resulting in IFRC / Internationally funded operations over the last 10 years was 1107, around a third of which were triggered by floods. (Floods – 32.6%, Epidemics – 18.7%, Cyclones – 9.3%)

16. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 CONT… 5. Number of people the operations aimed to reach with assistance over the last ten years was 231.7 million. 79.4% of whom were affected by epidemics (Epidemics 79.4%, Food insecurity 4.2% , population movement 3.5%)

17. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 CONT… 6. IFRC operational budget over the last ten years was 2.3 billion dollars. A fifth of which was in response to earthquakes. (Earthquakes 20.0%, Population movement 13.4%, cyclones 12.6%).

18. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER AS PER WORLD DISASTER REPORT OF 2018 CONT… 7.WHO Corona virus disease (Covid-19 Dash Board report on 02/02/2021. According to WHO report, Covid-19 is spread to almost every part of the earth. Globally there has been 10,29,42,987 confirmed cases, including 22,32,233 death. India has confirmed Covid-19 cases 1,07,66,245.

19. CURRENT TRENDS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE Building community resilience for coping with disaster is the right strategy to adopt instead of misdirected international aid, which do not reach needy. It has been seen that people have been able to survive most adverse conditions on the strength of their capacities. Therefore the aid communities is advised to concentrate on the capacities of the vulnerable communities rather than their vulnerabilities and aim at building them for successfully combating disaster.

20. BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE CONT… General upgrading of administrative services as a long term mitigation strategy, particularly building capacities at the local level with active participation of the people, since as borne out by experience, national, or even international interventions are likely to be less effective in tackling persistent problems such as poor school, poor quality housing, sanitation, drainage etc.

21. BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE CONT…. Current trends throws limelight that active cooperation of communities is vital for achieving real gains in both policy formulation and implementation. Synergetic partnership between the government and people is essential to have a clear understanding and specific policy formulation Building community resilience is crucial for the success of any policy measure, particularly planned strategies for environment protection, where community involvement has proven to be a necessary requirement

22. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Brundtland Commision (1987) defines sustainable development as “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The concept of sustainable development encompass all previous ideas such as growth, equity etc with the added dimension of sustainability for future use.

23. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONT… Sustainable development has both ethical and utilitarian value in that preservation of environment is as much a duty of the present generation as a right for future generation, to lead disease free and accidents/ disaster free lives and touch higher levels of economic development.

24. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS – EARLY WARNING & DISASTER PREPAREDNESS In recent years, efforts in disaster management have gained impetus from the unprecedented development in Information, Communication, And Space Technologies (ICST), which have wide-ranging applications in disaster preparedness, reduction, mitigation, and management.

25. ICST ICSTs provide vital support for disaster management in many ways: observation monitoring data collection networking communication warning dissemination service delivery mechanisms GIS databases expert analysis systems information resources, etc.

26. ICST CONT… The wide spectrum of ICSTs used in disaster preparedness, mitigation, and management include: Remote sensing Geographical Information System (GIS) Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite navigation system satellite communication amateur and community radio television and radio broadcasting telephone and fax; cellular phones internet, e-mail and special software packages, on-line management databases, disaster information networks.

27. Remote Sensing

28. Global Positioning system

29. Satellite Communication Amateur & Community Radio

30. EARLY WARNING & DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Food supply, storage and safety Healthcare for Disaster victims Relief medical equipment van Tele – medicine New technology for Hospital Readiness for Disasters Sanitation and waste management Disaster-resistant Housing and Construction Hospital Emergency preparedness

31. FOOD SUPPLY, STORAGE AND SAFETY Basic precautions, such as those specified in the WHO ― Five Keys for Safer Food”, should be implemented by all food handlers, especially those involved in mass catering: keep clean (prevent growth and spread of dangerous microorganisms) separate raw and cooked food (prevent transfer of microorganisms) cook thoroughly (kill dangerous microorganisms) keep food at safe temperatures (prevent growth of microorganisms) use safe water and raw materials (prevent contamination).

32. HEALTHCARE FOR DISASTER VICTIMS Modern healthcare management systems and equipments could provide vital support to the medical personnel engaged in post disaster areas The technological solutions considered helpful for disaster healthcare managers would include the following diagnostic equipment Equipment For Critical Care Equipment For Disaster Health Kits Basic, First Aid Items Intravenous (Iv) And Feeding Tube Equipment Oxygen And Breathing Equipment Electrically-powered Medical Equipment Disaster Relief Response Robot-assisted medical reach back

33. HEALTHCARE FOR DISASTER VICTIMS CONT…. Tele monitoring Patient Tracking Systems Pre-hospital Management Systems Relief Medical Equipment Vans Post-response Rehabilitation Systems Telemedicine Disease Surveillance Systems Web-based Telemedicine Personal Digital Assistants (Pocket Telemedicine) Wearable Computing (Personal Imaging) Advanced Sensors And Medical Monitoring DICOM Network Services e-Film Video Advanced systems for disaster medicine and medical relief.

34. RELIEF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT VANS In India, Accident Relief Medical Equipment vans and Accident Relief train including a few self propelled vehicles, are positioned at strategic location for rushing to an accident site on top priority along with doctors, paramedical, rescue workers and engineers.

35. TELEMEDICINE Tele-medicine refers to the utilization of telecommunication technology for medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. A telemedicine system is composed of customized medical software integrated with computer hardware, along with medical diagnostic instruments connected to the commercial VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) at each location on fiber optics. It corporates a number of onboard devices for ongoing treatment which include monitors for basic vital signs and blood chemistry, mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation for patients requiring endotracheal intubation. All patients medical data that is monitored by the on board devices.

36. NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR HOSPITAL READINESS FOR DISASTER The Electronic Mass Casualty Assessment & Planning Scenarios computer program(EMCAPS) calculates the impact of such crisis as a flu epidemic, bioterrorist attack, flood and plane crash etc. The program depends heavily on population density estimates to derive plausible estimate of what hospital may expect in the initial minute or hours of a disaster.

37. SANITATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT In the aftermath of disaster, sanitation and waste management are placed next only to food and medical supplies in the list of priorities for the authorities in charge. The maintenance of appropriate sanitary condition and hygienic waste disposal are critical because these efforts have a direct bearing on the health of disaster victims. If the sanitation and waste management system and practices are below par, the survivors could be exposed to the danger of infection and diseases.

38. DISASTER RESISTANT HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION Earthquakes, cyclones and floods cause extensive damage to building, resulting in an overwhelming loss of life and property. Buildings prone to such disasters are single most important cause of such loss. Therefore, vulnerable houses and other structures made of mud or stone or brick, which are common among the developing countries, must be adequately strengthened to withstand such disaster and even more important, existing building need to be strengthened or retrofitted to ensure that they are relatively safe.

39. DISASTER RESISTANT HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION Mitigation measures in the form of retrofitting could significantly reduces the chances of structural damage and casualty. Disaster resistant construction and retrofitting technologies are already available in the public and private domain. The technologies range from simple techniques for retrofitting non engineering buildings structures and bridges. The technology selected must suit the type of structure, extent of damage, and availability of material, manpower, funds etc.

40. HOSPITAL EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS The main objective of hospital emergency preparedness is to provide policy for response to both internal and external disaster situations that may affect hospital staff, patients, visitors and the community. Identify responsibilities of individuals and departments in the events of a disaster situation and identity Standard Operating guideline for emergency activities and responses.

41. HOSPITAL EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS While responding to mass casualty event, the goal of the health and medical response is to save as many live as possible. Rather than doing everything possible to save every life, it will be necessary to allocate limited resources in a modified manner to save as many lives as possible.

42. PRE DISASTER PLANNING Predisaster planning begins with the identification , understanding and analysis of the natural and other hazards in the area. The aim is to reduce vulnerability of people and communities in a territory to damage, injury and loss of life and property resulting from natural or manmade catastrophes to prepare for prompt and efficient rescue, care and treatment of victims to authorize and provide cooperation in disaster prevention , response and recovery and to provide a disaster management system that embodies all aspects of pre disaster preparedness and post disaster response.

43. PRE HOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE Efficient system of providing prompt medical care to the injured to save many lives is possible if the rescue team began treatment before the patient reached the hospital.

44. HELICOPTER TRANSPORT The major advantage of helicopter transport lies in the fact that total time in the field can be reduced as helicopters can quickly transport specialized teams of physicians and nurses from the hospital directly to the patients in the field. Helicopter ride provides a smooth ride than surface ride. The main disadvantage of helicopters are expensive and safety concern.

45. MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH Advice from specialist departments like the meteorological service, geographical observations, the mining department and flood control can be helpful to understand the type, frequency and extent of death and destruction brought bought by the calamity.

46. HOSPITAL CATEGORIZATION Horizontal categorization according to their ability to provide definitive care in emergency Class I – hospital offering comprehensive emergency services. Class II - hospital offering limited emergency services.

47. HOSPITAL CATEGORIZATION Vertical categorization according to their ability to provide in-depth care for specific types of medical problems Level I – referral centre able to provide definitive long term care. Level II – most full service hospital. Level III – provide only initial care.

48. THE AFTERMATH As the hours and days go by, the problems change. Sometimes rescue work continues for several days, but soon a number of other problems arise as a result of the disaster. Most of the activities require intimate involvement with the community, which can be ensured only by the local personnel organizing their work.

49. THE ACTION PLAN Sufficient programmes need to be formulated in disaster prone countries. Developing countries need to be helped by international organizations in building their capabilities to cope with disasters. Disaster reduction should be promoted at the macroeconomic and political level. Efforts should be made to discourage human settlements in flood-prone zones. Disaster management should be based on proactive preparedness.

50. Disaster Management 1. Disaster Planning 2 . Disaster Management 3 . Disaster Recovery

51. DISASTER MANAGEMENT – NOT PREVENTION BUT REDUCTION OF IMPACT State Government Role : Major role Structure : State level disasters management committee 2. The Central Government Role : A facilitating role Structure : A crisis management committee Support offered : Defense services, Rail & Ferry services, Health personnel & medical support

52. DISASTER MANAGEMENT – NOT PREVENTION BUT REDUCTION OF IMPACT 3. Rehabilitation of Victims Not routine responses for effective management . A Proper coordination among the various department. Rescue team well – equipped with latest technologies & special skills.

53. CONCLUSION Disasters have been increasing in their frequency and intensity in recent years. The primary reason is the human settlements and activities are interfering with natural systems .

54. CONCLUSION Unfortunately, due to rapid population growth and development of human settlements in disaster prone areas, more and more people and their assets are vulnerable to natural hazards.

55. The Disaster management system in India is anchored at the Central Government level, with implementation mechanisms at state, district and local levels. Besides the government, the role of non-governmental organizations , community based organizations and the community are increasingly being recognized as very important.

56. TAKE HOME MESSAGE

57. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT TRENDS TO LOOK IN FUTURE More risk-based planning Development of Public & Private Partnership Increased usage of Social media Wider integration of machine-learning tools Escalating frequency of disasters

58. ESCALATING FREQUENCY OF DISASTERS Mountainous areas Riverine regions Coastal regions