Cyclotron accelerator

cyclotron that accelerate the charge particles prior their bombardment to the target nuclei.
it is developed by E.O.Lawrence & he was awarded by nobel prize in this work. it accelerate the particle from 1MeV to the more than 100 MeV.
it contains the electric & magnetic system to accelerate the charge particles.
electric field acts horizontally & magnetic field act vertically.
particle moves in spiral path and its energy , radius & velocity increases.
after that it moves out of window ( diflactor plate) n hit the target.
n then the nuclear reaction starts.
it is used to treat cancer.
produce positrons emission isotopes for PET imaging.
it do not accelerate the neutrons, electrons & positive charge with higher mass.

1. CYCLOTRON BY :- WISHAL BUTT

2. INTRODUCTION:- Device used to accelerate the charged particles to high energies without the use of high voltage. It is capable of generating particles energies between 1MeV to more than 100 MeV. Accelerate charged particles e.g. proton, deuterons etc., using electric & magnetic fields.

3. HISTORY:- Developed by E.O.Lawrence in 1933 & was awarded Nobel prize in this work.

4. PRINCIPLE:- it is cross magnetic and electric field which combinedly increases the velocity of a charge particle. Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal to a magnetic field experiences magnetic Lorentz force due to which the particle moves in a circular path. the force which is exerted by a magnetic & electric field on a moving charge particle.

5. CONSTRUCTION:- Components of cyclotrons are : Vacuum system Ion source Dees Magnetic system Radiofrequency system Beam extraction Target

6. VACUUM SYSTEM:- Electrical insulation of Dees. High vacuum (10 ⁻⁶ – 10 ⁻⁸ ) reduce the interaction of accelerated particles with air molecules. Prevent the formation of other unwanted nuclides.

7. ION SOURSE:- Provide ions ( proton , deuterons) which have to be accelerated. PIG ( penning ion gauge) generate ions to be accelerated. Inject ions in the center of Dees.

8. DEES:- Two flat hollow semicircular ,electrodes made up of highly conductive metals. Electrodes inside the cyclotrons. Fluttering positive & negative charges. Increase the velocity of ion.

9. MAGNETIC SYSTEM:- Provides magnetic field. Make ion travel in circular orbit. Keeps the beam of ions focused & compact.

10. RF OSCILLATOR:- Radiofrequency oscillator pulls the ions out the ionic source. It is connected to the Dees at high frequency & voltage. Push & pull the ion around the cyclotron. Accelerate the particles to the specified energy before its bombardment.

11. TARGET:- Targets are located outside the cyclotrons. High energy particle , beam of proton hit the nucleus & cause nuclear reaction. Target material can be a gas , liquid or solid. Target Ionic beam

12. WORKING:- a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source , accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time. Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic Lorentz force and moves in a circular path. By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets reversed. Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a greater velocity along a circle of greater radius.

13. Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near the edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P). The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.

14. CALCULATIONS:- Mass of ion = m Charge of ion = e Velocity = V magnetic field = H Centripetal force = HeV Centrifugal force = mV²/ r

15. APPLICATIONS:- high-energy beams used for experiment in nuclear physics , where high energy collisions are required. Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer. Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging .

16. LIMITATIONS:- Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult. Cyclotron cannot accelerate electrons because electrons are of very small mass. A cyclotron cannot be used to accelerate neutral particles. It cannot accelerate positively charged particles with large mass due to the relativistic effect.