D2D Communication in 5G

Presented at the National Webinar on ‘Recent Advancement of System Design Towards 5G Communication (RASDT5C 2021)’ held on 11th to 13th January 2021, organized by the Deptartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Haldia Institute of Technology.

1. D2D Communication in 5GD2D Communication in 5G
Presented by
Dr. Sanjay Dhar Roy
Associate professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR
A presentation on
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2. Introduction
D2D-5G-Vehicular Communication
D2D-5G-Public Safety and Disaster
D2D-5G-Millimeter Wave Communication
D2D-5G-Handover and Mobility
D2D-5G-UAV
D2D-5G-IoT
D2D-6G
Our Works
References
ContentsContents
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3. Fast, uninterrupted, sharing, streaming,
browsing;data rates (1-10Gbps)
Latency (1 ms round trip)
5G and IoT: smart homes, smart industries,
smart logistics, smart farming, smart grids,
smart vehicles, smart health(refer to Slide 7)
Introduction: 5GIntroduction: 5G
3
-Mamta Agiwal, A. Roy, N. Saxena, “Next generation 5G wireless networks,” IEEE Communication
Surveys and Tutorials, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2016
-www.ericsson.com

4. Introduction: 5GIntroduction: 5G
-5G architecture: BS centric to device centric
-Ultra dense network required in subway, malls and offices;
integration of 5G BSs with legacy cellular networks like 4G, 3G and 2G
-Energy efficient networks: BSs with sleep mode; Cell zooming (cell size
dynamically changes depending on traffic load); Small BSs run by renewable
energy sources like solar panels, wind turbines , energy harvesting at UE side.
-C-RAN will reduce overhead and energy drain by simplifying conventional
cell sites and shifting all processing to the centralized cloud data center.
-Asadi, Arash, Qing Wang, and Vincenzo Mancuso, "A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular
networks,"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials16.4 (2014): 1801-1819.
4-Mamta Agiwal, A. Roy, N. Saxena, “Next generation 5G wireless networks,” IEEE Communication Surveys and
Tutorials, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2016

5. Introduction: D2DIntroduction: D2D
AnUAVoradronecanbeasolutioninan
emergencysituation
-Ahmed, Shakil, Mohammad Rashid, Fakhrul Alam, and Bapon Fakhruddin. "A Disaster Response Framework Based on IoT and
D2D Communication under 5G Network Technology." In2019 29th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications
Conference (ITNAC), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2019.
5
D2D released in 3GPP in LTE Rel-12, a
component of 5G
D2D-Communicationbetween two UEs
without routing through BS
Capacity gain; data rate gain and latency gain
D2D applications:Proximity based services
like advertisement, V2X, Interactive cloud
game; Public safety support.

6. Introduction: D2DIntroduction: D2D
Utilizationofdirectionalmillimeter
wave (mm-wave)forD2D
communicationsystemprovideslow
power,highdataratetransmissionwith
manageableinterference
Resourceallocation,modeselection
andinterferencecancellationin
licensedbandD2Dcommunication
-Alnoman, Ali, and Alagan Anpalagan. "On D2D communications for public safety applications." In2017
IEEE Canada International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC), pp. 124-127. IEEE, 2017.
6
D2Dcommunication:Infrastructure
basedorinfrastructurelessapplication

7. Introduction: D2D-IoTIntroduction: D2D-IoT
Otherusecasesof
communication
systemsbasedon
IoTandD2D
-V2V
-Remote healthcare,
-Disaster relief,
-Ubiquitous
computing,
-Proximity services
-Yaacoub, Elias, and Osama Kubbar. "Energy-efficient device-to-device communications in LTE public
safety networks." In2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 391-395. IEEE, 2012.
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8. D2D-5G-Vehicular CommunicationD2D-5G-Vehicular Communication
D2D communications underlying
cellular network can support
vehicle-to vehicle(V2V)
communications.
V2X with road side unit to prevent
accident and traffic jam
3 CUEs and 6 V2V pairs (divided in
3 groups in round robin fashion)
-Liu, Z., Han, X., Liu, Y. and Wang, Y., 2018. D2D-based vehicular communication with delayed
CSI feedback.IEEE Access,6, pp.52857-52866.
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It is difficult to obtain the accurate CSI in the highly mobile vehicular environment. CSI
of vehicular links is reported to the BS periodically. The delayed CSI feedback exists in
the links of V2V and vehicle-to-CUE. The delayed message and the dynamic
environment in the V2V network result in the uncertainty of channel gain. In order to
improve the reliability of transmission, the vehicular delay time and the speed
information are considered in the channel model.

9. D2D-5G-Public safetyD2D-5G-Public safety
Public safety communications amongst the first
responders and victims.
D2D based clustering scheme to expand cellular
coverage for public safety communications.
The authors propose a D2D clustering scheme to
expand cellular coverage. Cluster heads are
selected from a group of public safety user
equipment based on different metrics such as
remaining battery power, SINR, number of
discovered out of coverage devices and mobility.
Each cluster head provides synchronization, radio
resource management information and coverage
to its cluster members. (PS UE: high battery, high
computing and transmit power)
-Gyawali, S., Xu, S., Ye, F., Hu, R.Q. and Qian, Y., 2018, June. A D2D based clustering scheme for public safety
communications. In2018 IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring)(pp. 1-5).
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10. Disaster zones may suffer from loss of communication.
In this work, the users who are trapped in the disaster zone and have limited
or low battery levels could seek help from neighbouring devices with high
battery levels. The selection is assisted by a disaster management server (DMS)
and disaster management cache (DMC) at eNB. The selected neighbour then
acts as a relay to extend communication outside the disaster area. This will
improve duration probability of users.
A model for saving battery using D2D (SOS requester (low level battery) and
SOS rescuer(high level battery) )
D2D communication will slow down device battery drain and prolong power
using low power transmission.
-NavratiSaxena,MamtaAgiwal,HasnahAhmed,AhishekRoy,“D2D-basedsurvivalonsharingforenhanced
disastertimeconnectivity,”IEEETechnologyandSocietyMagazine,September2018.
D2D to enhance battery life in 5G for disaster managementD2D to enhance battery life in 5G for disaster management
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11. D2D-5G-Post Disaster ReliefD2D-5G-Post Disaster Relief
Infrastructuredamaged/
unavailableduringthegoldenhour
ofpostdisasterscenario
Networkcoverageiscritically
importantthancapacityduring
disasterandpostdisasterfor
effectivesearchandrescue.
In post disaster scenario, limited backup power supply to user
devices, users initiate the D2D discovery process only when cellular SNIR is sharply
deteriorated.
The authors consider cellular and D2D communication as
mutually exclusive for each user in the disaster zone.
-Deepak, G. C, Alexandros Ladas, Christos Politis, “Robust Device-to-Device 5G
Cellular Communication in Post-Disaster Scenario,” 16th IEEE CCNC, 2019
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12. D2D-5G-Millimeter wave CommunicationD2D-5G-Millimeter wave Communication
D2Dcommunicationisexpected
asessentialfeatureofmm-Wave
5Gcellularnetworks.
Itimprovesnetworkcapacityand
buildconnectionsbetweentwo
wirelessdevices.
Duetothedirectionalantennaand
highpropagationloss,mmWave
communicationhasrelativelylow
multi-userinterference(MUI).
-Kaur, A., Kaushik, S., Bajpai, R. and Gupta, N., 2020, October. Performance Analysis of
Millimeter-Wave Based Device-to-Device Communications System. In2020 27th International
Conference on Telecommunications (ICT)(pp. 1-4). IEEE 2020. 12

13. D2D-5G-mmWave CommunicationD2D-5G-mmWave Communication
D2DandmmWavearecomplementaryin5G.
Outof(3-300)GHzspectrum,only(57-64GHz)
[oxygenabsorptionband]and(164-200GHz)
[vapourabsorptionband]areunsuitablefor
communication.
D2Dcommunicationhasinterferenceissuesin
unlicensedISMband:noQoSguarantee
Inlicensedband,accurateinterference
managementisrequiredbetweencellularand
D2D.
DirectionalcommunicationinmmWaveallows
betterinterferencemanagementwithhigh
throughput.
-Gek Hong (Allyson) SIM, Adrian Loch, Arash Asadi, Vincenzo Mancuso, and Joergy Widmer,“5G mmWave
and D2D symbiosis: 60 GHz for proximity based services,” IEEE Wireless Communcations Magazine; August
2017
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14. D2D-5G-Handover and Mobility issuesD2D-5G-Handover and Mobility issues
-Currently,thehandovermechanism
forD2Dpairsisnotstandardized
yet.LTE-Aconsidersthehandover
procedureofasingleuser(hard
HO).
-W.K.Lai,Chin_ShiuhShieh,Fu-ShengChou,Chia-YuHsu,“HandovermanagementforD2DCommunicationin
5GNetworks,”20202
nd
IEEEInternationalConferenceonComputerCommunicationandtheInternet14
-There are multiple eNBs which are prospective HO targets for a MS. Users
will report their RSRPs from all eNBs and based on a utility function
involving direction of a MS and its satisfaction with the current eNB, HO for a
D2D pair may be executed. Otherwise, normal LTE-A HO will be executed.
-When a D2D pair moves across cell
boundaries, the control channels of the two
UEs may connect to different BSs; which
may result in latency.

15. D2D-5G-HandoverD2D-5G-Handover
-5G : ultra-Reliable Low Latency
Communication (uRLLC);Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB);Massive Machine Type
Communication (mMTC)
The measurement report M
uof UE u received
at S-gNBis checked and HO decision taken.--
-The S-gNBsends a HO request to the T-gNB
and simultaneously starts finding a D2D relay
UE(like soft HO) to relay the buffered content
at the S-gNB.
-A mode selection process is performed to
select the best out of D2D mode or Direct
mode (sometimes suitable D2D may not be
available).
V2Xforroadsafetyapplicationin5G
-Naveen Kumar, Sunil Kumar, and Karthikeyan Subramanium,“Achieving zero ms Handover Interruption
in New Radio with Higher Throughput using D2D Communication,” IEEE WCNC, 2019.
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16. D2D-5G-UAVD2D-5G-UAV
Unmannedaerialvehicles(UAVs)asflyingbase
stations(BSs)toprovideemergencycoveragefor
UEs,duetotheirmobilityandflexibility.
UAVplatforms:HAP(hundredsofkm)andLAP
(withinhundredsofmeter)
Fixedwingtype(F-UAV)[goodforpowerlimited
application]androtarywingtype(R-UAV)[for3D
movement;F-UAVcannothaveverticalmovement]
TimevaryinginterferenceatGNDusersin3DUAV
networkisdifficulttomodel.Theauthorsproposea
mixedmobilitymodelfora3DUAVnetwork.
-Pankaj K. Sharma, Dong In Kim, “Random 3D Mobile UAV Networks: Mobility Modelling and Coverage
Probability,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., October 2017
-In the figure: A multi-hop D2D
communication guarantees the
reliable transmission and extends
the UAV coverage forIoTDsin
disaster zone
-Liu, Xiaonan, Guan Gui, Nan Zhao, Weixiao Meng, Zan Li, Yunfei Chen, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "UAV coverage for
downlink in disasters: Precoding and multi-hop D2D." In2018 IEEE/CIC International Conference on
Communications in China (ICCC), pp. 341-346. IEEE, 2018.
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17. D2D-5G-UAVD2D-5G-UAV
UAVsforreliablecommunicationduringgrandtemporarysocialevents,
militaryoperationsanddisastersituations.
AnUAVasamobilecloudcomputingsystemforprovidingapplication
offloadingopportunitiestomobileusers.
USECASE:Theuseofmovingcloudletscanplayimportantroleindisaster
response,emergencyrelieformilitaryscenarioswheremobiledeviceswith
limiteddataprocessingcapabilitiescanbenefitfromthecloudletaided
executionofdataanalysisapplicationfortheassessmentofthestatusof
victims,enemiesorhazardousterrainandstructures.
TheUEmaybeasmartphone,monitoringsensorandwearabledevice.
-S. Jeong, O. Simeone and J. Kang,“MobileEdge Computing via a UAV Mounted Cloudlet:
Optimization of Bit Allocation and Path Planning,” IEEE TVT 2018.
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18. D2D-5G-IoTD2D-5G-IoT
LongrangeMTCoverresourceconstraineddevicesrequireslowpowerwidearea
(LPWA)technology,fore.g.,NB-IoT(3kmforurban;15kmforrural).
D2DprovidesmechanismtotransmittheNB-IoTUEacquireddatatotheBSusing
nearbycellulardevices,whichactasrelayingnodestosupportD2Dcommunication.
DeterministicD2D(2D2D)fordelaysensitive
applicationssuchasmonitoringthevitalsignofaheart
,regulatingheavytrafficinsmartcity,theamount
ofpacketdropanddelayisnotpermissible.
-TheMBSselectsagroupofUEsbyanalysing
theirchannelgainsandtheresidualenergylevelsto
helpD2Dcommunication.
-UsingAIbasedranksandthecurrentsignalto
handlethepacket,theMBSallocatesarelaying
UEfortheNB-IoTUE.
-Ali Nauman, M.A. Jamshed, R. Ali, Y. B. Zikria, S. W. Kim, “An intelligent deterministic D2D
communication in NB-IoT,”2019 15th International Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing
Conference (IWCMC), Tangier, Morocco, 2019, pp. 2111-2115, doi: 10.1109/IWCMC.2019.8766786.
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19. D2D in 6GD2D in 6G
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20. D2D in 6GD2D in 6G
-6G: expected data rate-1Tbps; Latency < 1 msec
-6G will use higher frequency, so high path loss. Thus transmission distance
will become much shorter, 6G will be extremely dense. Massive MIMO,
beamforming will be used extensively.
-AI techniques like ML will make 6G more intelligent
-UE/ smart phone will be more powerful with powerful processor, high
storage, long battery life, multiple sensorsPersonal mobile will be AI
driven personal mobile workstation.
-Space-air-terrestrial-sea integrated network will be the choice.
-Computation and storage resources of UEs are far from the requirement of
users. End to end transmission time will be very small, so there will be lots
of idle UEs. Computational task of a UE will be shared with other UEs in
D2D mode.
-Zhang, S., Liu, J., Guo, H., Qi, M. and Kato, N., 2020. Envisioning device-to-device
communications in 6G.IEEE Network,34(3), pp.86-91.
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21. Proposed WorkProposed Work
PBPS
IBPS
Cluster 1Cluster 2
Non-functional area
Functional area
Incremental distance
Decremental distance
EH-
link
Fixed distance
D
Cluster N
BS
UE
Figure 1: System model for multi-hop D2D communication from FA to NFA
-Ghosh, Sayanti, Soumen Mondal, Sanjay Dhar Roy, and Sumit Kundu. "D2D communication with energy harvesting
relays for disaster management."International Journal of Electronics(2020): 1-19
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22. •The achievable
throughput for fixed
D2D distance is less
compared to
incremental and
decremental distances
Figure 2 : Comparative study of different types of D2D distances in NFA
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23. D2D-IoT Relay HopperD2D-IoT Relay Hopper
-In the first step, the IoT devices satisfying
the QoS constraint are selected and matched
with appropriate reuse candidates, that is, the
cellular user equipments (CUEs) by an optimum
resource allocation scheme.
-Next, link reliability of these links are
computed and weak links are discarded.
-Finally, the disconnected IoT devices are rerouted to the IoT gateway via IoT devices
possessing strong links following a relay hopper model.
-A. Pradhan, S. Basu, S. Sarkar, S. Mitra and S. D. Roy, "Implementation of relay hopper model for reliable
communication of IoT devices in LTE environment through D2D link," 2018 10th International Conference on
Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS), Bengaluru, 2018, pp. 569-572, doi:
10.1109/COMSNETS.2018.8328275.
23

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andD2DCommunicationunder5GNetworkTechnology."In201929thInternationalTelecommunicationNetworksand
ApplicationsConference(ITNAC),pp.1-6.IEEE,2019.
-Gyawali,S.,Xu,S.,Ye,F.,Hu,R.Q.andQian,Y.,2018,June.AD2Dbasedclusteringschemeforpublicsafety
communications.In2018IEEE87thVehicularTechnologyConference(VTCSpring)(pp.1-5).IEEE.
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towardsBroadcasting.In2020IEEEREGION10CONFERENCE(TENCON)(pp.309-313).IEEE.
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InternationalHumanitarianTechnologyConference(IHTC),pp.124-127.IEEE,2017.
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communicationwithpowertransferandclusteringtechniques."IEEEAccess6(2018):14643-14654.
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DeviceCommunicationsSystem.In202027thInternationalConferenceonTelecommunications(ICT)(pp.1-4).IEEE2020.
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