Daagaa adda addaa Class-6th training on SWC structure.pptx

About SWC structure

1. LEENJII HOJII FIZIKAALAA EEGUMSA BIYYOO FI BISHAANII(DAAGAA GOSAA ADDA ADDAA) Gurraandhala , 2016

2. Baafata 1. Seensa 1.1 Hojiilee EBB 1.2.2 Qajeeltoowwaan walgalaa diizayinii istrakchera EBB 1.3 Daagaa adda addaa daagaa Barcumaa Daagaa gaaraa daagaa biyoo (Soil bund) daagaa dhagaa (stone bund) Daagaa dhagaa fi biyyoo (Stone faced soil bund

3. Manca`isa lafa

4. 1.1 HOJIILEE EEGUMSA BIYYOO FI BISHAANII Fayadamummaan olaanaan gosa heduu argachuun kan danda’amu gabbina biyyoo sadarkkaa olaanaan eeguf Biyyoo / Lafa manca’e deebsanii bayyanaciisuun omisha qonnaa haala barbaadammun ( caarra hundatti fayyadamuuf ) adeemsa lamatu jira Adeemsa Injineeringii fi Ikolojiitti . Istirakcheriin EBB ijaaruun dhiqama biyyoo to’achuu jiidha roobaan argamu sadarkaa olaanuun qabatanii tabbumaa jiru keessatti tursiisuu bishaan roobaa hin barbaadamne osoo miidhaa hin geesine tabba gubbaa gara lafa galanatii galichuuf barbaachiisaadha .

5. 1.1.1 Filannoo fi boca (design) ijaarsaa istirakicherichaa kan murteesu : Haala qileensa B arbaachiisumaa lolaa qabachuu / dhangalaasuu Baandiin bishaanii jiraachuu Baldhina lafa qonna Amala / haala biyyoo Humna namaa hojii hojjetu fi B aasii hojjichaa jiraachuu

6. 1.1.2 Qajeeltoowwaan walgalaa diizayinii istrakchera EBB (General principles for the design of SWC structures ) Diizayiniin Istirakicher EBB Haala kana keessatti waan 4 irratti xiyyeefatama ; humna bishaan roobu biyyoo irratti uumuu danda’u xiqeessuu . Bishaan lafa irraa lola’u xiqeessuu (reduce runoff) Saaffina bishaan lafa seenuu dabaluu , (increase infiltration rate)

7. 1.3 Gosa Daagaawwaanii fi ramadii dagaawwanii Dagaawwaan uumata fi qonnaan bulaa nama dhuunfaa biratii akka teeknolojii EBBtii yeroo baay`ee beekamuun hojjataman keessa d aagaa gaaraa d aagaa Barcumaa daagaa “ Fanya juu ” daagaa biyoo (Soil bund ) daagaa dhagaa ( stone bund) Daagaa Dhagaa fuula biyyee (Stone faced soil bund

8. 1.4.Daagaa fi r amadii d agaawwaanii 1.4.1 Daagaa Dirriiraa (Contour terraces , also called level terrace or absorption terrace), daagaan kun kan ijaaramuu“ contour ” hordofeetti . Bishaan / jiidhaa qabatuuf fi lafa seenuuf yaadameetti . H anqini roobaa nannoo jirutti qofaa ijaarama

9. 1.4.Daagaa fi ramadii dagaawwaanii 1.4.2 Daagaa bishaan yaasuu (Graded terraces ): Daagaa garagarumaan tabbumaa murta’e qabaatee dha Garagarumaan tabbumaa 0.25% - 1% ijaarama Daagaan rooba guddaa qabuuf ta’aa bishaan hin barbaadamne lafa qonnaa keessa akka saffiina dhiqama biyyoo hin qabanne baa’u ta’a Daagaan kun waan akka bishaan baasu barbaadamuuf edeeda gababaa / xiqaa qaba .

10. 1.5 Kayyoo Daagaa ijaaramuu Tabbumaa xiqeesuu safiina lolaa hirisuun dhiqama biyyoo xiqeessuu Bishaan lafa seenu dabaluun jiidha qusachuu Albuuda lafa keessa jiru qabachuu / tursiisuun G abbina biyyoo foyyeessuu Lolaa hin barbaadamne osoo miidhaa hin geesine baasuu Lolaan akka qabamee turu f walgalatitti omishitumaa lafa qonnaa dabaluu .

11. 1/ Daagaa Gaaraa Daagaa gaaraa jechuun ijaarsa lafa laba gaaraatti hojjetamuudha .. Lafti kun lafa mukoota xixiqaa , mukoota bosonaa gugurddaa , lafa dheedumsaa fi yeroo tokko_tokko lafa qotames ta’uu danda’a . Akka “ FAO”tii Dirriiraa (Level/ (0-8%) Bu’a bayii (Rolling/undulating ( 8-15%) Tabba / Hilly ( 15-30 %) Gaara baay`ee olka’aa (Steep mountain) ≥ 30% 11

12. 1/ Daagaa gaaraa … Daagaan gaaraa kan ijaaramu lafa Tabba qabu irratt ta’ee ‘contour’ horduun Akka walgalatti lafa Tabbumaan olka’a ta’ee manca’insa qabu fi biyyoo gadifageenya hin qabne qabuuf , biqiltuu mukaa dhaabatuuf , fi dhiqama lolaa to;achu uf barbaadamu irratti mijataa ta’a .. Yeroo baayee lafa gaaraa manca’e tutuqaa irraa bilisa gochuu fi Badii lolaan lafa gara gadi anuu irratti geesuu danda’u to’achuuf gargaara . 12

13. 1 / Daagaa gaaraa … Naannoo rooba xiqqaan jirutti lolaa fi dalalii (sediments) dhiiqamee lafa tabaa irraa deemu qabachuu fi tursiisuuf akk gargaruuf ni ijaarama . Yoo naannoo jiidha guddaa qabu ta’e , ijaarsa akka bishaan yaasu gara tabumaa isaatiin dalgee akka jalatuuti ijaaramee , gara boyii bishaan fudhuutti qabsiifama . 13

14. 1.1.Kayyoo ( daagaa gaaraa ) Dheerina tabumaa caccabsuun ykn gababsuun akka dhiqamiinsa biyyoo salphiisuuf ; Miidhaa lolaan lafa irraa gadiitti uumu salphisuu ykn hanbisuu ’ Haala biqiloota adda addaaf ( mukoota gurguddaaf,mukkoota xixiqaaf , akkasumas gosa midhaanoota gatii gabaa gaarii qaban , kkf ) iddo dirriiraa fi edeeda boyyii irratti dhabachuu dand’amu uma . Jeedha bishaan lafa keessa dhihenyaan burqu gabisuuf Haala mijataa fi ittifuufiinsa qabu hawwas-dinagdee fi naannoo jireenyaaf foyyaa ta’e gabiisa deemu uumuuf 14

15. 1.2.Haala mijaataa daagaa gaaraa (Suitability ) Iddoo tabumaan (<50%) fi biyyoo gogaa qabu ; Lafa waliinii gaaraan walqabatu ta’e , kan miidhaan qabuu fi tabumaas qabu , garuu kan hin qotamne ; Hojiilee bishaan cimsuu , biqiltuu dhaabuu fi dhiqaama biyyii ittisu waliin adeemsiisuun ( integration ) dandeesiisu ; Hojii “ biological measures ” biroo kan dabalatu ta’a 15

16. 1.3.Qiyyaasa, roga kaa’uu fi ijaarsa daagaa gaaraa Daagaa dirriiraa ykn gara keessatti kan ciisu fi jiidha kan qabatu Lafa gogaa ta’e irratti tabbumaan isaa 30-50 % Gadifageeny biyyoo qotamuu (workable soil depth) yoo xiqaate seentii meetira 50 kan ta’u Gargarumaan tabumaa keessaa 10 % kan hin caale ; Baldhiini daagaa 1.5m kan hin caalee dhagaadhaan kan utubame ( protected by a stone riser). 16

17. 1.3. Qiyyaasa , roga ka’uu fi ijaarsa daagaa gaaraa … Ijaarsi Daagaa gaaraa ija ogumaatiin wantoota armaa_gadii guutuu . Tabumaa daangaa (Slope ranges): 20 - 50 % fi olii ta`u danda`a Lafaraa ol_dhiirina (Vertical interval varies) : hanga 2 – 3m Dheerin utubaa ykn girgidaan dhagaa yoo xiqaate 0.5 - 0.75m Baldhiin daagaa: 1.5 – 2m Bu’uri gadifageenya meetira 0.3m B aldhiina meetira 0.3m Baldhiina hidha edeeda /Width of tie-ridge : 0.15 (cm) - 0.20 (cm) , Bolla dhaabii biqiltuu (sm 3) ; ( sm 40) x ( sm 40) x ( sm 40) , 17

18. 1.3. Qiyyaasa , roga ka’uu fi ijaarsa daagaa gaaraa … Tie 5m irratti iddoo bishaan yoo guddatu bahuun ( tie qabachuu qa ba ; Utubaan dhagaa sirritti 1dalgee fi 3 dhaabiin kayyamuu qaba (1 horizontal to 3 vertical); T ie ridge with 15-20cm placed every 10 m interval along channel; Edeeda dheerina sm 15 Dhabata sirreesuu fi damadamuu (shape and compact the embankment at every 15cm height); Lafa hanqina jiidhiinsa qabuuf akka jiidha qusaachuu danda’u , Tabbumaan gara duubati conqola’u %5-10 ta’a , (Back-slope : 5 – 10 % gradient in moisture deficit areas to contribute for effective moisture conservation) 18

19. 1.4.Fageenya Daagaa jidduu jiru murteessuu (Determining terrace spacing) Bishaan boyyii daagaan walqabatu keessaa ya’uu danda’u kan herregamu ; Dandeetiin boyyiin bishaan baatu akka hima ( Manning’s Equation) herregama ; Fkf : Daagaa “ Fanya Juu”f kan herregamu as ittianutti ta’a ;

20. Dhundhula daagaa / solpe of bund Slope (%) = VI ( cm ) = VI ( m ) *100 HI ( m ) HI ( m ) Spacing/s = V.I X 100 slope(%) S= Addan Fageenya Daagaa jidduu jiru

21. MARKING CONTOUR LINES con.

22. Using line level

23. 1.5.Tartiiba qiyyasaa daagaa gaaraa … T1: Hanga fi haala tabumaa isaa adda baasuu T2: Tabumaa isaa lakka’u (measure the slope ) T3: Haala Tabumaa isaan gara_garumaa irraa olee ( vertical intervals) jiraachuu qabu murteesuu T4: Baldhiina daagaa tilmaamuu (1.5-2m) T5: Dhiirina utubaa dhagaa fulduraa Tilmaamuu 24

24. 1.5.Tartiiba qiyyasaa daagaa gaaraa … T6 : iddoo bu’uri ta’u adda basanii murteesuu T7 : bolla qotamu (trench) balina fi adda fageenya isaa tilmaamuu ykn murteesuu ; T8 : barbaachisummaa utubaa edeeda Daagaa ( baldhiina fi adda fageenya jiratu dabalatee ) murteesuu T9 : adda fageenyi utubaa dhagaa jiruu fi garagarummaan adda fageenya biqiltuu dhaabatuu jiru walqixa ta’a 25

25. 1.6. Qiyyaasa daagaa gaaraa …. “ line level” fayyadamuu ykn an “ A-frame ” for layout along the contours should be very accurate. Ya’a gara olanuurraa jalqabuu ( start from upper catchment) akkaata tabumaan walfakkatuun hordofamuun ykn qabachuun hojjetama Dheerini irraa olee isaa hanga meetira 2 – 3 ta’u danda’a , adda fageenyi dalgee isaa ( fageenya daagaa jiduu jiraatu ) , garuu akkaataa tabumaa lafa sanaan murta’a 26

26. 1.6. Qiyyaasa daagaa gaaraa 4. chikaalii roga tartibaan ( iddoo taabumaa kukutamuu qabuuti ) dhaabuu 5. Iddoo bu’ura utubaa daagichaa yaada keessa galchuun hanbiisuu 6. Iddoon rogeefamu kun bolla dhaabii biqiltuu sm 40xsm40xsm40 ni hamata ( ni dabalata ) 7. Hojii roga sirreesuu hundinuu ijaarsa osoo hin jalqabin xumuramuu qaba 27

27. Hill Side Terrace with trenches/ Daagaa gaaraa Trenchii waliin

28. 29

29. 1.7. Tartiiba ijaarsaa T1 : biyoo olaanu seentii meetira ( sm ) 10 kaasuun iddoo booda ittifayyadamuu danda;amutti ka`uu T 2: bu’ura 30sm x30sm (depth and width) qotuu , sarara gara gadi’anuu T 3: U tubaa dhakaa dheerina SM 50-75 ijaaruu fi biyyoo qotame ittiguutuu T 4: Utuba dhakaa hanga daagaan uumutti olkaasa biyyoo gara tabbumaa jiru hanga barbaadanu muruu 30

30. 1.7.Tartiiba ijaarsaa … T 5: Utubaa dhakaa gara tabbumaatti dabee ijaarama T 6: H idhaa xixiqaa addaan fageenya qixa ta’een iddoo bishaan yoo gutu gubaan bahu kayyuu . T 7: Naannoo rooba xiqaan jirutti daagaan gaaraa tabbumaa 5-10% gara duubati ciisee ijaarama ; T 8: B oolla dhaabii biqiltuu sm40xsm40xsm40 addaan fageenya barbadamuun qotama T 9: Biyyoo dura gubbaa irraa qotame (top soil) daagaa gubbaatii ba`ee fi naannawwa boollatti deebisuu 31

31. Qindoomina b arbaachiisu 32 Goro-gutuu Woreda

32. Qindoomina barbaachiisu /Integration Kunnuusa biyyoo fi mukoota shakaluu Lafa d heediinsa to’annoo qabuu fi Lafa tutuqaa irra dangeesuu Nyaata horii , biqiltuu wara lafa gabiisan , fi biqiltuu gatii oli aanaa qaban dhaabuu FKN (pigeon peas, sebania , acacia saligna , tree lucerne etc.) 33

33. Kunuusaa fi Adeemsa Hojiitti jijjiiru ( Management and Implementation Arrangements) Walgaltee hojii irra olmaa , kunuunsa , mirga ittifayadama lafa hojii irraatti akka nama dhuunfatis ta’e akka gareetti rawwaachu Waraqaa ragaa lafa tutuqaa irra bilisa ta’eef kennuf Namoota yeroo_yeroon suphaa raawwatan ramaduu Lafa d heedinsa to’annoo qabu akka haala dureetti daagaa gaaraaf Nyaatni horii fi gositti biqituu midhaanii daagaa gaaraa keessa / irratti dhaabatan buqifamuu hinqaban . Nyaataa horii haamuun fudhachuu qofa itti fayyadamu 34

34. Hanqinnoota Daagaa gaaraa Daagaan gaaraa lolaa cabsuu danda’a , kanaafuu , boyii bishaan yaasuun qinda’ee hojjetamuu qaba Yoo haala gaariin ijaaramuu baate , yoo taasgabahuu baate suphaa yeroo gababaatti suphuu gaafata ; Dheediinsa gadilakiisiin ijaarsichaa fi biqiltoota dhaabatan balleesuu danda’a /Free grazing Jalqaba irrati r akkoon jiidha dhabuu qunamuu danda’a ( Scarcity of water during establishment), 35

35. Hanqinnoota Daagaa gaaraa Rooba cimmaa fi off_eegannoo malee dhaabiin raawwatame carraa latiinsaa xiqeesa Meeshaalee harkaa hojichaaf ta’an fi Goga sirrii ta’e baasuu dhabuu (Unavailability of appropriate hand tools and improper layout along contour). Abummaa lafichaa fi mirga ittifayadamaa Umataa laafaa ta’uu (Loose ownership and land use rights of the community); 36

36. 37

37. Arsi Zone Dodota West Harerghe Gambela watershed Arsi Hetosa

38. Daagaa g aaraa

39. Dobbaa

40. H illside terrace

41. 2.1.Level soil Bunds( Daagaa biyyoo tabbumaa walqixaan deemu ) Itti fayadama lafaa keessatti irra caalaa lafa qonnaa tabbumaa %3-5 irratti yoo hojjetame mijataadha . Biyya keenya keessatti naannoolee murasa keessatti hanga garagarumaa tabbumaa % 15 tti ni ijaarama . naannoo waggaatti rooba mm 500 gadi qabuuf mijata . Naannoo jiidha biyyo dhabuun omisha midhaan itti daangeesu / rakkookisu .  

42. 2.2.Sarara biyyoo tabbumaa garagara qaban (graded bunds ) kan filatamuu naannoo rooba giddugaleessaa rooba cimaa qabaniif . Biyyoo gurracha biyyoo bishaan hin xuuxannee filatamadha Garagarumaan tabbumaa kennamuuf 0.2-0.75 %ta-a

43. Design Specifications of Bund)… General equation for computing the spacing of contour bunds : VI = 0.3(S/3 + 2) by Ramser (1972)…..(1) VI = 0.3(S/4 + 2) by Thomas (1997)…..(2) Where, VI = vertical interval S = Slope (%) Rogaa fi garagarumaa dheerina irra olee (Lay out and vertical interval (VI)) Slopes 3-8% VI = 1-1.5mt Slopes 8-15 VI= 1-2mt Slopes 15-20 VI= 1.5-2.5mt

44. Kallattii hordofuu fi ijaarsa sarara Biyyoo (Alignment and Construction of Soil Bund) Kallattii sarari hordofu (Alignment of bunds ): Adda fageenyi sarara gidduu jiraatu akkaata garagarumaa garagarumaa dheerina irraa olee ykn adda fageenya isaan kan dalgaatiin ta’a . Line level (Sprite Level) is used for alignment of bunds; Ijaarsi kan jalqabu mataa sullulaa fi mataa daandii lolaa irra ttii ta;a . Adeemsi hojiicha : Boca kayyuu , qotuu , tabbumaa / eddeda qajeelchuu , Layout, digging, slopping , (berm making), hunda walfudhachiisuun adeemisicha hordofamuu qabuudha .

45. Daagaa biyyoo /Soil Bunds Istaandardii ogumaa yoo xiqaate guutuu qabu (Minimum Technical standard) Dheerina : yoo xiqaate sm 60 erga damadamamee / takkasha’e Baldhina bu’uraa : 1-1.2m biyyoo tasgabahadhaaf (1H:2V) fi m1.2-1.5 biyyoo tasgabii hin qabneef (1H:1V). Baldhina gubbaa / fixee : sm30 biyyoo tasgabahadhaaf fi for stable sm 50 biyyoo tasgabii hin qabneef .

46. Soil Bunds Istaandardii ogumaa yoo xiqaate guutuu qabu (Minimum Technical standard) Boyyii : Konnoona ( shape), gadifageenyi fi baldhin haala biyyootiin , qilleesan fi mala qonnaattiin adda baatee qabata . Hidhaa / magara (Ties) : tie width dimension as required should be placed every 6mt interval along the channel. Dheerina sarara : m 30-60 yeroo baayee , garuu m 80 caaluu hin qabu lafa tabbumaan % 3-15 ta’etti . Humna hojiif barbaachiisu: km tokkoof nama 150.

47. Daagaa biyyoo lafa qonnaa irratii

48. SWC measures on farm land

49. Kaabbii tabbumaa gargarumaan ijaaramu (Graded Bunds) Hiikaa / ibsa : Edeeda Kaabbii biyoo ykn dhaagaa irraa ijaaramee dagalee Taabbaa deemu . Tabbumaa xiqaa qabaatee garagarumaa tabbumaa % 0.5-1 ijaaramee gara daandii bishhanii kan deemu ; Tabbumaan wanti xiqaachuu qabuuf akka dhiqama biyyoo hin uumnee ykn Hallayya hin uumneef . Fayidaa kennu Saffina bishaan tabba irraa dhangala’uun xiqeessuu fi bishaan hin barbaadamne akka maasii keessa bahuuf .

50. Kallattii deemsa fi Ijaarsa kaabbii (Alignment and Construction of Graded Bund )…. Ijaarsa kaabbii tabbumaa garagara qabatee deemuu (Construction of graded bund) Garagarumaa tabuumaa jiru “line level”n adda baasi . For graded bund go up the waterway or channel where you want the bund to drain into, to the top of the slope. Starting from the waterway, use the line level mark out where to build the bund. Decide the spacing (HI) of the bunds based on the slope. Use sticks to mark out where to begin building each bund down the slope.

51. Kallattii deemsa fi Ijaarsa kaabbii (Alignment and Construction of Graded Bund)…. Tabbumaa Boyyii (Channel Gradient ): Yoo Roobni guyyaa tokkootti mm 75 kan caalu ta’e fi biyyoon gurracha bishaan kan gadi hin dabarsinne ta’e kaabbiin ijaaramu garagarumaa tabbumaa qabaatee ijaarama . Tabbumaan jiraatu biyyoo salphaaf ( biyoo cirrachumaa baayyatuuf ) %0.1 - 0.2% fi biyyoo gurrachaaf gadi_siquuf % 0.4-0.5 ta’a . Bishhan xiqaatu baha yoo ta’e hanga % 1 fayyadamuun ni danda’ama . Garagarumaan Tabbumaa boyyichaa bishaan saffinaan osoo boyyicha kakaachiisee biyoo irraa hin dhiqee baasuu qabaata .

52. Kallattii deemsa fi Ijaarsa kaabbii (Alignment and Construction of Graded Bund)…. Dheerini kaabbii tabbumaa garagarumaan deemuu meetira 200 caaluu hin qabu . Dheerini daandii lolaa tabbumaa garagaraatiif ijaaramu asi keessatti meetira 400 caaluu hin qabu (for graded contour). For such length it is better to provide different grade i.e. the bunds should be divided into segments of 100 each and provided different grades (0.1%,0.2% and 0.3%) respectively

53. 56 Ambo woreda

54. 3.Daagaa dhagaa ( Stone bunds Iddoo dhagaa bayinaan jiruti ta`a Daagaa dhagaa isa salphaa fi rakasa Dhagaa sararaan tuulamu kun, waan cimaa fi bishaan ofkeessa dabarsuu danda’uuf humna lolaa ni xiqeessa , ni xuruura , akka biyyoon baatamee dhufu hafee qabamu ni taasiisa ; Saraari tuulaa dhagaa lafa tabbuma hunda keessatii mijata G aruu irra caalaa naannoo rooba 200-750mm waggaati argatu keessatti filatama 58

55. Daagaa dhagaa (Stone bunds)… Saraari ijaaramu bu’ura boolla xiqqoo gadi qotamu qabatee ya’aa tabbumaa walfakkaatu (contour) qabatee ijaarama . Dhagaan jajjabaan garaa irraa gadee boolla qotameen ni ka’ama . Dhagaan xixxiqaa qaama sarraara hafanii ijaaruuf ni ola . Hata’u malee , bineensoota nama miidhuu dand’an kan akka Tuqaa (rodents), Bofaa (snakes kkf , iddoo jireenya ta’uu waan danda’aniif yoo ta’e malee , kaabiin saraara dhagaan ijaaramuu kun mala daagaa ittii fuufiinsaan taajiluu danda’u ta’ee ilaalama . Garuu , kaabiin dhagaa kun yeroo yeroon akka lolaan qaawa ykn boyii tarsa’e dhagoota jiddutti hin uumne hordofaa suphuu barbaada . 59

56. Daagaa dhagaa ( Stone /bunds)… Addada roobni roobeen biyoon saraara kaabichaa gara olaanuun tuulamaa deemuun booda daagaan uumamaa akka uumamu ni ta’a . Akkuma Daagaa guddataa deemu biraa , kaabiin sarrara dhagaa kuni adeemsa keessa biyyoo qabamee kuufamaa deemuun gara daagaa barcumaatti (level bench terraces) jijiiramaa deema . Kaabiin saraara dhagaa kun yeroo tokko_tokko dhiqamaa biyyoon manca’ee gatamu dandamachiisuuf akka dalalii (silt) qabaa deemee lafa dhaatti baye jijjiruuf ni tajjajjila . 60

57. Stone Bund… Stone bund; It is an embankment or ridge built along the contour using stones.

58. Daagaa dhagaa Defn: It is an embankment or ridge builtalong the contour using stones.

59. Daagaa dhagaa

60. Daagaa gama laman dhagaa biyyoo /Double stone faced soil bunds

61. Daagaa dhagaa

62. Daagaa dhagaa fula isaa biyyoo /stone faced soil bund Stone faced soil bunds Defn : Stone faced soil bunds are bunds further strengthened with a stone wall or riser on one or both sides of their embankment. Strengthening may take place only along depression points or throughout the entire length of the embankment.

63. Stone faced soil bunds…. Fig. Stone faced soil bunds

64. Double stone faced soil bunds

65. Stone Faced Soil Bund

66. DAAGAA BARCUMAA

67. Naannoo b addaa biyya Itoophiyaatti lafti qonna oolu hin qotamin , biyyoo gabbataa , diriiraa fi biyyoon gabbatan ta’ee hir’achaa dhufe jira . Rakkoo manca’insa lafa kanaa xiqqeessuuf naannoon keenyas lafa gaara olka’insa guddaa qabu irratti daagaa barcumaa hojjechuun lafa qonna miidhaani fi muduraaleef akka ta’utti hojiin hojjetamuu eegalee jira .

68. D aagaa barcumaa Daagaa barcumaa - jechuun sadarkaa dhundhula lafichaa qaxxamurun , garaagarumma dhaabbii hojjetamuu ta’ee , daagaa isaa olkaasuudhaan k an kaabamu jechuun ni danda'ama . L afa tabbaa guddaa qaban irratti hojiiwwan biyyoo ittisan raawwanne oomishaa midhaaniitiif oolchuun . Muruu fi guutuudhaan ijaarama . Daagaa kun karaan itti hojjetamu biyyoo waljalaa jeequu biyyoo qiqindeessuudhaan .

69. HIIKAA DAAGAA BARCUMAA

70. Itti fufa … kunis kan jabaate turuu tuula biyyoo ykn dhagaa gara fuula keessatti walirra naquudhaan ijaaruu . Daagaan osoo irraatti hin hojjetamin /Before terracing Erga Daagaan irratti hojjetame /after terracing

71. Kaayyoo Daagaa baracumaa Lafa olka’iinsa guddaa qabu olka’insa / dhundhula / isaa xixiqqeessun gara lafa ciisatti adeemsan jijjiruu . Lolaa hir’isuu fi dhiqama biyyee xiqqeessu . Jidhiinsa biyyoo qusachuu G abbina biyyee dabaluu Itti fayyadama lafa guddisuu lafa tabbaa itti fufiinsa qotuu L afa basanii / bulchuun / qotuu hir’isaa /reduce shifting cultivation.

72. Ulagalee Daagaa barcumaa hojiirra oolchuuf barabachisan :- iddoo mijaata filaachuu Dizaayinii ( saxaxa ) ijaarsa isaa , Suphaa fi kunuunsa isaa irratti gabaabinan ni mari’atama .

73. Qoqodisaa Daagaa Barcumaa / Classfication bench terrace Daagaa ijaaruuf yeroo fudhatu ykn karaa inni ittin dafee jabaatu ( Kunis ariitii uumamuu ) irratti hundaa’uun Daagaan Barcumaa bakka saditii qoodama . 1. Daagaa barcumaa gadi qotamuu / Excavated bench terraces / kunis kan hojiirra oolu muruu fi guutuudhaan yoo ta’u , kunis yeroo tokko tokko Daagaa Raadikaala (Radical terraces) jedhama .

74. Itti fufa … Daagaa barcumaa misoome :- Suuta suutan daagaa guddataa deemuu yoo ta’u kunis karaa gocha dhiiqama biyyoo ittisu ,hojii qonna fi biyyoo kuusuu dha . Yeroo tokko tokkoo Daagaa tarkanfataa / Progressive terraces/ jedhamuun beekamuudha . Daagaan tarkanfataa kun Qonna baraatame kan walqabaatu yoo ta’u ; i stiraakcharoota biyyoo ittisan ( Daagaa biyyee , Faayinaajuu , Dhagaa ) suuta suutan gara barcumaatti jijjirama .

75. Itti fufa … 2.Yeroo tokko tokkoo bishaan jallisii irratti hunda’uun / irrigation water availability/ qoqqodiinsa isaa :- Jallisii ykn Daagaa barcumaa diriiraa / Irrigation or level bench terraces Daagaa barcumaa baddaa ( Dhundhulli gara keessatti ykn gara alaatti ) / Upland bench terraces (inward or outward sloping 3. Karaa biraatiin daagaan barcumaa kan qoodamu garaa garummaa dhundhula irratti hundaa’uun :- Daagaa barcumaa bishaan baasu /Graded/ fi Daagaa barcumaa diriiraa /level bench terrace

76. Akka (Rama Rao .1974, dhundhula /Slope irratti hundaa’uun daagaa barcumaa kan qoodamu :- Daagaa Barcumaa Diriiraa /Level bench terrace/ Daagaa barcumaa gara keessatti dhundhuluu /Bench terrace sloping inwards Daagaa barcumaa gara alaatti dhundhuluu / Bench terrace sloping outwards

77. A. DAAGAA BARCUMAA DIRIIRAA Mijaataa kan ta’u R ooba giddugaleessa , Biyyoo gadi fagoo fi bishaan sirritti of keessa dabaarsu . Roobni naannoo sanaatti roobu baay’inaan biyyoodhaan qabaatama .

78. B.Daagaa barcumaa gara keessatti dhundhuluu Mijaata kan ta’u : roobaa guddaan jiruutti , lafa olkaa’iinsi isaa guddaa ta’e fi biyyoo bishaan sirritti of keessa hin dabarsineetti . Tokko tokkoon qarqara afaan daagaa kana irratti lolaa kan lolaasuu mijaatu qaba . Bishaan afaan daagaa irraa ba’u iddoo mijaata daandii lolaa margaan uwwifamee ta’u qaba .

79. C .Daagaa barcumaa gara alaatti dhundhulu / Bench terrace sloping outwards/ Mijaata kan ta’u N aannoo rooba muraasatii G adifageenyi biyyoo xiqqaatii lafa olka’iinsa guddaa qabu gara giddugaleessatti / xiqqaa / fiduuf fayyada . Jiidhinsa biyyoo keessatti qusachuu fi midhaan biqilchuuf . Qarqara afaan bo’ii dhundhulchuun bishaan irraa hafee gara daandii lolaatti galchuu fayyada

80. Dhundhula jalqaba Gubbaa daagaa

81. …. West Hararge zone , Shanan dhugo ganda Qufan ziq

82. 89 W/ Hararge , Gemmechis Woreda

83. 90 Gemechis woreda

84. Roobaa giddugaleessaa,Biyyoo gadii fageenyaa qabu fi bishaan attataman seenuuf irraatii gorfama

85. Nannoo roobaa xiqqaatii bu`aa qabeessaa ta`a , biyyoo gadii fageenyii isaa giddu galeessa fi bishaan biyyoo sennu giddugaleessan qabu , hanga dhundhuli isaa 15% bu`a qaba , lolaa basuf fayyada , muduraaf olaa

86. Nannoo roobaa guddatii ta`a Lolaa yasuuf fayyadaa lafa cafaa akka hin uuminef

87. West Hararge zone , Shanan dhugo ganda Qufan ziq

88. 98 West Hararge zone , Gemechis

89. Haala Mijaata daagaa baarcumaatiif Haala qilleensa naannoo /Ecology/ hunda irratti , lafa gaara guddaa hanga giddu galeessa guddaa , lafa biyyoo gadi fagoo hanga giddugaleessatti mijaatadha . Naannoo rooba guddaa hanga Giddugaleessatti daagaa dhundhulli isaa gara keessatti dhundhuluu fi Naannoo gogiinsatti daagaa barcumaa diriiraa mijaatadha . Dhundhulli isaa 12% - 30% Dhunduli 58-60%, biyyoon isaa gadi fagoo tasgabba’aa /Stable/ kan ta’e irratti hojiirra oola .

90. Daagaa barcumaa qiyyaasuf raga barbachisu Giddugaleessa rooba waggaa Gosa biyyoo fi gadii fageenyaa isaa Dhudhula lafa giddugaleessa isaa Bulichisaa Midhaan fi biyyoo

91. .… Iddoo dhiqamiinsi hammataan jiruutti kan hojjetamu ta’ee , garuu iddoo lafti hallayyaa cimaadhaan kutamee jiruutti mijaata miti . Daagaan barcumaa yeroo hunda lafa dandamachiisuuf kan gorfamu yoo ta’u , garuu hojiirra kan oolu lafa qonnaa tabbummaa guddaa qabu fi tabba dhiqamee jiru fi lafa qonnaaf hin ollee ta’a Naannoowwan baay'ee dhagaa hin taane / jalli biyyee dhiyeenya irratti dhagaa hin taanee / Naannoowwan biyyeen tasgabba’aa hin taane keessatti /unstable soils/ , bishaan gadi seenu dabaaluun ; qola ( qawwaa ) biyyoo /soil pores/ irratti dhibbaa uumu fi tuula daagaa jiigsu danda’a .

92. Itti fufa … Naannoo akkanaa fi dhundhulli isaa 15 ° (30%) ol ta’eetti daagaa barcumaa ijaaruudhaaf hin gorfamu . Naannoo namni heddumaatu fi lafa xiqqoo qabanitti . Naannoo hanqinni lafa jiruutti fi hojii dhabeeyyin heddumaatutti ,/ratio lafa fi nama wal hin madaaleetti / Naannoo midhaan bishaan gahaa qabaachuu barbaadu ykn jallisii lolaa /flood irrigation/ barbaachisuutti . Daagaan barcumaa ; lafa midhaan gatii gaarii baasan biqilchuu danda’u , jallisii fi meekanayizeshinii qonnaa fayyadamuun yoo jiraate baay’ee bu'a qabeessa ta'a

93. Hanqinaalee / Limitation Biyyee cirrachaa ykn dhagaa qabu , biyyee wal-hinqabaanne ykn baay'ee hin mancaane , ykn meeshaalee kuufama biroo dabalatee dhagaa manca'uu . Lafa yeroo dhiyootti murame fi guutame waan hin tasgaboofnef irratti hojjechuun nama rakkisaa . Sababni isaas biyyoon murame gabbataa kan hin taanee fi biyyoon guutamuu immoo sirnaan walqabaachuu dhiisuu danda’a .

94. Itti fufa … Yoo bishaan hedduu biyyoo keessa gadiseene Daagaan baarcumaa lafa shololaachisuu / sigigaachisuu danda’a fi bu’aaqabeessa kan ta’u iddoo lolaa itti ba’u yoo mijaate qofaadha . Iddoo dhagaa gurguddan baay’atu / caccabee shololaatu irratti daagaan barcumaa hojjetamu hin qabu .

95. Haal-duree ijaarsa daagaa barcumaa Dursa lafa itti hojjetamu qorachuu / adda baasuu Lafichi daagaa barcumaaf mijaata ta’u qorachuu . Waan lafa irra jiru ilaaluun adda baasu Sululaa keessa qaxxamuruun ragaa baayo-fiizikaala sassabuu . Kunis :- Dhundhula,gosa biyyee,Gadi fageenya biyyee,makaa biyyee /Texture/, sadarkaa dhiqaminsa,uwwisaa biqilaa , itti fayyadama lafa yeroo amma .

96. Itti fufa …. Teeknoloojii daagaa barcumaa ; mijaata ta’u , fudhatama kan argate,fuulduratti midhaan gosa akkami oomishuu akka barbaadan irratti qonnan bulaa waliin mari’achuu Haala namoota naannoo sana ; kan akka qabeenya fi karoora q/ b,haala humna namaa fi meeshaaleen itti fayyadamu hundi ilaalcha keessa galu qaba .

97. Akkataa daagaa barcumaa itti bocamu /Design of bench terrace/BT Daagaa barcumaa bocuuf ulaagaaleen barbaachisan / murteessoo ta’an Akaakuu daagaa barcumaa Dheerina daagaa barcumaa Garaagarummaa tabbummaa / olka’insa /Gradient Bal’ina daagaa barcumaa Addan fageenya daagaa Kutaawwan daagichaa /Cross section( kaabii fi dhundhula ittin olkaabame,gadifageenya muraame , lafa oomishaf oolu /Net area/,cross section area, amma qabee muraamu fi guutamu /volume of cut & fill/.

98. Adeemsa daagaa barcumaa itti qiyyaasamu TARTIIBA 1 . Akaakuu daagaa hojjetamu murteessu : Haala rooba fi biyyee naannoo sanaa irratti hundaa’uun ; Fkn naannoo rooba giddugaleessa argatan fi biyyoo sirritti bishaan of keessa dabarsu ta’ee irratti daagaa barcumaa gara gubbaatti diriiraa ta’eetu gorfaama .

99. TARTIIBA 2 . Dheerina daagaa murteessu Kunis kan murtaa’u hammaa fi boca iddoo itti hojjetamu , digirii meeqan akka muramu /degree of dissection/, kan bishaan of keessa dabarsu fi dhiqaminsa biyyoo . Nannoo haala qilleensa gammojjummaa qabutti Kallattii tokkon hanga meetira 100 caalaa dheerachuu hinqabu . naannoo gogiinsa fi hammi murtaa’ee gogiinsa qabuutti Kanarra dheerachuu danda’a .

100. TARTIIBA 3 . Olka’insa Daagaa murteessu Gosa daagaa hojjetamu fi tabbummaa isaa murteessu . daagaa diriira / bishaan baasuu hojjechuuf hamma roobaa fi gosa biyyoo irratti hunda’uun murteessu . Garaa garummaa tabbummaa dalgee murteessu.decided for latera gradient (gradient of bench terrace along the contour) fi garaagarumma tabbummaa barcumaa (gradient of bench along the slope or the slope of the flat part).

101. Itti fufa … daagaa diriiraa moo bishaan baasuu akka hojjennu filachuu ; kunis hammaa rooba fi gosa biyyee irratti hunda’a . Daagaa barcumaa diriiraa , dhundhulli gara keessatti fi gara alaatti ta’ee keessa kam akka hojjennu murteessuu

102. TARTIIBA 4. Bal’ina Barcumaa murteessu /decide width of bench; bal’inni daagaa karaa laman murta’a . MALA 1FFAA qonnaan bulaa murta’a . kunis miidhaan facaasuu meeshaa itti qotuu akkasumas filannoo dhunfaa isaanii irratti hundaa’a . Daagaa barcumaa bal’aa hojjechuun biyyoo gadi fageenya qabu fi hojiin isaa baasii guddaa akka barbaachisuu Qonnan bula hubachiisu . Humna namaatiin kan hojjetamuuf - bal’inni daagaa 2.5m-5m bal’achuu qaba . Meekanayizeshiniidhaaf 3.5m-8m bal’ata .

103. MALA 2FFAA Gabbatee armaan gadi fayyadamuun Bal’inni daagaa ; gadi fageenya biyyoo fi dhundhula lafichaa irratti hundaa’a . Dhundhula (slope) Gadi fageenya biyyoo saantimeetiran (cm) 50 cm 75 cm 100 cm 125 cm 20% 5.63m 8.44m 11.25m 14.05 m 30% 3.54m 5.31m 7m 8.83m 40% 2.5m 3.25m 5m 6.25m 50% 1.9m 2.8m 3.75m 4.65m

104. 20%-30% =25-30 5.63-3.54 X-3.54

105. TARTIIBA 5. Dhundhula (slope) lafichaa safaru Yeroo daagaa hojjechuuf jennu dhundhula giddu galeessa argachuu qabna . Dhundhula kan ittin adda baasnu safara bishaanii / hand level/ kilinoomeetira / clinometer Daagaa harkan hojjetamuf dhundhulli 7° - 25 °( 12.3% -46.6 % ) Mashinaan yoo ta’e 7 ° - 20 ° ( 12.3% - 36.4% )

106. Ulaagaalee daagaa barcumaa bocuuf barbaachisan /Design criteria Garaa garumma tabbummaa /Gradients : Garaagarumman tabbummaa sarara dalgeef ( Horizontal gradients range) 0.5 – 1% , kunis haala qilleensa fi biyyoo irratti hundaa’a . Fakkeenyaf :- Naanoo jiidhinsa qabu fi biyyee cirraachatti , lolaa 1% baasuun gahaadha / dhibbaa hin geessisu /.

107. Itti fufa … Naanoo gogiinsa ykn g/ galeessa gogiinsa ta’eetti , dhundhulli dalgee (horizontal gradients) isaa 0.5 % gadita’uqaba .(less than 0.5 %) Daagaa dhundhulli gara keessatti / garaduubatti conqola’uuf , 5% gara galchuu ; Daagaa dhundhulli isaa gara alaatti ta’eef 3% ta’a . The reverse grade for an inward/reverse-sloped terrace is 5% while the outward grade for an outward sloped terrace is 3%.

108. TARTIIBA 6 . Addan fageenya daagaa barcumaa Erga bal’inni fi dhundhulli tilmamaame booda , garagarummaan daagaa giddu jiru /Vertical interval/ hima salphaatiin herreegama . Garagarummaan daagaa /VI/ olka’insa garagarummaa daagaa walitti aanan laman gidduu jiruudha . VI= (S* Wb ) / (100 – S* U) Where :- S is land slope in percent (%), / dhundhula lafa % Wb is the width of the bench, and / Bal’ina barcumaa U is the slope of the terrace riser or side slope . / dhundhula daagaan itti kaabamu

109. Itti fufa … Reeshoo Dalga - dhaabbiitti : maashinaaf 1( tokko ), humna namaatiin yoo ta’ee kan biyyoorra hojjetamuuf 0.75 , kan Dhagaarra hojjetamuuf 0.5, tooftaa herregaa / hima / keesatti galchuun fayyadamna Use a horizontal to vertical ratio to put into the equation such as 1 for machine built terraces, 0.75 for hand-made terraces with earth material , and 0.5 for stone terraces .

110. Addan fageenya daagaa barcumaa Adda fageenyaa daagaa barcumaa jechun (IV) daagaa walitti annani dhufaa jidu fageenyaa jirudha Dachaa lafa muramu fi gutamuu Gadii fagenyaa biyyoo fi dhundhula lafa irraatii hunda`a Muxanoo naannoo jiru irraatis nii hunda`a

111. Fakkeenya:1 The VI of 3m wide bench, hand made built, on (40%) slope is as follows VI = (40 *3) / (100 – 40 *0.75) = 120 / 70 = 1.71m Olka’insi garaa garumma daagaa laman gidduu (VI) kan beekamu gidduu daagaa walitti ananii kan hin muramne kan hin guutamne laman safaruudhaan .

112. TARTIIBA 7. Dheerina daagaa ittin ol ka’uu fi dheerina ittin duubatti conqola’uu herreguu / height of the riser and reverse height/ Dheerina o lka'iinsa daagaa fi olka'iinsa duubatti deebi‘uu . Meeshaan ittin olka’uu biyyoo damaddamaame,margaan uwwisuu ykn dhagaa ta’u qaba . Daagaa diriiraadhaaf olka’insi daagaa gidduu /VI/ fi dheerina daagaan itti olka’u walqixa ./ VI equals the height of the riser/ For reverse sloped terraces, the VI needs to add a reverse height to get the total height; Daagaa dhundhulli duubatti conqolaa’uu ; dheerina waliigala argachuuf olka’insa daagaa gidduu jiruu (VI) irratti dheerina daagaa duubatti deebi’uu . ( reverse height) ida’uudhaan

113. Itti fufa …. The reverse height can be easily calculated by the following equation: RH = Wb * 0.05 Ol dheerina daagaa ittiin duubatti conqola’uu (Reverse height) kan herreegamuu himoota kanatti ananiin . ol dheerina duubatti conqola’uu = Baal’ina barcumaa *0.05 RH = Wb * 0.05 Where: Kunis RH is reverse height, oldheerina duubatti conqola’uu Wb is width of bench, bal’ina barcumaa / iddoo oomishaaf oolu qofa / 5% is the reverse slope. / Parsaantii shaniin duubatti conqola’aa /

114. Itti fufa … Dhundhulli parsaantii shaniin (5%) duubatti conqola’ee ijaaramee lolaa utubaa daagaa irra ittisuuf gahaadha . Kaabii / Utubaa // irra lolaa ittisuuf Parsaantii shan dhundhulchuun duubatti deebisuun gahaadha . Daagaa dhundhulli duubatti conqolaa’ee , dheerrinni olkaabamu haala tooftaa herreega armaan gaditiin argama . Dheerinni olkaabamu = olka’insa daagaa gidduu + oldheerina daagaa duubatti deebi’uu Hr = VI + RH Muxannoon jiru akka argarsiisuutti wali - galli dheerina daagaa ol-kaabamu ( overall height of a riser) meetira lama(2m) caaluu hin qabu .

115. GILGAALA:2 Fakkeenya tokkoffaa irratti hundaa’uudhaan Daagaa dhundhulli gara duubatti conqola’uu ta’eef , Olka’insi daagaa gidduu 1.71m yoo ta’e , dheerina ittin duubatti conqola’uu ( reverse height ) fi waliigalaa dheerina kaabii olkaabamu ( total height of the riser) herreegi dheerina ittin duubatti conqola’uu = Bal’ina daagaa *0.05 Reverse height (RH) = Wb * 0.05 RH = 3 * 0.05= 0.15m Dheerina kaabiin olkaabamu = olka’insa daagaa gidduu + dheerina ittin duubatti deebi’uu / conqola’uu Height of riser ( Hr ) = VI + RH Hr = 1.71 + 0.15 = 1.86m

116. TARTIIBA 8. Bal’ina daagaa barcumaa /Width of terrace/ Bal’inni daagaa kan argamu bal’ina barcumaa / wb / fi bal’ina olkaabamu / wr / walitti ida’uudhaan . Bal’ina olkabamu kan herregamu dheerina olkaabamu baay’isuu dhundhula ittin kaabamu (‘U’ riser slope) Wr = Hr * U Where : kunis Wr is the width of the riser, Bal’ina kaabii Hr is the height of the riser, and ol dheerina kaabii

117. Itti fufa … ’U ’ kan bakka bu’u dhundhula ittin olkabaamu kunis tokkoo (1) daagaa maashinaan hojjetamu , 0.75 daagaa harkaan hojjetamuu biyyoo fayyadamuun , 0.5 daagaa dhagaan hojjetamuuf U is the slope of riser giving value 1 for machine built terrace, 0.75 for handmade terrace with earth material, and 0.5 for stone made terrace. Bal’ina Daagaa haala armaan gaditiin arganna . Bal’ina Daagaa = bal’ina kabii + bal’ina barcumaa : Wt = Wr + Wb

118. Bal’ina daagaa barcumaa /Width of terrace/ Bal`inni daagaa barcumaa kun ammala biyyoo fi akkata barbadame irraatii hunda`a Baajaa keenya irraatii hunda`u ni danda`a Akkataa itti hojanu fi maalii akka hojennu irraatis nii hunda`a (Nama fi Mashinin )

119. TARTIIBA 9. Dheerina daagaa herreguu Dheerinni daagaa kan murtaa’u , Hammaa fi boca iddicha fi digirii lafti ittin qoqqodame .

120. Itti fufa … Muxannoo darban irratti hunda’uun , Kallattii jallina tokkootti meetira 100 ykn meetirri 200 kan gorfamaa Daagaa dhundhulli duubatti conqola’uu ykn Daagaa bishaan baasuu . Dhundhulli bishaan ittin dhangala’uun 0.5 % hanga 1 % haala roobaa fi biyyoo irratti hundaa’a . Dheerina naxalaa /leaner length L) kan ibsamu meetira (m), Heektaraa (ha), kan ibsamu ta’e akka armaan gadiitti herreegama . L = 10,000 / Wt Where : - kunis Wt is the width of terrace/ Bal’ina daagaa /

121. TARTIIBA 10. Lafa qulqulluu / Oomisha / /Net Area/ herreguu Yeroo daagni hojjetamu lafa achii keessa oomishaaf oolu qonnaan bulaa beeku qaba . Farmers are interested in knowing the net area for cultivation when terraces are to be built. Lafti oomisha (NA) kan ibsamu (m² ) yoo ta’u , kan beekkamu dheerina naxalaa (L) baay’isuu bal’ina barcumaa ( Wb ) NA = L* Wb Jechuun NA – net area, L- Lenear length, Wb - width of bench Parsaantii Lafti oomisha ykn parsaantii lafa barcumaa ( Pb ) kan beekkamu haala armaan gaditiin Pb (%) = NA / 10,000 *100 Kunis : Pb - Percent of bench,

122. GILGALA 3: Odeeffannoo fakkeenya 1 fi 2 irratti hundaa’uun bal’ina olkabaamu ( Wr ), waliigala bal’ina daagaa ( Wt ), dheerina naxalaa ((L), bal’ina lafa omishaaf oolu (NA) fi parsaantii lafa oomishaaf oolu / barcumaa /( Pb ) herreega Wr = Hr * U =1.86 * 0.75 = 1.39m Wt = Wr + Wb = 1.39 +3 = 4.39m L = 10,000 / Wt = 10,000/4.39 = 2277.9m ~ 2278m NA = L* Wb = 2278*3 = 6834m2 Pb (%) = NA /10,000*100=(6834/10,000)*100 = 68.34%

123. TARTIIBA 11. Hamma qabee muramuu fi guutamu ( Volumes to be Cut and Filled) Daagaa yeroo hojjetamu hammi qabee biyyoo muramuu fi guutamu walqixa ta’u qaba , Kunis baasii xiqqeessuuf Biyyoon dabalaata tokkoyyuu hin gataamus , iddoo biraa irra hin fudhaatamus . Qabee tokkoo ( hammaa qabee muramu ) Tilmaama keessa galchuun suuta suuta gadibuusu / siksuu daagaan tolfaachu / hojjechuu . Q abeen kan argamu bal’ina fi dheerina waliin baay’isuudhaan . Bal’inni bakkicha (A) kan ibsu rogsadee ykn bal’ina lafa muramu sanaati (c).

124. Dizaayinii muruu fi guutu daagaa barcumaa

125. Itti fufa … Qabee argachuuf lafa murame (c, cross section) baay’isuu dheerina naxalaa (L) ta’a . V = C*L Daagaa diriiraaf , lafti murame (c) cross-section salphumaatti haala kanaatti aanun tilmaama . C = ( Wb *VI) / 8 Daagaa dhundhulli duubatti conqola’ee , kan muramu fi kan gutamu waan dabaaluuf , himni / Tooftaan herreegaa haala armaan gaditiin ; C = ( Wb * Hr ) / 8

126. Itti fufa … Qabeen hamma muramu fi guutamu heektaraan herreegamu danda’a . V = C* L kunis :- V is the volume ,= qabee C is the cross-section, and = baal’ina muramu L is the linear length per ha .= dheerina naxalaa

127. ( 9) Gadi fageenya muramu /Depth of cut Gadi fageenya muramu argachuu barbaachisaadha . Hammaa biyyoo murame safaruun iddichan walbira qabu Compare with the soil depth measured in the field. Bal’ina barcumaa xiqqeessu barbaachisa ; Hammaa gadifageenya murame biyyoo iddichaarra muramuun akka walmadaaluuf .

128. Itti fufa … Gadi fageenya biyyoo muramuu /depth of cut/ kan daagaa diriira /level terraces /fi Daagaa dhundhulli duubatti conqola’ee / reverse sloped terraces/ himoota waldura duuba asiitti anaan kanaan herreegamu . Daagaa diriiraaf = ( Wb /2)* (S/100) For level terraces = ( Wb /2)* (S/100) Daagaa dhundhulli duubatti conqola’ee For reverse sloped terraces = ( Wb /2)* (S/100) + RH/2 Kunis : S = slope/ Dhundhula ibsa

129. GILGAALA 4: Odeeffannoo fakkeenya 1, 2 fi 3 irratti keenname fayyadamuun hamma qabee biyyoo muramu (V) fi gadi fageenya muramu daagaa barcumaa diriiraatii fi dhundhulli isaa gara duubatti conqola’ee lamaanuuf herreegi . Daagaa diriiraaf / For level terraces C = ( Wb *VI ) / 8 = 3*1.71/8= 0.64m2 V = C* L =0.64*2278= 1457.92m3~1458m3 Gadi fageenya muramu /Depth of cut for level = ( Wb /2)* ( S /100) = 3/2*40/100 = 0. 6m

130. Itti fufa … Daagaa dhundhulli isaa duubatti conqola’ee /For reverse sloped terraces C = ( Wb * Hr ) / 8 = 3*1.86/8 = 0.70m2 V = C* L = 0.70*2278 = 1,594.6m3 Gadi fageenya murame kan daagaa duubatti conqola’eef /Depth of cut for reverse slope = ( Wb /2)* ( S /100) + RH /2 =(3/2*40/100)+0.15/2 = 0.675m

131. Daagaa barcumaa qiyyasuu fi qajeelchu / lafarra buusu Qophii hojii Meeshaalee qiyyasaa qopheessu ; chikaala , waan halluu qabu / markaarii / fi maloota fi tartiiba qiyyasaa murteessu fi lafa kallattii qiyyasamuu qulqullessuu . Meeshaaleen yeroo baay’ee barbaachisuu : safartuu bishaanii , dumpy level, ykn A-frame. Meetira , gamadaa , Ogarii biyyoo /soil auger/ Ogummaa bu’uraa /Basic techniques Daagaa diriiraa / For level terraces : use contouring or levelling techniques Daagaa bishaan yaasu / For graded terraces : use graded-contouring techniques

132. Itti fufa … Bu’uura daagaa lafarra ka’uu ( sararuu ) /Setting the base-line of the terrace Gara / kallatti dhundhulli ajeejuutti sarara gidduu lafarratti buusi / sarari /. Gosa daagaa hojjechuu barbaaddu irratti hunda’i ; daagaa diriiraa ykn daagaa bishaan baasu adda baasi s afari ykn qiyyaasi . Erga Sarara gidduu /center line or contour / sararree / qiyyaasnee / booda , sarara tokko gara olii fi sarara tokkoo gara gadiitiin dabali sarari .

133. Itti fufa … Sararri gidduu ; daagaa gara olitti hafuuf akka sarara gadiitti fi daagaa gara gaditti hafuuf akka sarara olitti tajaajila . Lafa hojjetamuu hunda bifumaa wal fakkatun chikaaliin dhaabbata . Malli / Hojimaatni kun kan gorfamuu daagaa harkan hojjetamuu yoo ta’u ; sararri gidduu hin muramu / qotamu /, biyyoonis ittin guutamu akkuma jiruutti dhifamuu qaba . Tokko tokkoo Sarara lafarra buusnu / Chikaala dhabuuf / mallattoo halluu gara garaa fayyadamuu qabna . Kunis yeroo hojjannu dogongoraa hambisa , ( fkn sarara gidduu diimaa , fi sarara cinaa lamaanii biicaa fi magariisa f.k.k.f )

134. Tartiiba ijoo daagaan itti hojjetamu Biyyoo gubbaa / gabbataa / kaasi iddoo mijaatatti tuuli . Bu’uura qotuu fi utubaa sarara kontuuri hordofi ijaari Iddoo muramurra biyyoo qotuun , Iddoo guutamutti guutun hanga walqixxatuutti kaabi olkaabu . Dhuma irratti biyyoo gubbaarra qopha keenye sana gubbaa daagichaa hunda / isaa irratti oomishamu / irraa bittineessu . Yogguu hojjennu kaabii isaa sirritti xaqaaxxaquu (compact) barbaachisa . Iddoo dhagaan kaabi ta’u jiruutti bu’uurri utubaa isaa dhagaan kabaamu qaba . Bu’uurri utubaa isaa biyyoo irraa yoo hojjetame , irra keessa isaa marga uwwisuu / dhabuun jabeessu qabna .

135. Itti fufa … Qarqarri / fiixeen / daagaa hojjetamu , hanga yaadame irra olka’uu qaba ; sababni isaa sirritti akka biyyoon gadi hafuuf . Daagaa duubatti conqola’uu fi diriiraa yeroo hojjetamu safartuudhaan mirkana’u qaba . Dhundhulli / utubni / kaabi itti bocaamu 0.75:1 ta’u qaba . Yoo daagaa lolaa baasuu hojjenna ta’e , qarqarri / fiixee / daagaa hundi daandii lolaa gar- jalaa jiru irraa olka’ee ijaramuu isaa mirkaneeffachuu

136. Humna nama kan hojjetamu Daagaa muramu fi guutamu t arkaanfii suuta suutan rawwatamuu qaba . Daagichi kan hojjetamu biyyoo yoo jiidhinsa xiqqoo qabaate . Mala 1 Daagaa gaara gubbaa iraa hojjechuu eegaluun gara gadiitti gadi buusu .

137. Mala 2 Filmaatni bira,Daagaa gaara jala gara gubbaatti / oliitti jalqabuun hojjechuu ni danda’a .

138. Daagaa Barcumaa East & West Hararge zone

139. Itti fufa … Gamaada jaloo irratti hidhuun ; daagaa hojjetamu hundaafuu tartiibeessun mallattoo kaa’uu . Gaafa qoffarru biyyoo gubbaa gabbataa ol ka’uu .( qofa kaa’uu ) jalqaba karaa gubbaa chikaala jala murree,karaa gadiin guutu . hamma barbaachisuu ol akka hin muramneef ; karaa qiyyaasameerra ta’u hordofuu mirkaneeffachuu .

140. Itti fufa … Sadarkaa sirrii ta’e eeggame muramuu isaa mirkaneeffachuu . Funyoo ykn gamadaa chikaala irratti hidhuudhaan daagaa hojjetamu tartiiban mallattoo isaa lafarra ka’aa deemuu . Gaafa qoffarru biyyoo gubbaa gabbataa olkaa’uu .( qopha kaa’uu ) Muraan jalqabaa kan rawwaatu battaluma chikaala gara olaanu irra murre gara chikaala gara gadiitti jiruu guutama .

141. Itti fufa … Dhagaa gurguddaa ykn gullisaa sarara jalaa buusun otoon guutin dura bu’uuraaf /foundation/ akka fayyaduu gochuu . Hojiichi kan raawwatu , gara garummaa 15cm damaddamuu / takashuu / dhaan .

142. Daagaa haaraa , kaabii fi afaan lolaa baasuu turtii waggaa lamaatiin ni suphamaa . Kaabii irraa biqiltuu margaa dhaabamu qaba hanga danda’ameetti ; Hiddaa margaa ykn Soodii uumu ( Sod-forming or rhizome type grasses ) Eegumsa fi suphaa 157

143. Margeen dheeraa fi nyaatni horii deddebiidhaan hamamuu fi xiyyeeffannoo barbaada . Margoota hidda – gosa marga naannoo argamu utubaa kaabii jabeessuuf milka’aadha ’ Dhagaa utubaa kaabii jabeessuf fayyadamuun ni danda’ama . Daagaan barcumaa yoo kan jiigu ta’e , kunuunsa fi suphaa yeroo yeroon barbaada . Waggootan lama hanga sadiitti rooba cimaa booda fi oomisha midhaanii booda suphaan raawwatamu qaba . 158 Itti fufa …

144. Wanni tokko kaabii irraa yoo jiige battalumatti suphamuu qaba . Horii daagaa ijaarame irra tarkanfachuu ykn margaa irra dheeduu hin qabu . Daagaa duubatti conqola’eef , Lolaan kaabii gubbaa dhangala’uu hin qabaatu . 159 Itti fufa …

145. GALATOOMAA!!!