DAH 43 Animal behaviour.pptx animal science

understanding animal behavior

1. BY Dr. ONEN CAN SAMUEL ( BVM MUK) 0788976664, [email protected] DAP 43:DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK

2. Introduction to the module 2 Module objective: The student should be able to diagnose, treat and control common diseases in livestock. 8/17/2009

3. Animal psychology, behaviour and restraint methods 3 Animal behavior/ethology- is an overt and composite functioning of animals individually or collectively. Animal behaviour studies are called ' ethology ‘. This is derived from the Greek root 'ethos' meaning 'nature' or 'disposition' Is pursued in the course of development in two situations Free living animals in their habitats Experimental conditions 8/17/2009

4. Objectives of studying animal behavior 4 Our inability to measure the suffering, inspires us therefore to understand the behavior of animals under different conditions. Help with animal welfare and ensure profit Need to control over the animal and environment- limitations in space, light, diet, ventilation, bedding, and companionship 8/17/2009

5. Animal psychology and behavior Why study Animal Management? Unfortunately animals can't talk to us, so we have to learn to read their behaviour to understand their needs, and we have to apply the findings of science to provide for their welfare. This requires practical experience as well as academic understanding, which in traditional degree programmes is hard to achieve. 8/17/2009 5

6. Learn about the psychology of animals 6  Animal behaviour is a fascinating subject. It is of interest to animal psychologists, veterinary assistants, those working in zoos, wildlife parks or nature reserves, pet owners, animal trainers, farmers, naturalists, or anyone else who works with or has an interest in animals. It is also a subject of interest for those studying psychology generally since much of what we learn from animals can be ascribed to human behaviour and lead to a greater awareness of ourselves. 8/17/2009

7. Animal behaviour to note 7 1. The role of the nervous and endocrine system for controlling/influencing animal behaviour and welfare 2 Behavioural patterns in animals (including comparison with human behaviour) Development of behaviour including the influence of genotype and environment. Evolution and natural selection. Sociality . Observation , recording and analysis of behavioural patterns. 8/17/2009

8. 3. Organization of normal behaviour in the individual animal 8 The normal behavior include: Reaction to predators, play, practice and social stimuli. Feeding. Body care. Locomotion and other movements. Exploration. Spacing behaviour. Rest and sleep. Reproductive. Neonatal and maternal. 8/17/2009

9. 4. Abnormal behaviour problems: the causes and welfare implications 9 Stereotypes Self directed and environment directed Directed at other animals Failure to function Anomalous reactivity 5. Human-animal interactions Human response to animals and the likely effect on the animal’s behaviour and welfare e.g. cruelty, noise = charging Human psychology in relation to interaction with animals –coward, fear Engendering a positive approach to the well being of the animal. 8/17/2009

10. Animal behavior 10 Introduction Influences and motivation; what is behaviour; causes of behaviour (e.g.. genetics, learning, external and internal influences); reactive, active and cognitive behaviour; conditioning. Genetics and Behaviour Understanding biology; natural selection; genetic variation; development of behaviour; behavioural genetics. Animal Perception and Behaviour How animals perceive things; what stimulates them and how do those stimuli function; instinct; neural control; sensory processes: sight, sound, hearing etc. 8/17/2009

11. Behaviour… 11 Behaviour and the Environment Coordination; orientation; homeostasis; acclimatization; circadian rhythms; biological clocks; reproductive cycles; etc. Social Behaviour Animal societies; aggression; social constraints; social order; play; sexual behaviour; communication. Instinct and Learning Conditioning and learning; extinction and habituation; instrumental learning; reinforcement; operant behaviour; biological and cognitive aspects of learning. 8/17/2009

12. Behaviour… 12 Handling Animals Psychological effects of different handling techniques; training animals (cattle, goats, horses, cats, dogs, etc). Think of any animals to understand the Psychological effects of different handling technique Behavioural Problems Abnormal behaviour (e.g. Psychotic; neurotic); domestication of animals; reducing human contact/dependence. 8/17/2009

13. What is behavior? Why study it? 13 Behavior : everything an animal does & how it does it in response to stimuli in its environment innate = inherited or developmentally fixed learned = develop during animal’s lifetime Why study behavior? part of phenotype acted upon by natural selection lead to greater fitness? greater reproductive success? greater survival? 8/17/2009

14. Animal behaviour 14 A lot of animal behaviour is cyclical, and often the cycles of behaviour are synchronized with some characteristic in the physical environment, such as night and day or seasonal weather changes. The most common cycle is one synchronised with the daily rising and setting of the sun. Coastal animals often display cycles synchronised with tidal cycles. Many animals (both aquatic and terrestrial) display cycles synchronised with lunar rhythms. Most animals tend to display cycles which relate to seasons. Seasonal cycles in sexual behaviour are particularly common. 8/17/2009

15. Types of Behaviors 15 1. Innate behaviors automatic , fixed, “built-in” male songbird what triggers singing? why does he sing? despite different environments, all individuals exhibit the behavior , triggered by a stimulus 2. Learned behaviors modified by experience triggered by a stimulus Is variable 8/17/2009

16. 1. Innate Behavior 16  Fixed action patterns (FAP) e.g. male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality  Sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started.  Sign stimulus: the releaser that triggers FAP 8/17/2009

17. 2. Circadian Rhythms 17 Circadian Rhythms Is daily cycles of behavior most are entrained to light dark cycles of animals environment 3. Directed Movements a) Taxis change in direction automatic movement toward ( positive taxis ) or away from ( negative taxis) a stimulus, photo taxis chemo taxis b) Kinesis -change in rate of movement in response to a stimulus 8/17/2009

18. 4. Migration 18 Mitigation Is a complex behavior, but still innate “migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity navigate by sun, stars, Earth magnetic Fields 5. Imprinting: Learning at a specific critical time forming social attachments both learning & innate components 8/17/2009

19. 6. Conservation 19 Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route . 7. Critical Period Is the Sensitive phase for optimal imprinting As a brood parasite , the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling . Song development is totally innate. 8/17/2009

20. Learned Behavior 20 Associative learning Learning to associate one feature of the environment (stimulus) with another O perant conditioning trial & error learning associate behavior with reward or punishment C lassical conditioning Pavlovian conditioning associate a “neutral stimulus” with a “significant stimulus” 8/17/2009

21. Habituation 21 Loss of response to stimulus “cry-wolf” effect learn not to respond to repeated occurrences of stimulus 8/17/2009

22. Social behaviors and language 22 Social Behaviors  Interactions between individuals  develop as evolutionary adaptations  language  agonistic behaviors  dominance hierarchy  altruistic behavior Language  Honey bee communication  dance to communicate location of food source  waggle dance 8/17/2009

23. Behaviour.. Communication Social Behaviors 23 Bird songs species identification & mating ritual  mixed learned & innate  critical learning period  Insect song  mating ritual & song  innate, genetically controlled  Agonistic behaviors  threatening & submissive rituals  symbolic, usually no harm done 8/17/2009

24. Social behaviour Social Interaction & Communication  Dominance hierarchy  social ranking within a group  pecking order Cooperation pack of African dogs hunting Wildebeest cooperatively. Altruistic behavior reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient kin selection Pheromones chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals Alarm pheromones S ex pheromones white pelicans “ herding” school of fish T erritoriality 8/17/2009 24

25. Genes and Behaviour 25 Studies I. Behaviour has evolved II. Evolution, ultimately, is a change in gene frequencies III. Thus, are there genes for behaviour? I. Where the ‘behaviour’ is the ‘phenotype’. II. and where the genes for that particular behaviour are the ‘genotype’. IV. Use of molecular genetics techniques by behavioural researchers - linkage and association studies in an attempt to find which genes might be involved in the phenotype (behaviour) 8/17/2009

26. Bibliography Appleby, M.C. and Hughes, B.O. (1997) Animal Welfare. Oxon: CAB International. Barnard, C.J. (1983) Animal Behaviour: Ecology and Evolution. London: Croom Helm Lawrence , A.B. (1993) Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Application to Welfare. Wallingford : CAB International . Manning, A. and Dawkins, M. S. (1998) An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . David McFarland (1999) Animal Behaviour 3rd Ed. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 Chris Barnard (2004) Animal Behaviour: Mechanism , Development, Function and Evolution . Chapters 2.1, 2.3 and 5 Principles of Animal Behaviour (2009). 2 nd Ed . Lee Alan Dugatkin Chapter 2 8/17/2009

27. Animal Psychology 27 Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. The field is scientific in that psychologists approach their studies in an orderly and systematic way in order to obtain objective evidence. The primary goals of psychology are to: Describe behaviour – what is the nature of this behaviour? You Understand and explain behaviour - why does it occur?  Predict behaviour– can we forecast when and under what circumstances it will occur? You Control behaviour - what factors influence this behaviour? 8/17/2009

28. Types of psychologists 28 Several types of psychologists exist. These include : Cognitive psychologists: -You study the ways animals and humans perceive and understand the world around them . Physiological psychologists: You study the role of brain functions in behaviour .  Developmental psychologists: you study how individuals grow and change throughout their lives. 8/17/2009

29. Types of .. 29 Social psychologists: study how people influence and are influenced by others . Industrial/Organizational psychologists: work on a wide variety of issues in work settings. Forensic psychologists: work on behavioural issues in the legal, judicial and correctional systems . Health psychologists: focus on ways to improve health by altering behaviour . 8/17/2009

30. More reading 30 Fraser F A 1974. Farm animal behaviour 8/17/2009