Dairy farm management

Dairy farm management

1. DAIRY FARM MANAGMENT

2. OBJECTIVES PRODUCTION CYCLE OF CATTLE MILKING MANAGEMENT FEEDING AND WATERING HOUSING AND LAND REQUIREMENT DIFFERENT KIND OF ROUTINE OPERATION AND TREATMENT DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS USED IN FARM FINANCIAL ANALYSIS.

3. PRODUCTION CYCLE OF CATTLE

4. Profitable Dairy Production is based on well planned strategies, strong leadership, strong team work. THREE FACTORS AFFECTING DAIRY HEARD PRODUCTIO AND HEALTH. 1] NUTRITION 2] COW COMFORT 3] REPRODUCTION Three fundamental factors that determine the health & productivity of a high-potential dairy cow are nutrition, comfort & reproduction. Cows need to be well fed, maintained in a comfortable environment, and bred in a timely fashion in order to express this potential.

5. BORN Heifer calves retained for herd WEANED 6-8 weeks BRED 15-18 MONTHS FIRST CALF 24-36 MONTHS BREEDING 90-120 DAYS Post calving MILKING 7-10 MONTHS DRY PERIOD ~60 DAYS CALVING 280 DAYS After breeding

6. BIRTH : A newborn calf is fed colostrum milk for the first three days of life. Calves are usually fed milk or milk replacer starting at 3 days of age. They are also fed calf starter, a grain, beginning at 7 to 10 days of age. WEANING : Prior to weaning at 6 to 8 weeks, calves are vaccinated, dehorned, have extra teats removed, and male calves may be castrated to be raised as steers. At weaning, calves are moved to group housing. The six month old heifer is usually fed silage, hay, and grain. These heifers may also graze in a pasture.

7.  BREEDING: On the 15th month, a heifer is bred. Following breeding, heifers are maintained until moving to the dairy farm for calving. CALVING : Heifers and dry cows are usually moved to a close-up dry area for close observation beginning at 3 weeks prior to calving. When calving appears imminent, cows are moved to individual maternity pens or an open calving area. Efforts are made to keep these areas clean. Even cows raised on pasture are sometimes moved to pens for calving to allow close observation in case the delivery must be assisted, to keep the calf out of cold drafts, and to allow careful attention to the calf immediately after birth.

8. MILKING : Normally cows begin to produce milk only after calving, but some heifers may be milked early to reduce stress and udder edema. Each period of production or lactation lasts for 7 to 10 months or longer and spans the time period from calving to dry-off, which is when milking is terminated about 60 days before the next anticipated calving. Cows are bred while they are producing milk, usually beginning at about 60 days after calving to maintain a yearly calving schedule. Following the 2-month dry period, the cow calves again and lactation cycle begins a new.

9.  Culling : Cows should be culled from the herd toward the end of their lactation on the basis of a lowered future productive potential. Culling decisions based on voluntary criteria such as low production, age and conformation tend to promote herd productivity whereas those based on involuntary criteria associated with failure of conception, disease or injury have a negative impact on herd structure. Recording the identity of animals culled, stage of lactation at which they were culled and reason for culling helps to identify causes of attrition that need to be investigated.

10. Age at first calving : The age of the animal at first calving is very important for high life time production. The desirable age at first calving in Indian cattle breeds is 3 years, 2 years in cross breed cattle and 3 & 1/2 years in Buffaloes. Prolonged age at first calving will have high production in the first lactation, but the life time production will be decreased due to less no. of calving. If the age at first calving is below optimum, the calves born are weak, difficulty in calving and less milk production in first lactation. Service period : It is the period between - date of calving and date of successful conception. The optimum service period helps the animal to recover from the stress of calving and also to get the reproductive organs back to normal.  Traits associated with reproduction:

11.  For cattle the optimum service period is 60-90 days. If the service period is too prolonged the calving interval is also prolonged, less no. of calving will be obtained in her life time And if the service period is too short, the animal will become weak and persistency of milk production is poor due to immediate pregnancy.   Dry Period: It is the period from the date of drying (stop of milk production) to next calving. A minimum of 2 – 2 ½ months dry period should be allowed to compensate for growth of fetus. If the dry period is too short, the animals suffer from stress and in next lactation, the milk production drops substantially and also gives weak calves. On the other hand if the dry period is too long, it may not have that much effect on increasing milk yield in the next lactation, but it decrease the production in the present lactation.

12. Calving Interval: This is the period between two successive calving. It is more, profitable to have one calf at yearly interval in cattle and at least one calf for every 15 months in buffaloes. If the calving interval is more, the total no. of calvings in her life time will be decreased and also total life production of milk decrease. Reproductive Efficiency : The reproductive efficiency means the more number of calves during life time, so that total life time production is increased. The reproduction or breeding efficiency is determined by the combined effect of hereditary and environment. Reproductive efficiency has generally a low heritability value indicating that most of the variations in this trait are due to non-genetic factors. In adverse environmental conditions, the poor milk producing animals may not be much affected compared to high milk yielders.

13. MILKING MANAGEMENT

14. MILK LET DOWN

15. Labour requirment 50-60% of labour time require for milking. One milker can connect with 10 to 15 cows.

16. METHOD OF MILKING HAND MILKING Stripping Fisting/Knuckling Full hand milking Full hand followed by stripping (BEST METHOD)

17. STRIPPING

18. KNUCKLING

19. FULL HAND MILKING

20. 2. MILKING MACHINE Principle Open the teat canal and extract the milk from the cow by partial vacuum

21. Types of machine Hand operated milking machine

22. Types of machine 2. Electronic operated milking machine

23. Parts of milking machine

24. VACUUM METER Normal pressure : 50 Pka VACUUM REGULATOR

25. PULSATOR

26. Pulsation rate : No. of cycle alteration vacuum and normal atmospheric pressure per min. - Normal pulsation rate is 50–60 / min Pulsation ratio: Proportion of time of vacuum and atmospheric pressure applied OR ratio of expansion time and collapse time. Normal pulsation ratio is 60:40 & 70:30

27. MEASURING CYLINDER 1 line = 200 ml

28. Vacuum line Water line Milk line

29. Milk receiver BMC tank (temp 4 cels .)

30. How !? milking system works; Milking machine divided into milking side (b/w teat and liner) & pulsator side (liner and shell) When milking machine exposed to vacuum liner is pulled open around teat and milk flow. When milking machine exposed to air liner collapse around the teat & teat is not expose to vacuum on milking side. So, milk ceases to flow and teat rests

31. Air and milk flow

32. Cleaning of machine SANITARY TANK Temp. 38-43 cels . NOVACID – Strong acid BASIX - Alkaline

33. Advantages Peak yield achieved quicker & remain for longer time Total yield is more Avoid contamination out side Min. irritation to udder and teat Easy, save time and labour expenses Prevent and invasion of external organism

34. Disadvantages Older and indigenous cow will have trouble to adjusting to machine May increase the stress level and decrease the milk quality and quantity Need constant supply of electricity.

35. FEEDING & WATERING

36. Feeding of calf INTRODUCTION Calves are the future of dairy herd It is said that “good animals are raised, not purchased”. Raising calves is by far the most difficult operation in a dairy farming . Mortality rate of calf is very high (15-35 %) Successful calf growth & health- good management & nutrition of young calf Scientific rearing of calf is necessary Higher the plane of nutrition, earlier is the onset of puberty &quicker the return of capital Feed cost : > 60% of total expenditure

37. Practical feeding of calf FEEDING SCHEDULE OF CALF DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORY feeding during last trimester of pregnancy Nourishment of calf should be taken care much before it is born Extra nutrient should be given during last trimester of gestation dam should be provided with 15-20 kg green feed daily – to make colostrum rich vit A

38. 2. Pre-ruminant period- 0-3 month Feeding during pre-ruminant stage can be divided into fallowing steps 1. Colostrum feeding 2. Whole milk feeding 3. Milk replacer 4 . Calf starter 5 . Roughage - hay

39. 1 Colostrum feeding It should be given fresh as milked from the mother within two hours and minimum for the first three day after birth. Feed colostrum at a rate of 12% to 15% of the calf body weight Approximately 35% of ingested immunoglobulins can be absorbed when calves are fed colostrum immediately after birth.

40. IMPORTANT OF COLOSTRUM FEEDING Provide passive immunity Laxative effect Antitrypsin action Excellent source of Vit A,D, & E Excellent economic diet for both the neonates & older calves Contain antibacterial substances- lactoferrin,lactoperoxidase & lysozymeMethod of absorption of Ig from colostrum

41. METHODS OF FEEDING OF COLOSTRUM 1.Natural (Suckling) 2.Artificial a. Bottle feeding d. Bucket feeding

42. 2. WHOLE MILK FEEDING

43. 3. Milk replacers Milk replacers are usually fed in gruel form. Which is gradually increased with simultaneous decrease in the amount of Whole milk . Milk replacers is fed to calves as early as at 10days of age to replace. Milk replacers should be Low in fiber , contain minimum of 22% total protein & Contain 10-20% fat. Need for milk replacer feedin g High cost of milk Competition with the humans for food. Stimulate and optimize rumen development, Minimize the cost of feeding the young calves.

44. Feeding Schedule of Milk replacers

45. 4. Calf starter It is a solid feed consisting of ground grain soil cakes, animal protein supplements and bran’s fortified with vitamins, minerals and antibiotics feed supplements. It should contain. 23-26 good quality protein and 75 %total Digestible Nutrients A standard calf starter is offered from 10 day of age to supplement the Nutrient when they are raised on limited milk intake. Importance of starter Improves the health of calves It reduces the chances of diarrhea in calves Improve immune system Help in rumen development

46. 5. Roughase - Hay Hay is also important to a calf’s diet Start giving long, dry hay to calves at about 15 day of age Hay helps the calf’s stomach grow It also gives the calf extra energy Feeding dry feed is cheaper than milk  

47. 3 . FEEDING SCHEDULE OF CALVES FROM 3 MONTHS TO MATURITY From third month onward cultivated green forage can be given at the rate of 2kg per day and gradually increasing it to 5 to 10 kg at 6 month Similarly concentrate mixture is increased from 0.75 kg at 4 month to 1 kg at 5 month and 1.5 kg at 6 month of age. From 6 to 24 month of age 2 kg concentrate mixture with 16% CP and 70%TDN and 15 to 20 kg green fodder should be provided to each calf.  

48. Feeding of dairy cow Cattle will generally eat daily 2.0 to 2.5kg dry matter for every 1oo kg of live weight DRY MATTER   THUMB RULE 1 kg concentrate mixture for every 2.5 Kg milk production for cow 1kg concentrate mixture for every 2 kg milk production for buffalo  

49. Feeding phases in lactation curve PHASE 1 –early lactation - 0 to 70 day postpartum Milk production Increases rapidly during this period and the peak milk production occurs at 6 to 8 weeks after calving. Feed intake is not adequate because the appetite of the animal during the early lactation is reduced by 2 to 3 kg per day. During this period 16 -18% crude protein require & Roughase should be of high quality use. The animal has a negative energy balance the Roughase : concentrate ratio of the diet should be 60:40

50. LEAD FEEDING Once the pregnant animals calves the milk letdown is initiated and the milk production in dairy animals increases for 80 -90 days As the animal increases production during the first 3 months, it is beneficial to calculate her production needs and continues to add little extra nutrients to take care of the increasing production. Feeding a bit more then require is called lead Feeding , and also called challenge Feeding

51. PHASE 2 peak lactation70-140 day During this phase the feed intake is near maximum around 4% of body weight . During this period 15-17% crude protein require PHASE-3 late lactation-140-305 During this period when milk yield begin begin to fall. 12 % -14% crude protein require It is generally more profitable to improve the condition of cow in late lactation rather than in the dry period since lactating cows use energy more efficiently for weight gain(75%) compared to dry cow(59%).

52. 4.DRY PERIOD 60 day before parturition The dry period is between the end of one lactation and the beginning of the next. The purpose of the a dry period is to allow the cow udder an opportunity to regenerate secretory tissue and to allow the digestive system to recover from the stress of high levels of feed intake During this period 10%-12% crude protein require

53. Streaming Up : Steaming up is the feeding of a pregnant animals such as a dairy cow with a high plane of nutrition 6 to 8 weeks before calving/ giving birth. The feed should be of a good quality concentrate plus some good quality forage. Important of the this feed to weight gain around 25 -30 kg Feeding concentrate is helpful to stimulate the restoration of the rumen papillae which in turn increases post calving absorption from the rumen.

54. WATER REQUIREMENT Around 60-70 litres of water require for maintenance of adult cow plus 5 litres for each litre of milk production Water requirement increases by 6 L/day for every 4° C raise in air temperature.  

55. HOUSING MANAGEMENT

56. HOUSING MANAGEMENT All animals require shelter for protection and comfort. They can perform better under favorable environmental conditions. Housing of animals needs large initial capital to the extent the dairy farmers can afford. The animals are to be protected from high and low temperature, strong sunlight, heavy rainfall, high humidity, snowfall, strong winds, ecto -parasite and endo -parasites and also from predatory animals. The comfortable temperature range for dairy breeds of cattle, buffaloes and goats is 15 C to 27 C . Climatic stress occurs when the temperature goes 5 C below or above this range. It is important to provide sufficient flow of air through the building in which the animals are kept to ensure optimum thermal conditions for dairy animals.

57. Objectives: To protect the cows from extreme climatic conditions. To protect the cows from the predators. Efficient herd management in terms of feeding, watering, cleaning, health management, handling etc. Better efficiency of labour utilization.

58. Points to be considered while deciding the location of dairy farm: Topography and drainage: Should be at a high elevation than surrounding area. Road: Accessibility to road in all seasons. Calm place: Away from noisy place. Water supply: Adequate supply of soft, clean and fresh drinking water round the year. Electricity: 24 hour supply of electricity. Distance from human habitat: Reasonable distance to avoid pollution but labour can be available easily. Market facility: Near to market or strong link to sell milk/milk product and purchase requirement.

59. TYPES OF HOUSING SYSTEMS: Conventional Housing or Stanchion Barn In this system, the cows are tied throughout the day and night in a completely enclosed structure or shed. Feeding, watering, milking, treatment etc are carried out at the same place. This system is followed in cold climate area or at place where land availability is problem or higher cost. Advantage : More cows per unit area.

60. Loose Housing System:

61. Here the cows are kept loose all time, except temporary tying at milking or treatment time. Facilities like manger and water-trough under the shed to cows for free access to feed, water and rest. Advantage: Cows free access to feed, water, sunlight etc. Cheaper construction cost Expansion of shed is easy and economical. The shed can be utilized for cows or heifers. Labour saving. Limitation: Separate milking parlour required on large farms. More labour required for catching and handling of cows. More chances of spreading contagious/infectious diseases. Heat or sick detection is difficult. Dominance within herd leads problem in feeding. 

62. The length and width of the standings shall 1.5 to 1.7 m in length and 1.05 to 1.20 m in width. The width of the central passage shall be 1.5 to 1.8 m. The central passage shall have a gentle slope from the centre towards the drain. There shall be two continuous mangers, one on each side along the heads of standing rows and a 0.6 or 0.75 m wide feeding alley beyond each manger. There shall be a shallow U shaped drain 20-30 cm wide, one on either side of the central passage; in case of single row barn one drain towards the standings side of the passage is sufficient. There should be walls along the length and at each end of the sheds to support the beams of the roof. BUILDINGS REQUIRED ON A DAIRY FARM:

63. ROOF The roof should be light, strong, durable, weatherproof, good looking, a bad conductor of heat and free from tendency to condense moisture inside. There are two types of roof 1) sloping 2) flat. Flat roofs are preferred in low rainfall dry area while sloping roofs are desirable in medium to heavy rainfall areas. There are several material available for roofing farm building including galvanized iron sheets, corrugated asbestos and aluminum sheets, wood, bamboo etc.

64. Floor: The floors shall be hard, impervious to water and easy to clean The floor may be Cement concrete Brick-on-edge flooring Stone-slab-flooring Moorum or kankar flooring

65. Mangers Mangers are very important structure in loose house as the whole feeding plan may flop because of manger of improper size. Mangers can be made either in the covered area or in the open lot.   Depth = 40cm Width = 60cm Height of inner wall = 50cm Height of outer wall = 100cm

66. Milking Barn:

67. This is a fully covered barn in which the milch stocks are milked. There is lot of activities in the milking barn and hence it should be located at a central place with all other buildings arranged around it. There shall be individual standings or stalls or stanchions in one or two rows. Double rows of standings can be arranged either tail-to-tail or face-to-face. Each standing can be used for two or three cows or buffaloes when hand milking is practiced. The numbers of standings required on a farm are thus equal to half to one-third of the number of milch stock. Milking Barn:

68. Sheds for milch /dry cows : These are sheds for housing milch cows and dry cows separately. On small farms a partition can be raised in one shed for housing dry cows separately. On farms with only a few animals, all the cows (milking or dry) can be housed together. These are simple sheds comprising a covered portion and an adjoining open paddock. The covered area should preferably be of cement concrete. Brick-on-edge or stone-slab flooring can also be used.

69. Maternity pens:

70. Maternity pens: Pregnant cows are to be transferred into maternity pens or calving boxes two to three weeks before the expected date of calving. The number of calving boxes or maternity pens required is about 5 % of the number of breedable female stock on the farm . These should be located nearer to living quarters of farmer and milking barn, so that the down calvers are constantly observed; pens can be constructed either in a row or in groups of two or four. The dimensions of each calving pen shall be about 3 x 4 m for covered area and another 3 x 4 m for the open paddock. The covered area shall have a 1.25m high wall all around, barring a 1.2m wide gate opening into the open lot. A manger and a water trough of proper size should be constructed in each pen. The floors shall be of morum , brick-on-edge or cement paved with a 1 in 40 slope toward the drain.

71. Calf shed

72. Calf shed The calf shed can be located either at the end or on the side of the milking bran. This facilitates taking calves to their dams quickly at milking time (if weaning is not practiced), and feeding or milk to calves if weaning is practiced. If there is a large number of a calf, the calf shed shall form a separate unit but located nearer to milking barn, so that calves of different age groups can be housed separately. The dimensions of calf shed depend on the number of the calves to be housed. The dimensions of mangers and water troughs shall be as per specifications. Floors shall be of cement concrete in covered area and brick-on-edge in open area.

73. The space requirements of dairy animals as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) are given in table below. Sr. No. Type of Animal Floor space /animal (Sq. m.) Feeding Space /animal (cm) Watering Space/animal (cm) Maximum number of animal per pen Covered Area Open Area 1 Young calves (<8 weeks) 1.0 2.0 40-50 10-15 30 2 Older calves (>8 weeks) 2.0 4.0 40-50 10-15 30 3 Heifers 2.0 4.0-5.0 45-60 30-45 60 4 Adult cows 3.5 7.0 60-75 45-60 50 5 Down calvers 12.0 20-25 60-75 60-75 1 6 Bulls 12.0 120.0 60-75 60-75 1 7 Bullocks 3.5 7.0 60-75 60-75 Pairs

74. DIFFERENT OPRATIONS IN FARM Disbudding Deworming Vaccination

75. DISBUDDING 1.CHEMICAL METHOD: Must be done within 1wk of age Caustic soda ( NaOH or KOH)is used SHOULD BE DONE AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE (1-2WKS OF AGE)

76. 2.HOT IRON METHOD : Proper restraining or anesthesia should be given Avoid during hot and humid weather like in autumn and summer After care: fly repellents Should be applied , NSAIDs should be given

77. VACCINATION SCHEDULE

78. DEWORMING SCHEDULE : Should be started from 1 week of age Upto 6 months of age – deworm the calf at every month Afterwards deworm the animals at every 3 -4months intervals In adult and older animals deworming before and during the monsoon season is essential

79. Classification of Dewormers

80. Commonly used anthelmentics : [email protected]/kg b.wt Albendazole@10mg/kg b.wt;single dose [email protected]/kg b.wt;single dose Oxyclozanide@10-15mg/kg PO Piperazine@110-300mg/kg PO

81. CASES OBSERVED DURING INTERNSHIP PERIOD IN OUR FARM

82. DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS USED IN FARM

83. Rotavator Rotavator is a tractor-drawn implement which is mainly used for seed bed preparation within one or two passes and is suitable in removing & mixing residual of maize, wheat, sugarcane etc., thereby, helps to improve soil health and save fuel, cost, time & energy as well.

84. Disc plough The disc plough is designed to work in all types of soil for functions such as soil breaking, soil raising, soil turning and soil mixing . It is used to open the new fields and to process the stony areas. It can be used easily at rocky and rooted areas.

85. Tractor Tractors have traditionally been used on farms to mechanize several agricultural tasks. Modern tractors are used for ploughing , tilling and planting fields in addition to routine lawn care, landscape maintenance, moving or spreading fertilizer and clearing bushes.

86. Seed driller A seed drill (hoe drill or seeder)is a sowing device that sows the seed precisely in the soil at proper depth and distance. Then it covers them with soil. It protects the seeds from birds and saves time and labour .

87. Square baler A baler or hay baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, cotton, flax straw, salt marsh hay, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport, and store.

88. Forage harvester A forage harvester is also known as a silage harvester, forager or chopper -- is a farm implement that harvests forage plants to make silage. Silage is grass, corn or hay, which has been chopped into small pieces, and compacted together in a storage silo, silage bunker, or in silage bags.

89. Chaff cutter A chaff cutter is a mechanical device for cutting straw or hay into small pieces before being mixed together with other forage and fed to horses and cattle. This aids the animal's digestion and prevents animals from rejecting any part of their food.

90. Multi crop chopper Its used to chop crops such as maize, corn etc into small pieces, which can be used as cattle feed.

91. Straw reaper Straw Reaper offered provides functioning as a threshing machine where it runs the function of cutting, threshing as well as cleaning the straw in one operation.

92. Tractor sprayer used to apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on agricultural crops.

93. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

94. INITIAL CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Cost of animals(@ Rs. 60,000 /-each) : 60,00,000 /- Cost of shed( 100cows and 100 calves). : Cows Covered area (3.5 sqm /animal @ Rs. 1000/ sqm ). : 3,50,000/- Open area. (7 sqm /animal @ Rs. 300/ sqm ). : 2,10,000 /- Calves Covered area (1 sqm /animal @ Rs. 1000/ sqm ). : 1,00,000 /- Open area (2 sqm /animal @ Rs. 300/ sqm ). : 60,000/- Cost of equipments: (@ Rs. 1000/animal.). : 1,00,000/- Office room :1,00,000/- Total Rs . : 69,20,000/-

95. Financial pattern Bank loan @ 75% of capital investment Rs . : 51,90,000/- Margin money @ 25% of capital investment Rs. : 17,30,000/- Expenses: Fixed cost: Depreciation on shed (@ 5% annually ) : 36,000/- Depreciation on machinery &equipments(@ 5% annually) : 5,000/- Interest on bank loan (@ 12.5% annually) : 6,48,750/- Insurance premium ( @ 5% annually on costof animals) : 3,00,000/- Loan repayment ( annualy ) : 10,38,000/- Total Rs . :20,22,750/-

96. Variable cost: Cost of green fodder @ 30 kg/cow/day : 32,85,000/- for 1 year @ Rs. 300/ qtl Cost of dry fodder @ 5 kg/cow/day for : 5,84,000/- 1 year @ Rs. 400/ qtl Cost of concentrate @ 4 kg/day/cow for : 32,12,000/- 365 days and @ 0.5 kg/day/calf for 365 days. + 4,01,500/- @ Rs. 22/kg Labour expenses @ Rs. 9000/month for 1 year : 1,08,000 /- Veterinary care (@ Rs. 1000/cow @ Rs. 5000/calf annually). : 1,50,000/- Miscellaneous expenses : 1,00,000/- Total Rs. : 78,40,500/- Total expenses Rs. :98,63,250/-

97. Income Sale of milk @ 20 kg/cow/day for 305 days (@ Rs. 36/kg). : 2,19,60,000/- Value of heifers @ Rs.5000 for male and :2,50,000/- Rs. 10000 for female (10% mortality). : 5,00,000/- Sale of empty gunny bags (3000 bags @ Rs 20/bag ). : 60,000 /- Sale of manure (40 kg/day/ALU...@ Rs. 200/ton) : 2,92,000/- Total Rs. :2,30,62,000/- Gross profit = D – C (variable cost) Rs.:1,52,21,500/- Net profit = D – C (Fixed + Variable cost). Rs.:1,31,98,750/-

98. NABARD National Bank for agricultural and rural development. It is an Apex development finance institution fully owned by Gov.of India. Purpose: rural development, credit planning ,bank supervision Facilitating credit flow  

99. India is one of the largest milk producer in the world. Despite of water scarcity in Gujarat, dairy industry is well established at present and is taken as a model for other states. It is a good source of income generation for small/marginal farmers and agricultural labours . In dairy farming, there is excellent opportunity for self employment of unemployed youth.

100. THANK YOU VOCAL for LOCAL