Data collect & Tools for data collection

Data collection method

1. Data collection & Tools used for data collection Ms. Sutapa paul Professor TCN

2. 5 W’S

3. Data sources :

4. Primary sources :

5. Secondary sources :

6. i ) Published records : 7. Commission Reports

7. ii) Unpublished Records:

8. Interviews : Schedule & Opinionnaire Questioning (Self Report) : a) Questionnaires b) Opinionnaire ( list of statements subject reject them as per their opinion), in survey c) Attitude Scale ( eg : likert scale) d) Visual analogue Scale Methods of data collection:

9. 3. Observation : Rating scales Check lists Anecdots Video tapes / Films ( recorded from before) Closed circuit TV (video camera surveillance in specific place, live) Methods of data collection:

10. 4. Biophysical methods : In vivo measurements ( eg : BP ) In vitro measurements ( eg : Blood test ) 5. Other methods : Projective technique (allow respondents to project their subjective or true opinions & beliefs onto other people or even objects, eg : word association test, sentence completion test, etc.) Q- sorts (systematic study of participant view points. Eg:100 cards choose in a situation from that 9 to 11 cards taken) Vignettes ( situation in which judgments about people are subject to biases or distortions , short scenarios or pictorial form) Methods of data collection:

11. The nature of phenomenon under study. Type of Research subject. The type of Research study. The purpose of research study. Size of the study sample. Distribution of target population. Time frame of the study. Literacy level of the subject. Availability of the resources & manpower. Researcher’s knowledge level & competence. Selection of method of data collection:

12. A method of data collection in which one person (interviewer) asks the questions from another person (interviewee or respondents) , which is conducted either face to face or telephonically. Interview

13. Types of interview: Interview

14. Types of interview: Interview

15. Pre interview introduction Developing rapport (IPR) Carrying interview forward Recording interview Closing interview Steps of Interview:

16. Strangers meet Transitory Relation Verbal Recording possible Purposeful conversation Face to face Not always single Perception vary Modified as situation Characteristics of interview:

17. Provide in depth & detailed information Permits greater depth of response Data from illiterate subjects Higher response Clarify misunderstandings Ask questions at several levels Helps to gather other supplementary information Use of special devices Accuracy can be checked Flexible & adaptable For people who are unable to write their responses Benefits of interview:

18. Time consuming & are costly affairs Different interviewers may understand& translate interviews in different ways High degree chances of interview biases. Disadvantages of interview:

19. Questionnaires : a question is a structured instrument consisting of a series of questions prepared by researcher that a research subject is asked to complete, to gather data from individuals about knowledge, attitude beliefs & feelings. Questioning

20. Questionnaires can be :

21. Types of questions :

22. Types of Closed format or ended questions : j . Matrix Questions

23. Have you ever hospitalized? i ) yes ii) No a. Dichotomous questions:

24. Hypothesis indicate the relationship in between Statistical significance between the two variables Relationship between 2 assumptions Relationship between 2 limitation Statistical significance between 2 variable with nominal data b. Multiple choice questions:

25. Select a response that most closely corresponds to their views. Eg . What do you think about hormone replacement therapy ? It is dangerous, should be avoided One should be cautious while using it I am uncertain about my view It is beneficial, should be promoted Ans : ii) c. Cafeteria question:

26. Rank responses most favorable to least favorable. eg ; what according to you is most important for your life. Rank from most favorable to least favorable : Money Education Family Health d . Rank order Questions

27. A question that is asked further only if the respondent gives a particular responses to previous question. Eg : Are you stressed? No Yes , if yes what are the reasons? ------------ e. Contingency questions

28. How you rank the education quality in India? 1 2 3 4 Good Fair Poor Very Poor f. Rating questions :

29. Respondance are asked to rate the importance of a particular issue, on a rating scale of 1 to 5.this helps to know that the things or issues that are important to a respondent. eg : Exercising every day is ________ for the health. 1 2 3 4 5 Extremely very somewhat not very not at all Imp. Imp. Imp. Imp. Imp. g. Importance Rating questions:

30. Likert questions help to know how strongly the respondent agrees with a particular statement. These question help to assess how respondent feels towards a certain issue or service. eg : is this community a good place to raise children? 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree h. Liket question :

31. Are question that have two extreme answers. Respondent has to mark his or her responses between two opposite ends of the scale. Eg : what is your balance of preference here? I like going for walks [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] I like watching movie i . Bipolar question:

32. Matrix question include multiple question and identical response categories are assigned. Questions are placed one under another, forming a matrix. Response categories are placed along the top & a list of questions down the side. Eg : please let us know your weekly schedule of the following: Monday Tuesday Wednesday ……..Sunday Gym_______ Aerobic ____ Eating ______ Drink alcohol_______ Beverages _____ j) Matrix question:

33. Points to remember for questions:

34. Postal : low cost, not labour intensive, Anonymity Phone : high speed, rapport with respondent, detailed question, high response rate Electronic ( fax, computer) : low cost, high speed, anonymity, not lour intensive Personally administered : detailed question, high response rate Methods of Questionnaire Administration:

35. A scale is a device designed to assign a numeric score to people to place them on a continuum with respect to attributes being measured, like a scale for measuring attitudes or weight or so on. Composite scales are socio-psychological measurement which are directed towards quantifying the qualitative attributes such as feelings, attitude, self concept, perceptions, beliefs, etc. Attitude scale / composite scale :

36. Are socio psychological rating scales, which are generally used for qualitative measures & discriminate people with different attribute, perception, fears, motives, personality traits and needs those are often incorporated into interviews or questionnaires. Composite scales

37. Likert scale Semantic differential scale Attitude scales commonly used by nurses are:

38. Psycologist Rensis Likert in 1932 introduced 5 points with mixture of (+) ve & (-) ve declaration statements to measure variables. There are : 4 point likert scale as strongly agree, moderately agree, disagree & uncertain. 5 point likert scale as strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, strongly diagree . 7 points likert scale as very strongly agree, strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, strongly disagree, very strongly disagree. Liket scale

39. Basically it is used to measure the attitudes, values, feelings of people about specific concepts such as situations, people, place andobjects , programmes, practices, policies & so on. Use of likert scale

40. Psychological measurement tool: attitude, value, feelings. Illustrative in nature: degree of agreement & disagreement Neutral statements Bipolar scaling method : (+) ve & (-) ve statement, so that respondents casual response bias can be eliminated. Measurement of the specific number of scaling categories, Characteristics of likert scale:

41. Items VSA SA A U D SD VSD Person with multiple sex partners are at high risk of AIDS (+) ve You can get AIDS by sharing utensils (-) ve Example :

42. Osgood Suci & Tannenbaum introduced the method first in their book “The measurement of Meaning” in 1967. Semantic differential scale is a type of rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events & concepts. These connotations are used to derive the respondents attitude towards the objects, events & concepts. Semantic differential scale

43. Good-Bad, Beneficial- Harmful,etc . used in : Patient satisfaction survey Customer satisfaction survey Employee survey Marketing survey Operational research Personality measurement Clinical psychology Example :

44. Evaluation Potency Activity Good -bad Hard-soft Active –passive Kind-cruel Strong-weak Fast-slow Wise-foolish Heavy-light Hot-cold Adjective pairs: Beautiful –ugly deep-shallow motivated-aimless

45. Eg : to assess the belief about HIV/AIDS: Cure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Death No punishment 1 2 3 4 5 67 Punishment Social acceptance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S ocial rejection Affordable Rx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Expensive Rx Normal life 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Miserable life Bipolar

46. It is Psychomotor response scale. VAS is a tool used to measure or help a person rate the intensity of certain sensations & feelings, such as pain. Eg : No pain worst pain ever Vissual A nalogue S cale :

47. Measures : sensation or feelings such as pain, discomfort, anxiety, alertness, quality of sleep, severity of clinical symptoms, functional ability, attitude towards env . Condition. Advantage : Subject centered. Dis advantage : group assessment not possible Use :

48. Is a technique for collecting all the data or acquiring information through occurrences that can be observed through senses with or without mechanical devices. Observations:

49. To understand an ongoing process or situation. To gather data on individual behaviors or interaction between people. To know about a physical setting. Data collection where other methods are not possible. Uses :

50. 1. Structured observation Check list Ratting scale Category system 2. Unstructured observation Log & field notes Anecdots Field diary Video recording 3. Participant observation 4. Non- participant observation Types of Observation :

51. Determine the focus Design a system for data collection Select the sites Select the observers Train the observers Time your observations appropriately Planning for observation:

52. Refers to a scale with a set of opinion, which describes varying degree of the dimension of an a ttitude being observed. It is value judgment. eg : level of performance 3 point, 5point, 7point. How good was the nursing care you received? Always ------sometimes -------never Rating scale :

53. 1. Graphic rating scale: How much are you satisfied with noise control in your ward? Least ---------------------- Most 2. Descriptive rating scale : Not use number but the verbal phrases. Eg : Judge the level of performance of nursing personnel in ICU. Types of Rating scale : Name nursing personnel in a ward Level of Very active Clinical Active Performance Moderately active Passive

54. 3. Numerical rating scale : pain scale 4. comparative rating scale : researcher makes a judgment about an attribute of a person by comparing it with that of a similar another person. Eg . Mr. S en’s decision making abilities closely similar of Mr. Majumder . Types of Rating scale :

55. A checklist is a simple instrument consisting prepared list of expected items of performance or attributes, which are checked by a researcher for their presence or absence. Eg : students performance during surgical; dressing . Place“ tick” mark: Check list Behaviors Yes No Remarks 1. Explain procedure 2. Collect necessary equipments 3. etc.