Data Collection sources types and methods

Data collection sources types and methods

1. DATA COLLECTION: SOURCES, TYPES AND METHODS BY NITIKA M.Sc. 1 st YEAR ROLL no 2232789002 Submitted To Mr. Sandeep sir

2. CONTENTS Data Data collection Types of data collection Sources Methods

3. DATA Data is a collection of facts, such as a numbers, words, measurements, observation or just description of things. Data represents information collected in the form of number and facts. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA The geographical fact which are expressed numerically and symbolically are called geographical data.

4. DATA

5. NATURE OF DATA According to the nature of data, data is classified into two categories :- QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION Classification of data according to characteristics and attributes is called qualitative classification of data. In such a classification , data are categorized on the basis of some attributes or qualities. Such as Gender, Literacy, Religion, Social groups etc.

6. QUALITATIVE DATA SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION MANIFOLD CLASSIFICATION

7. Qualitative data are classified into the following two types:- SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION :- In such type of classification of data, we categorize data precisely into two groups. For example :- If the students population is to be analyzed concerning one attributes that is educational qualification, then we can classify them into two groups namely educated or uneducated.

8. 2. MANIFOLD CLASSIFICATION :- A part from forming two groups, if we further divide the data, based on some additional attributes with in those attributes it is identified as a manifold classification. For example :- The some classification of the students can done on the basis of their gender.

9. B . QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION Quantitative classification of data refer to variables of quantities that can be either estimated or operated on. The implies in contrast of qualitative classification, quantitative classification of data enables the numerical distribution of the data into classes.

10. A quantitative type of variable can be meausured and operated. The quantitative data are of two types:- Discrete quantitative data Continuous quantitative data DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE DATA:- Discrete Q.D points to variables that can be counted and possessed a finite fixed amount. For example :- The population in a region.

11. CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE DATA :- Data that can be measured and have any value is counted under continuous quantitative data. For example :- The temp. of a day.

12. DATA COLLECTION Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables. In an established system, which them enables one to answer relevant questions, test hypothesis and evaluate outcomes.

13. TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION

14. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION This type of data collection is done by the investigator having visit of the concern region. In other words, it’s data that’s collected by the organization that expects to use it. Methods include surveys, interviews, observation, and focus groups.

15. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION It is done by the investigator with the help of published or unpublished sources. It means that the information is already available, and someone analyses it. The secondary data includes magazines, newspapers, books, journal, etc.

16. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

17. PRIMARY SOURCES Primary sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Primary sources can include :- Interview, speech, observation, questionnaire, schedule etc .

18. SECONDARY SOURCES A secondary sources is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analysis information from primary sources. Common examples include : Books, articles and documentaries that synthesize information on a topic.

19. PUBLISHED SOURCES

20. PUBLISHED SOURCES Published sources refer to materials that have undergone the process of publication, meaning the information contained in them has been reviewed and approved for public consumption. Examples of published sources include :- books, academic journals, newspapers, magazines and other printed materials.

21. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION :- Statistical Abstract of India Annual survey of industries Agriculture statics of India Report on currency and Banking Labour Gazette Reserve bank of India Bulletin etc. SEMI-GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION :- Municipality Municipal council District council( by birth rate, death rate, literacy)

22. INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS :- United nations educational scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO). United nation development index(UNDP). World health organization(WHO). Food & Agriculture organization(FAO). Published reports and Monograph. Timely publishes of U.N – Demographic year book, statistical year book and HDR.

23. PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS :- Commercial and research like the Institute of economic growth Stock change National council of applied research etc. NEWSPAPER&MAGAZINE :- Daily newspaper, weekly N.P, monthly N.P and yearly N.P Yojna, The economic times. Television. ELECTRONIC MEDIA :- Television Internet

24. UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Unpublished sources of secondary data means data which need not be published. These records are maintained by the private firms, business enterprises, research works, scholars etc.

25. UNPUBLISHED DATA

26. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS :- Unpublished reports, monographs documents ……. Prepared by difference levels of govt. Example :- village revenue…. Prepared by village patwari an village level in reference to village. SEMI-GOVT DOCUMENTS :- Different municipal committee, district council, union service reports Development planning etc.

27. PRIVATE DOCUMENTS :- Unpublished reports & records of companies. Trade organizations Different political and non-political organization Nivas kalyan society.

28. METHODS OF D.C

29. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION :- Methods of data collection can be classified on two basis i.e. 1) On the basis of type of data :- Primary data collection method Secondary data collection method 2) On the basis of methodology followed :- Census method Sampling method

30. On the basis of types :- Primary data Secondary data METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA :- Observation method Interview method Questionnaire and schedule

31. OBSERVATION :- The observation method is the most commonly used method specially in studies relating to behavioral sciences. Observation is way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, or nothing physical characteristics in their natural setting. Observation can be overt(everyone knows they are being observed) or covert ( no one knows they are being observed and the observer is concealed).

32. OBSERVATION METHOD :-

33. Approach : - 1. Participant 2. Non-Participant Situation : - Controlled Uncontrolled Methodology :- Structured unstructured

34. MERITS OF OBSERVATION :- Easiest method. It describes the phenomenon precisely as it occurs in the natural research environment. Data collected by observation is much more reliable, high accuracy. Appropriate tool. Less cooperation of the respondent is needed.

35. DEMERITS :- Everything is not observed. Past life remains unknown. Time consuming. Expensive- requires plenty of time, strict, and detailed work and high cost. Personal bias. Sometimes difficult to analyze.

36. INTERVIEW :- The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method can be used through personal interviews and, if possible, through telephone interviews.

37. INTERVIEW

38. PERSONAL :- DIRECT PERSONAL INTERVIEW INDIRECTORAL INTERVIEW STRUCTURED SEMI-STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED TELEPHONIC: QUESTIONARE\SCHEDULE:

39. Merits Of Interview :- Data is rich and informative. Participant may be more open then in a group setting. Deep and free response. Flexible, adaptable Good response rate Complex questions possible Longer interview possible Direct introduction Originality, accuracy, reliable

40. Demerits Of Interview :- Employees may worry the information they provide will be identified. Interview may need tanning to conduct interview. Costly of time and personal Impractical with large of respondent Very expensive Interview bias Wrong conclusion

41. QUESTIONNAIRE AND SCHEDULE :- QUESTIONNAIRE SCHEDULE The questionnaire is generally sent through mail to informants to be answered as specified in a covering letter, but otherwise without further assistance from the sender . The schedule is generally filled out by the research worker or the enumerator, who can interpret questions when necessary.

42. QUESTIONNAIRE MERITS DEMERITS Economical Wide coverage Suitable in special type of response An easier method Anonymity Most flexible tool for data collection Limited response Unreliability Illegibility Incomplete entries Useless in depth studies Not suitable for delicate issues

43. SCHEDULE MERITS DEMERITS When informants are illiterate. Directly information In extensive studies, it is very useful and can get more reliable data. Expensive process Lot of time May not responds to some personal questions Reliability depends on data collection honesty and dedication.

44. Methodology Followed CENSUS METHOD SAMPLING METHOD Data is collected from each and every element of the population. Only some representative items of a population are selected & data collected from them are used for analysis.

45. CENSUS METHOD MERITS DEMERITS Reliable & accurate Less biased Extensive information Study of diverse characteristics Study of complex investigation Costly Large manpower Not suitable for large investigation

46. SAMPLING METHOD :- MERITS DEMERITS Economical Time saving Identification of error Large investigation More scientific Partial Wrong conclusion Difficulty in framing a sample Specialized knowledge

47. Reference:- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (METHODS AND TECHNIQUES ) BY: - C.R KOTHARI GAURAV GARG BUSINESS STATISTIC BY:- T.R JAIN S.C AGGARWAL STATISTICAL METHODS BY:- S.P GUPTA AN INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL METHODS BY :- C.B GUPTA VIJAY GUPTA

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