DATA-MANAGEMENTDATA-MANAGEMENTDATA-MANAGEMENTDATA-MANAGEMENT

Statistics

1. DATA MANAGEMENT

2. STATISTICS It is a branch of Mathematics dealing with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

3. STATISTICS A systematic collection of data on measurement.

4. DATA GATHERING Direct or Interview Method Indirect or Questionnaire Method Registration Method Observation Method Experimental Method

5. Direct or Interview Method Person to person encounter between the source of information, the interviewee and the one gathers information, the interviewer. Personal Interview Telephonic Interview

6. Indirect or Questionnaire Method Technique in which questionnaire is used to elicit the information or data needed. The questionnaire is consisting of questions printed or type written in the definite order on a form or a set of forms.

7. Registration Method Obtains data from the records of the government agency authorized by law to keep such data or information and made these available to the researchers. Birth and Death Rates Number of Registered Cars List of Registered Voters

8. Observation Method Technique in which data particularly those pertaining to the behaviors of individuals or group of individuals during the given situation. Example: Allowing children to play with selected toys to determine which is most popular Children’s Behavior Costumer’s Movement Number of costumers visiting to the store Costumers’ responses in a retail store

9. Experimental Method A system used to gather data from the results of performed series of experiments on some controlled and experimental variables. Commonly used in scientific inquiries Based on observation Example: Drinking alcohol negatively affects memory If students sleep less before the exam, then their grades on the exam will be lower

10. CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES Qualitative / Categorical Variable Quantitative Variable

11. Qualitative / Categorical Variable A variable that yields categorical responses Example: Names Color Marital Status

12. Quantitative Variable A variable that takes on numerical values representing the amount or quantity. Example: Height Weight Number of Siblings

13. 2 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE DISCRETE CONTINUOUS A variable which can be assume finite Usually measured by counting or enumeration Example: Number of students in a class Number of eggs in a basket Family members A variable which can be assume infinitely many corresponding to line interval. Example: Weight/Height Windspeed Time required to run a mile

14. FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

15. NOMINAL Assign names or labels to observation in purely arbitrary sequence Labels are used to classify the respondents or objects without ordering Examples: Gender Brand of Cellphones Religion Civil Status Phone Number Main Source of Allowance

16. ORDINAL Assign numbers or labels to observation with implied ordering Ranking on respondents' preferences Examples: Stage of Cancer T-Shirt Size Educational Level Satisfaction Level

17. INTERVAL Reflect distance between rank position of the respondents or objects in equal units This scale gives the distance between any two numbers of known sizes No true absolute zero point Can be manipulated algebraically by addition and subtraction but not multiplication and division Examples: Temperature SAT Scores

18. RATIO Reflect the existence of true absolute zero point as its origin Doesn’t have negative number unlike interval Ratio of two scale point is independent of the unit of measurement Can be manipulated algebraically by multiplication and division and has all properties of Interval data Examples: Distance Height Weight

19. TRY THIS Hair color of women on a high school tennis team Temperatures of 22 selected refrigerators Number of pages in your statistics book The ratings of a movie ranging from poor to good to excellent Nationality

20. Different Ways or Forms to Present Data Textual Form – Makes use of words, sentences, and paragraphs in presentation

21. Different Ways or Forms to Present Data Tabular Form – Systematic presentation of data in rows and columns. Used when related numerical facts need to be classified in arrays Simple Focus on the readers’ attention on the data rather than on the form Meanings and significance of information being presented are clear

22. Different Ways or Forms to Present Data Graphical Form – Shows numerical values or relationship in pictorial form. Makes use of graph, symbols or visual aids Accurate – Reflect the highest degree accuracy Simple – Basic design should be simple and straight forward Clear – It should be easily read and understood Attractive – Holding a neat, dignified and professional appearance

23. TYPES OF GRAPHS Line Graph Data cover a long period of time Several series are compared Movements are to be emphasized Trends are to be established Estimates are to be forcasted

24. TYPES OF GRAPHS Bar Graph Numerical values of an item over a period of time are compared Consist of regular bars represents the quantity of frequency for each category

25. TYPES OF GRAPHS Pie Graph Used to show the percentage or composition by parts of a whole

26. TYPES OF GRAPHS Pictograph or Pictogram Used to immediately suggest the nature of data