DATACOLLECTION-REPORT.( practical Consideration, sources of data ,

### Introduction to Data Collection in Research Studies

Data collection is a fundamental aspect of any research study, serving as the foundation upon which findings and conclusions are built. It involves gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in a systematic fashion that enables researchers to answer research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The integrity and reliability of the research results are significantly influenced by the data collection methods used. Hence, understanding the various aspects of data collection is crucial for conducting robust and credible research.

### Purpose and Importance of Data Collection

The primary purpose of data collection is to obtain information that can provide insights into the research question or hypothesis. High-quality data collection methods ensure the accuracy, consistency, and validity of the data, which are critical for making informed decisions and drawing reliable conclusions. Inaccurate or biased data collection can lead to erroneous conclusions and affect the generalizability of the study results.

### Types of Data in Research Studies

Data in research can be broadly categorized into two types: qualitative and quantitative.

1. **Quantitative Data**: This type of data is numerical and can be measured and quantified. It is often used to answer questions related to how much, how often, or to what extent. Examples include age, weight, scores, and frequencies. Quantitative data collection methods include surveys, experiments, and secondary data analysis.

2. **Qualitative Data**: This type of data is descriptive and involves characteristics that cannot be measured numerically. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences. Examples include interview transcripts, observations, and open-ended survey responses. Qualitative data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, and content analysis.

### Data Collection Methods

The choice of data collection method depends on the research question, objectives, and the type of data required. Here are some commonly used methods:

#### Surveys and Questionnaires

Surveys and questionnaires are widely used for collecting quantitative data. They can be administered in various ways, including online, face-to-face, telephone, or mail.

- **Advantages**: Cost-effective, can reach a large audience, easy to administer and analyze.
- **Disadvantages**: Limited by respondents' willingness and ability to answer accurately, potential for low response rates, and the design of the questions can influence the results.

#### Interviews

Interviews are used to collect qualitative data and can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

- **Structured Interviews**: Follow a fixed set of questions, ensuring consistency across interviews.
- **Semi-Structured Interviews**: Have a guide with open-ended questions, allowing for flexibility and probing deeper into responses.
- **Unstructured Interviews**:

1. DATA COLLECTION

2. OBJECTIVES: 2 Identify practical considerations in data collection . Recognize the reliability of different data sources. Learn effective data management and organization techniques.

3. Data collection 3 is the systematic process of gathering information or data from various sources, such as surveys, interviews, observations, or existing databases. It involves planning, selecting appropriate methods, and ensuring the reliability of collected data .

4. Data collection 4 DATA : refers to information, facts, or statistics collected for analysis, decision-making, or reference. It can be numerical or qualitative and is fundamental for research, insights, and informed decision-making processes . RAW DATA: are unprocessed bits of information about some topic or event.

5. Classification Data 5 Quantitative data : can be counted or measured e.g. age, income, years, farm size, inflation rate etc. Qualitative data : cannot be counted or measured but can only be explained, male or female, scale of operation, opinion of group of people etc.

6. Classification Data 6 Discrete data : have distinct value with no intermediate points Continuous data : can take any value

7. Practical Considerations in Data Collection

8. 8 Define the purpose of your data collection Resource Availability Develop a plan for how you will collect the data Methods Instruments/Tools Decide who will be responsible for collecting the data Ethical Consideration Cultural Sensitivity

9. Data sources and their reliability

10. 10 For data to be considered valid and reliable, data collection should occur consistently and systematically throughout the course of the research project. Data sources and their reliability

11. 11

12. 13 Primary data

13. 14 SECONDARY DATA

14. PRIMARY DATA VS . SECONDARY DATA 15

15. Data management and organization

16. Data management and organization 17 Data Collection Tools Data Storage Data Cleaning Data Documentation Data Security Data Analysis Plan

17. Thank you Jeremie Privaldo Michelle Rejano Moreno Charlene Kaye Jimboy Rubio

18. references 19 Smith, J. (2018). Research Methods in Social Sciences . Publisher XYZ. Johnson, R., & Christensen, L. (2020). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches . Publisher ABC. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña , J. (2019). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook . Publisher DEF. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Publisher GHI.