Declarative, Procedural, and Funtional Knowledge (BATLAG & BADONIO).pptx

Declarative procedural and functional knowledge

1. Knowledge is power but without action k n o w l e d g e is useless.

2. H O W M A N Y D O O R S A R E T H E R E I N Y O U R H O M E ?

3. H O W M A N Y L E T T E R S A R E T H E R E I N A L P H A B E T ?

4. C A T E G O R I Z E K N O W L E D G E A C C O R D I N G T O T Y P E : D E C L A R A T I V E , P R O C E D U R A L A N D F U N C T I O N A L K N O W L E D G E . I N T E N D E D L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E ( I L O ) I n t h i s l e s s o n y o u w i l l b e a b l e t o :

5. F U N C T I O N A L K N O W L E D G E P R O C E D U R A L A N D D E C L A R A T I V E ,

6. LEARNING POINT: CATEGORIES OF KNOWLEDGE Acquisition of knowledge is one of the outcomes of the learning process. The other outcomes have something to do with acquisition and the development of skills, attitudes values, and a lot more. Among these, however, knowledge is basic. One has to have knowledge as for example, before he can develop certain attitudes or skills. A look at the literature shows that experts and researches identify and classify knowledge in several ways. For the purpose of this chapter, the classification of knowledge will focus only on three, namely, declarative, procedural, and functional know l e d g e .

7. D E C L A R A T I V E K N O W L E D G E t he information acquired that one can speak about all " A B O U T " the things we know or can declare facts and events that can be stored and easily be recalled

8. D E C L A R A T I V E K N O W L E D G E E X A M P L E S : 1. The radius of the earth is about 6500 km. 2. Ice is less dense than liquid water. 3. 2 + 2 = 4 4. There are total of 208 different countries in the world and there are 7 continents. 5. Friday is the day after Thursday. 6. A car has a four tires.

9. T H R E E ( 3 ) S U B T Y P E S O F D E C L A R A T I V E K N O W L E D G E C O G N I T I O N ( H a r r i s , n . d . ) 1.Labels and names ( p a i r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n ) - Individuals mentally make a connecting link between two elements. 2. Facts and lists ( d e s c r i b i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s ) - A fact describe a relationship between or among concepts. 3. Organized discourse ( t h r e a d o f m e a n i n g r u n n i n g t h r o u g h o u t ) - Discourse involves the comprehension of a thread of meaning that runs through an extensive body of information.

10. P R O C E D U R A L K N O W L E D G E k n o w i n g " H O W " t o d o a c e r t a i n t a s k knowledge that a person knows to do which can better be expressed by doing it than explaining

11. P R O C E D U R A L K N O W L E D G E E X A M P L E : R i d i n g a b i c y c l e .

12. F U N C T I O N A L K N O W L E D G E any piece of stored information that can be adapted and applied to different circumstances, or are transferable to different settings .

13. F U N C T I O N A L K N O W L E D G E - i s the practice of consolidating data from disparate sources into a single dataset with the ultimate goal of providing users with consistent access and delivery of data across the spectrum of subjects and structure types, and to meet the information needs of all applications and business processes. 1 . I N F O R M A T I O N I N T E G R A T I O N E X A M P L E :

14. F U N C T I O N A L K N O W L E D G E E X A M P L E : 2 . D A T A W A R E H O U S E - a data warehouse is a type of data management system that is designed to enable and support business intelligence (BI) activities, especially analytics.

15. O T H E R W A Y S O F C L A S S I F Y I N G K N O W L E D G E - r efers to biological memory reflecting not only what happened but also where and when it happened. 1 . E P I S O D I C K N O W L E D G E

16. E P I S O D I C K N O W L E D G E E X A M P L E S : 📣 Reminiscing about your first kiss . 📣 Recalling your first day of school . 📣 Knowing the name and breed of your first dog . 📣 Remembering your wedding day . 📣 Recalling the guests at your best friend’s 1 8 t h birthday party . 📣 R e m e m b e r i n g your lab partner in college chemistry class . 📣 Remembering your first day on a new job .

17. - d eals with memories and information but not tied to personal biographies.It is organized knowledge about facts, concepts, generilizations, and their associations. 2 . S E M A N T I C K N O W L E D G E

18. S E M A N T I C K N O W L E D G E E X A M P L E S : 📣 Knowing that grass is green 📣 Knowing how to use scissors 📣 Understanding how to put words together to form a sentence 📣 R ecognizing the names of colors 📣 K nowing how to use the phone 📣 K n owing that April 1564 is the date on which Shakespeare was born.

19. T H R E E ( 3 ) S U B T Y P E S O F S E M A N T I C K N O W L E D G E C l a i m b y A n d e r s o n a n d K r a t h w o h l ( 2 1 ) - S tatement of truth that deals with what we know about the world. 1 . D E C L A R A T I V E W a t e r i s m a d e u p o f h y d r o g e n a n d o x y g e n , H 2 O . E X A M P L E :

20. 2 . P R O C E D U R A L -Knowledge of about how things are done. D r i v i n g a c a r . E X A M P L E :

21. Conditional knowledge refers to the knowledge about when to use a procedure, skill, or strategy or when not to. Such knowledge allows us to assign optimal resources for various tasks. 3 . C O N D I T I O N A L

22. D E C L A R A T I V E K N O W L E D G E P R O C E D U R A L K N O W L E G D E C O N D I T I O N A L K N O W L E D G E M o b i l e p h o n e i s a p o r t a b l e t e l e p h o n e . H o w t o m a k e p h o n e c a l l s . W h e n t o p i c k u p t h e p h o n e a n d h a n g u p . C a r s u s u a l l y h a v e f o u r w h e e l s . H o w t o d r i v e a c a r . W h e n t o l o c k t h e s e a t b e l t a n d u n l o c k i t . S U B T Y P E S O F S E M A N T I C K N O W L E D G E E X A M P L E :

23. D E C L A R A T I V E K N O W L E D G E I S O R G A N I Z E D A C C O R D I N G T O V A R I O U S L E V E L S : a . D e s c r i p t i o n s b . T i m e E l e m e n t s c . P r o c e s s d . C a u s a l R e l a t i o n s h i p e . E p i s o d e s f . G e n e r a l i z a t i o n g . P r i n c i p l e s h . C o n c e p t s

24. D I M E N S I O N S O F K N O W L E D G E T h e k nowledge of classification, principles, generalizations, theories, models, situation pertinent to a particular discipline. One may able to know and explain the theory of multiple intelligences. 1 . C O N C E P T U A L K N O W L E D G E 1 . K n o w l e d g e o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s a n d c a t e g o r i e s . E X A M P L E : 2 . K n o w l e d g e o f p r i n c i p l e s a n d g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s . 3 . K n o w l e d g e o f t h e o r i e s , m o d e l s a n d s t r u c t u r e s .

25. 2 . M E T A C O G N I T I V E K N O W L E D G E A wareness of one's own cognition and particular cognitive processes. E X A M P L E : 1 . S t r a t e g i c K n o w l e d g e 2 . K n o w l e d g e a b o u t c o g n i t i v e t a s k s , i n c l u d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t e x t u a l a n d c o n d i t i o n a l k n o w l e d g e . 3 . S e l f - K n o w l e d g e

26. I t i s basic to specific disciplines like science or math. 3 . F A C T U A L K N O W L E D G E 1 . K n o w l e d g e o f t e r m i n o l o g y . 2 . K n o w l e d g e o f s p e c f i c d e t a i l s a n d e l e m e n t s . E X A M P L E :

27. as earlier mentioned, appropriate interventions or activities given to students, as well as appropriate methodologies will help improve the quality of the knowledge ac quired by students. Santrock (2011) claimed that mental processes of experts can help the teachers guide the students into becoming more effective learners . Studies have shown that experts are better than novices along the following : LEARNING POINT: EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION a. Detecting features and meaningful patterns of information b. Accumulating more content knowledge and organizing it in manner that indicates understanding of the topic c. Retrieving important aspects of knowledge with little effort d. Adapting an approach to new situations e. Using effective strategies

28. Knowing the above approaches that experts use in dealing with knowledge or information, teachers would be able to determine appropriate strategies to help students also apply these approaches experts use. a. Detecting Features and Meaningful of Organization - Experts are better able to deteact important features of problems and context not noticed by novices. b. Organization and Depth of Information - E xperts knowledge is organized around the important ideas or concepts.Thus they have a deeper understanding of knowledge than novices.

29. c. Fluent Retrieval - Experts along a certain area, are able to retrieve information fluently or without much effort. d. Adaptive Expertise - Experts are able to approach unique or new situations in a flexible manner and are not limited to the "old" approach they usually use. e. Strategies f. Spreading Out and Consolidating Learning - Experts use effective strategies in understanding information in their area of expertise and in advancing it. - Teachers should always talk to students on the importance of reviewing and monitoring regularly what they have learned.

30. i . Using a Study System g . Asking Themselves Questions - T e achers should encourage students to ask themselves questions. h . Taking Good Notes - T his refers to taking good notes while reading a text or from a lecture. - This refers to a system that student should adapt for studying. An established study system will help learners for more meaningful learning.

31. C e r t a i n t y p e s o f t e a c h i n g m e t h o d s o r t e c h n i q u e s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e t o b e s t d e v e l o p p a r t i c u l a r t y p e s o f k n o w l e d g e a n d o u t c o m e s . I f t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e s t h e t e a c h e r t o k n o w e x a c t l y w h a t k i n d o f l e a r n i n g s t u d e n t s n e e d t o d e v e l o p . a . For Developing Declarative Knowledge - the appropriate methods would be to provide activities on organizing listing and elaborating to facilitate learning. b . For developing Concept Learning - applications of learning is the most appropriate. This does not involve memory recall as in declarative learning but the use of inquiry or expository approach is the more appropriate to use.

32. c . F or Learning procedures - the application of procedural methods of reach the final product is a good approach. d . F or Learning of principles - c ause and effect strategies are effective to teach principles.

33. I d e n t i f y i f t h e f o l l o w i n g t h o u g h t s a r e m o r e o f d e c l a r a t i v e , p r o c e d u r a l , o r f u n c t i o n a l k n o w l e d g e . 1 . I k n o w t h a t t h e c o n t e x t o f t h i s p r o b l e m s i s n o t s u i t e d t o t h e t h e o r y . 2 . H o w t o t h r o w a b o o m e r a n g ? 3 . Friday is the day after Thursday . 4 . F i n a n c i a l o r o r d e r t o c a s h p r o c e s s e s . 5 . There are total of 208 different countries in the world and there are 7 continents.