Defining political communication, political coverage & reality

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1. Center For Media & Communication Studies Topic: Defining Political Communication, Political Coverage & Reality Presented By: Nadia Naseem Presented To: Miss Rukhsana

2. What is Politics??????? ?????? ????

3. The word “ Politics” is derived from the word “Poly” meaning “ Many” and the word “ Ticks” meaning “ Bloodsucking Parasites” (Larry Hardiman,1999)

4. Politics is “ a process whereby a group of people, whose opinions or interests are initially divergent, reach collective decisions which are generally regarded as binding on the group, and enforced as common policy” (Miller,1987, p. 390). Politics is the process by which groups of people make decision .

5. According to Paul Wellston: “Politics is not about big money or power games, it’s about the improvement of People’s lives.” “Such a control of government by the wealthy that whatever happens, it’s not working for all the people; it’s working for a few of the people” (Greenberg, 2011, p.6 ). According to Greenberg: Greenberg

6. What is Political Communication???????????? ????

7. Political communication is a subfield of communication and political science that is concerned with how information spreads and influences politics and policy makers, the news media and citizens. Political communication is the process by which language and symbols, employed by leaders, media, or citizens, exert intended or unintended effects on the political cognitions, attitudes, or behaviors of individuals or on outcomes that bear on the public policy of a nation, state, or community . Political Communication:

8. Aspects Of Definition: First , the definition emphasizes that political communication is a process . Second , political communication calls centrally on words and symbols . Third , there are three main players in political communication. The first is the broad group of leader or influence agents. The second is the media and the third is citizens or audience. Fourth , political communication effects can be intended or unintended . A fifth aspect of political communication is that effects occur on a variety of levels .

9. V ariety of levels: Micro Level Macro Level Affecting individual thoughts, attitude and behavior Exerting broad based effects On Public Opinion Intuitional change or Public Policy

10. Technology is a centerpiece of Political Communication: Although technology has always played a role in politics, it wields more influence today than ever before. There is a greater volume of political information, more instant communication between leaders and followers, and more opportunities for voters to exert control over the message. (Johnson, 2011).

11. Title of Article On The Role of Technology in Political Communication Research Name of the Journal Javnost / The Public (Journal of the European Institute for Communication & Culture) Author Ivan B. Dylko (Assistant Professor in Communication Studies New Mexico State University, New York) Issue No 1 Volume 20 Page Number 55-70 Year of Publish April, 2013 DOI 10.1080/13183222.2013.11009108

12. In this article the author discusses the role of technology in producing micro-level effects in political communication context. Technology is a micro phenomenon that initially developed knowledge within a society. The author argues that technology is a centerpiece of political communication. Contemporary technologies have made it easier for citizens to communicate with leaders. At the end of article author suggests that political communication theorists should include ICTs (Information Communication Technology) into more communication model. To understand the role of technology in political communication research the author use Functional Model of ICTs.

13. Politics Is Played on a Media Platform: The mass media mediate between citizens on the one hand and the institutions of government on the other. Jesper Stromback and Lynda L. Kaid (2008).

14. Adds: increased viewers levels of information. Political Advertising : is a form of campaigning used by political candidates to reach and influence voters. Political adds first time used in 1952 Presidential election. Types of Political Adds: Talking Head: Where candidates speak directly into the camera. Issue Add: Where candidate explain what they will do, it elected . Positive Adds: Focuses on positive aspects of a candidate. Negative Adds: Focuses on negative aspects of a rival candidate is called negative adds. Negative adds more remember than positive adds. The majority of Presidential Campaign based on negative adds. Now, Political adds are typically high production Value, using images, music and different effects to create mood.

15. In the modern era, social media became a powerful weapon for politicians. Social Media is more powerful than main stream media. Politicians use social media for engaging their followers and common people. Many political researchers believe that Political Socialization became possible through Social Media. During 2012 election campaign, President Barack Obama use social networking side to shore up support among young voters. “Hi, I’m Barack Obama , President of United State. Ask me anything.” Obama won the election because of social networking side. Indian politician Narendra Modi is another example of politician use social networking side to influence common people and won elections.

16. Title of Article Use of Social Media for Political Engagement: Literature Review Name of Journal ResearchGate Author Nirankush Dutta & Anil K. Bhat ISBN No 978-1-943295-05-0 Year of Publish December,2016 Website htpp://www.researchgate.net/publication/312468953

17. The authors were select database with the keywords “social media” “politics” and “political campaign” for the period starting from 2010-2016. Only journal papers were chosen as generally journals are peer reviewed for this research paper. 2010 was chosen starting time and information about research in the last seven years is evaluated by this literature survey. Article per year by top 10 journals and more than 5300 journals related social science, art & humanities and computer science for this paper. An interesting finding arising from the analysis of this research paper is that Social media has a great importance for political purposes politicians. The main objective of this study is to highlight use of social media for political engagement.

18. What is Political Coverage?????? ????

19. Political Coverage refers to the Political News . Political coverage strongly influences people’s perception about politics. The focus of political coverage is on the president; whatever the president says or does is newsworthy and current scenario of a country.

20. Political Coverage Focuses on: President Political Parties Political Event Election Campaign Gaffes of P olitical Candidates.

21. What is news & Does News Reflect Reality?????

22. The word “news” is derived from an Arabic word. News means “Something one had not heard before”. Many journalist and linguist explain the definition of news his own words.

23. Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese and their colleagues developed a comprehensive perspective on news: “Hold a mirror up to society and try to report it as faithfully as possible,” as a CBS network executive famously stated (Epstein, 1973, pp. 13–14).

24. DOES NEWS REFLECT REALITY? WELL, NOT EXACTLY On a broader level, there is considerable evidence that news does not reflect reality. “More than 70 percent of news stories focus only on the handful of people who are known or already prominent, rather than on the entire population.” ( Gans , 1979).

25. What American thinks about news? They are of one mind: It’s biased! Two-thirds of the public believe that news stories are frequently inaccurate. More than three-fourths of Americans perceive that news media tend to favor one side, and 8 of 10 Americans believe the press is often influenced by powerful Interests (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2011b; see also Ladd, 2012).

26. Why mostly news does not reflect reality? Due to: Gate-keeping Agenda setting Framing

27. Shoemaker (1991) notes, “Gate-keeping is the process by which the billions of messages that are available in the world get cut down and transformed into the hundreds of messages that reach a given person on a given day” (p. 1) . Framing is sometimes referred to as second level agenda setting theory. It focuses on How media draws public’s eye to specific topic or specific political party.

28. Perloff M. Richard, THE DYNAMICS OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: Media and Politics in a Digital Age. New York: Routledge . The Media and Political Campaigns: Boundless Political Science The Mass Media and Political Coverage - CliffsNotes Nirankush Dutta & Anil K. Bhat , (2016), Use of Social Media for Political Engagement: A Literature Review, ResearchGate , 978-1-943295-05-0 Ivan B. Dylko , (2013), On the Role of Technology in Political Communication Research, New York Journal of Javnost -the public, 20(1), 55-70

29. For Your Attention