Definitionsofethics in day to day life12

Ethics

1. Research Publications Ethics:

Course Code – PRMC001L
8/5/2024 An Intro to Research: C.
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Dr. C. Ramalingam
9487044822
[email protected]
Lab Number 115 SMV

2. An Intro to Research: C.
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Definitions
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain
new knowledge.

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Definitions
Research is a careful investigation
or enquiry especially through search
for new facts in any branch of
knowledge.

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Definitions
Research comprises defining and redefining
problems,
Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
Collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
Making deductions and reaching conclusions;
Carefully testing the conclusions to determine
whether they fit the formulating hypothesis

5. Why to go for Innovation:
•Operator
•Mediocre
Industry
Scientist
Fast Growing

•College University
•Country Super power
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6. Scientific approach:
involves refining the natural process of thinking by inculcating certain habits
and skills.
These are to sharpen our observations,
acquire a habit of quantification of our information,
practice recording of data in a systematic way,
organise the data to recognise any patterns;

think about why and how those patterns arise;

make a hypothesis- explanation for the phenomena;

and finally verify if the hypothesis ok in other similar situations.
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Developing Scientific Approach:
•Fire to grow &
develop
•Inquisitive mind
•Skepticism
•Individual
achievements
•Confidence
•Courage
•Visualizing the
future potential
DO’s: Don’ts:
•Lost in
routine.
•Contentment
•Faith in fate
•collectivism
•Self pity
•Fear of failure
•Lost in
present.

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9. India Vs Other countries:
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Research Methods versus
Methodology
•Research methodology is a systematic and
theoretical approach to collect and evaluate
data throughout the research process.

•Research method consists of all techniques,
strategies, and tools employed by a researcher
to complete the experiment and find solution
to a research problem.

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What Constitutes a Research Topic?
•Unanswered question
•Unsolved question
•Concern
•Query
•Statement of inquiry

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How to Select a Research Topic?
•Personal interest
•Social problem
•Testing theory
•Prior research
•Program evaluation
•Human service practice

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What is a Literature review?
•Systematic review of available resources
–Theoretical and conceptual concepts
–Identification of independent and
dependent variables
–Measurement and operational definitions
–Selection of appropriate research technique
–Sampling strategy
–Statistical technique
–Findings and conclusions of similar studies
studied

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Objectives of Research:
•1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insights into it (exploratory or
formulative research studies);
•2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group
(descriptive research studies);
•3. To determine the frequency with which
something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else (Diagnostic research
studies);
•4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship
between variables (hypothesis-testing research
studies).

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How to Select an Appropriate
Methodology?
•What is the nature of the problem
being investigated?
•Is the problem being investigated
subjective or objective?
•Four types of research methods:
–Qualitative
–Quantitative
–Mixed (qualitative and quantitative)
–Critical and action oriented

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Motivation in Research:
1. Desire to get a research degree along
with its consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over
practical problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing
some creative work;
4.Desire to be of service to society;
5.Desire to get respectability.

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Types of Research:
•Descriptive vs. Analytical
•Applied vs. Fundamental
•Quantitative vs. Qualitative
•Conceptual vs. Empirical:

18. Research
Process:
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Criteria of Good Research
1.The purpose of the research should be clearly defined
and common concepts be used.
2.The research procedure (plan)used should be described
in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat
the research for further advancement, keeping the
continuity of what has already been attained.
3.The procedural design of the research should be
carefully planned to yield results that are as objective
as possible.
4.The researcher should report with complete
frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate
their effects upon the findings.

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Criteria of Good Research…
5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate
to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis
used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability
(data is complete and accurate) of the data should be
checked carefully.

6. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by
the data of the research and limited to those for which
the data provide an adequate basis.

7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the
researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in
research and is a person of integrity.

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Limitations Encountered when Doing
a Research Project.
•Time constraints
•Critical thinking
•Planning
•N+N
•Financial consideration
•SRF options
•ICMR, CSIR WISE, Minorities (women)
•International (2+2 options)

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Limitations Encountered when Doing
a Research Project….
•Anticipating and avoiding problems
•Planning against expected delays
•Preparedness
•Equipment limitations
•Out-sourcing
•If minimal limitations can be quoted

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Limitations Encountered when Doing
a Research Project….
•Human resource limitations
•Technical and analytical staff.
•“Out of the box” thinking
•Applying or extending experience or knowledge from
another area to our area
•“In the box” thinking
•To innovate within the constraints defined by the box.
•Taking support or help from colleagues in our own area.

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Problems faced by Researchers in India
1.The lack of a scientific training in the
methodology of research is a great impediment
for researchers in our country.
2.There is insufficient interaction between the
university research departments on one side and
business establishments, government
departments and research institutions on the other
side.
3.Most of the business units in our country do not have
the confidence and are often reluctant in supplying
the needed information to researchers.

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Problems faced by Researchers in India

4. Thus, there is the need for generating the confidence
that the information/data obtained from a business unit
will not be misused.

5. Research studies overlapping one another are
undertaken quite often for want of adequate information.

6. Due attention should be given toward identification of
research problems in various disciplines of applied
science which are of immediate concern to the
industries.

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Contd.
: 7. There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers
and inter-university and inter-departmental rivalries are
also quite common.

8. Many researchers in our country also face the
difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance,
including computerial assistance.

9. Library management and functioning is not satisfactory
at many places and much of the time and energy of
researchers are spent in tracing out the books, journals,
reports, etc., rather than in tracing out relevant material
from them.

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Contd.
: 10. Our libraries are not able to get copies of old and
new Acts/Rules, reports and other government
publications in time.

11. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of
published data from various government and other
agencies doing this job in our country.

12. There may, at times, take place the problem of
conceptualization and also problems relating to the process
of data collection and related things.

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Good Researcher…
1.Trained Scientifically: The lack of a scientific training
in the methodology of research is a great impediment for
researchers in our country.
2. Healthy Interactions: There is insufficient interaction
between the university research departments on one side
and business establishments, government departments
and research institutions on the other side.
3. Well informed: Research studies overlapping one
another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate
information.

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4. Due attention should be given toward identification of
research problems in various disciplines of applied science
which are of immediate concern to the industries.
5. Maintaining confidentiality: Most of the business units
in our country do not have the confidence and are often
reluctant in supplying the needed information to
researchers. Thus, there is the need for generating the
confidence that the information/data obtained from a
business unit will not be misused.
6. Avoid rivalries: There does not exist a code of conduct
for researchers and inter-university and inter-departmental
rivalries are also quite common.


Good Researcher…

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100 scientists, whom research activities shaped
the humanity from the 17
th
century to the 21
st
century

31. Lemaitre, Heike Kamerlingh, Isaac Newton ,
James Clerk Maxwell Jacques Charles, , James
Prescott Joule, Jean Buridan, Johanes Kepler,
John Ambrose Fleming, John Dalton , John
O'Keefe, Joseph Black, Josiah Gibbs , Lord
Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, Louis Pasteur,
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Marie
Curie, Martinus Beijerinck, Michael Faraday,
Murray Gell-Mann & George Zweig, Neils
Bohr

32. Albert Einstein , Alessandro Volta, Alexander
Fleming , Amedeo Avogrado, Andre Geim,
Antoine Lavoisier , Antony van Leeuwenhoek ,
Archimedes , Benoit Mandelbrot, Carl Friedrich
Gauss, Charles Darwin , Christian Doppler,
Copernicus Crick and Watson , , Dmitri
Mendeleev, Edwin Hubble, Enrico Fermi, Ernest
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Rutherford, Erwin Schrodinger Euclid , , Fermat,
Frederick Sanger , Galileo Galilei Georg Ohm , ,
Georges

33. Nicholas Steno, Peter Higgs, Pierre Curie,
Ptolemy, Robert Boyle, Robert Brown,
Robert Hooke, Roger Bacon, Rudolf
Clausius, Seleucus, Shen Kuo, Stanley
Miller, Tyco Brahe, Werner Heisenberg,
William Gilbert, William Harvey, William
Herschel, William Rontgen, Wolfgang Pauli.
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The history of science is measured in
milestones of discovery. Each new
milestone allows other scientists to
further advance the sum of human
knowledge.
As Sir Isaac Newton said, “If I have
seen further, it is by standing on the
shoulders of giants.”

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Frank Herbert noted that “the beginning
of knowledge is the discovery of
something we do not understand.”
Homo sapiens is an inquisitive species
and it is a scientist’s profound curiosity
that brings discoveries, pushing at the
boundaries of the known world and
bringing order to chaos.

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Research Without the principles of Newtonian
physics, our world would still be very simple.

All of the technology used today would be
impossible without those principles.

The law of gravity and the theories of special and
general relativity have made almost all of our
technology possible.
Technology is Conceived Through

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•Research into the world of physics, biology,
economics, and culture all translate into
insights that change the way we live.
Importance of Research

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•The impact of academic research is spread through al
tiers of human civilization.
•As we inch forward, changes are made that benefit al
people.
• Research into microbiology finds a way
to decompose plastic.
•Inquiry into the cosmos demystifies longstanding
cultural myths that people have accepted for
centuries.
A Catalyst for Changes in Society
of Research

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41. IF WE WANT THE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA,
THE ONLY OPTION WE HAVE IS TO INVEST IN
RESEARCH
CONCLUSION
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42. Thank you.
9/4/2018
R. M.-An Introduction: C.
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