Demography.

DEMOGRAPHY

1. UNIT –VI DEMOGRAPHY R.SRIDEVI HOD COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING dept

2. Demography Demo” means “the people” and “ graphy ” means “measurement”. • ( Demos = population, Graphy = Picture) Demography as the Statistical study of human population with regard to their size And structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and Ethnic origin, and the changes to these population .like changes In their birth rates, death rates and immigration.

3. DEFINITIONS “” Demography is the "study of human populations in relation to the changes brought about by the interplay of births, deaths, and migration“ PRESSAT “” Demography is the ”scientific study of human population in which includes study of changes in population size ,composition and its distribution””

4. Importance of Demographic data Health status of a community depends upon the dynamic relationship between number of people, their composition& distribution Planning of health services can be guided by demographic variables example: How many health units do we need? How to distribute them in the community in order to be accessible to the target population? What type of manpower is needed?

5. Helps to Know The state of the Environment, and the pace and quality of economic and social Development ”. Demographic data provide a basis for predicting future Trends and making decisions. Demographic data are important for the formulation Implementation, and evaluation of plans, policies, and Programs for education housing, health, employment, Transportation ,recreational needs and other forms of Social services. Demographic data can guide policy makers in meeting the Needs and of various sectors of the society, such as the Young, the adult and aged, the unemployed, the poor, and the Various cultural groups.

6. elements of demography Size: increase or decrease Composition: sex and age group Distribution: territory

7. Scope of demography The scope of the study is wide because demography causes slow or rapid growth of birth rate Causes & changes in birth and death rates Population growth Sex & literacy ratio Health rates and ratio Dependency & independency ratio Calculation of population Size of population Production and consumption Socioeconomic status Standard of leaving Marital status, family composition etc..

8. CONCEPT OF DEMOGRAPHY Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.

9. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS • 1. Measurement of Mortality. • 2. Measurement of Morbidity. • 3. Measurement of disability. • 4. Measurement of natality . • 5. Measurement of the presence, absence or distribution of the characteristics or attributes of the disease.

10. • 6. Measurement of medical needs, health care facilities, utilization of health services and other health related events. • 7. Measurement of the presence, absence or distribution of the environmental and other factors suspected of causing the disease. 8. Measurement of demographic variables.

11. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS : • Crude Birth Rate. (CBR) • General Fertility Rate. (GFR) • Crude Death Rate. (CDR) • Infant Mortality Rate. (IMR) Life expectancy. (LE) • Total Fertility Rate. (TFR) • Gross Reproduction Rate.(GRR) • Net Reproduction Rate. (NRR)

12. TOOLS OF MEASUREMENT • An epidemiologist usually expresses the health event as RATES, RATIOS or PROPOTION. RATE • A rate measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time period. A rate comprises the following elements. • 1. Numerator. • 2. Denominator. • 3. Multiplier.

13. RATIO • Ratio expresses a relation in size between two random quantities. E.g., x : y (or) x/y. PROPORTION • A Proportion is a ratio which indicates the relation in magnitude of a part of the whole. • The numerator is always included in the denominator. • A Proportion is usually expressed as percentage.

14. Rate and Ratio Rate of the vital events is defined as the ratio of the total numbers of occurrences of the events to the total numbers of person exposed to the risk of occurrences of that events. Sex ratio= Male population X 100 Female population child women ratio Nos of child<5 yrs X 100 Total female pop 15-49 yrs

15. Measurement of Mortality (a) Crude Death Rate (CDR) = Total death in a given year X 1000 Average or mid year pop. of a year (b) Age-specific Death rate (ASDR) Nos. of death at age ’a ’ _X 1000 Mid-yrs pop. of a given year at age ’a’ Crude rate is based on total population while a specific rate is based on the basis of age, sex, cause etc

16. FERTILITY(BIRTHS) -Refers to the actual number of children born to a woman or . A simple way to measure fertility is to get the crude Birth rate; EQ. REGISTERED NUMBER OF BIRTHS IN YEAR CBR= --------------------------------------------------------------------- X 1000 TOTAL MID-YEAR POPULATION Migration(immigration and emigration): -Refers to the spatial movement of person or grouped of Persons within a country or specified territory, more or less for Permanent residency. - Immigration, when one enters the country of destination.

17. Still birth: It is a death prior to the complete expulsion from mother irrespective of the duration of pregnancy Family birth: Total number of persons offer family or total number of children a women or couple born at point of time. Child death; Commonly due to social and other causes there are many deaths with a period of 1 yr of birth from the child Live birth: It is complete expulsion of the foetus irrespective of the deviation of pregnancy Parity: In demography woman are classified according to the no of children born alive to them parity refers to the mother.

18. Adult hood: In this stage boy or girl becomes capable to produce children. the age of puberty very much depends on food consumed are eliminate from the body. Marriage: As legal union of person of opposite sex each individual should be reported for vital statistics Contraception: A measure taken in order to prevent sexual intercourse from resulting in conception. Reproductive span: Indicates child bearing period of women. Period B/w onset of menstruation and closes it onset of menopause..

19. Separation & divorce; When wife and husband don’t live together for some period in home & no sexual relations called separation. It can be due to various reasons Fertility: It is standard of measuring the capacity of women to produce children. Fertility can be studied in birth statistics. Migration: Its people attract to some geographical area for to stay. Ratio: It express size of one to another eg ; 50;50…education ratio Proportion: It express the size of a one part of whole in relation eg;25% of old people living with DM

20. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE(STAGE) 1 stage---high stationary 2 stage ---early expanding 3 stage----Late expanding 4 stage---low stationary 5 stage----declining

21. DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE(STAGE ) • High stationary (first stage ): this stage is characterized by a high birth rate and high death rate , population remains stationary . India was in this stage till 1920 . Early expending (second stage ): the death rate begins to decline while the birth rate unchanged initial increase in population south Asia & Africa are in this stage

22. Late expanding (third stage): The death rate decrease still further and birth rates tends to fall . continue increase in population Low stationary (fourth stage ) : This stage is characterized by a low birth rate & low death rate .stability in population . Declining (fifth stage ): In the declining stage birth rate is lower then the death rate .fall in population. European, Germany and Hungary countries present facing this stage.

23. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION Primary data collection :collection is done by the individual by using the methods such as : • Observation • Interviews • Questionnaires • Diaries surveys

24. Secondary data collection : • census method Administrative records • Registration of vital events system sample registration system National sample survey

25. INTERVIEWS • Interviews are undertaken on personal, one to one basis or in a group. The advantages of interview method are as follows. 1.It is the best means to collect an in depth information. 2.The feedback and response rate is good. 3.The information is recorded immediately and complete. 4. Help can be provided immediately

26. DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEW 1. It is expensive and time consuming. 2. Training is required in case of employing many interviewers. 3. Prefixed questionnaire are required. Types 1. STRUCTURED. 2. SEMI STRUCTURED 3. UNSTRUCTURED.

27. OBSERVATION • Is a method to record behavioural pattern of people in a systematic manner. • The methods of observation include: structured, un structured, natural, personal, mechanical, participant or non participant observations. • Observation method provides information on what is actually observed. • Bias in observation method can be eliminated by two observers. • Hence this method has limitations in eliciting accurate information.

28. QUESTIONNAIRES • Questionnaire is a common method of data collection. • It takes time and expertise to prepare a structured questionnaire • The questionnaire can be used to interview for a direct data collection or a telephonic survey could be conducted. • It can be posted, emailed or faxed. • The main advantage of this method is that there is no bias.. The use of questionnaire is simple but requires a certain level of education and skill from respondents.

29. DIARIES • Diaries are used to record data obtained from the individuals. • The data expressed in the diaries are an in-depth information and can be used for research purposes. CRITICAL INCIDENTS • The critical incidents relating to health - illness event is recorded and used for arriving decisions and policies regarding health matters.

30. II.SECONDARY DATA • The secondary data is collected indirectly (not from inviduals ) from other sources such as hospital records, census data etc. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAHIC DATA census method Administrative records • Registration of vital events system sample registration system National sample survey

31. SURVEY

32. • Census is the direct method of collection of demographic data. • Census is conducted by the government every 10 yrs. • Census is an attempt to contact every member of the population in a country. • Census not only provides information regarding the number of people, but other relevant information (age, gender, marital status, occupation, education, employment status, migration, language, religion etc.) A census covers social & economic aspects of a population. • It is conducted at the end of first quarter of each decade. • The census commissioner of India guides, operates, and directs the census Census method

33. De facto census method: the method is to list all persons present in the household or other living quarters at midnight of the census day . . 1. De jure census : all persons who usually live in the household are listed on the form whether they are present or not. Visitors who have a usual residence else where are excluded from the listing but are counted at their usual residence.

34. Uses of census Is the primary sources of basic national population data required for administrative purposes and many aspects of economic and social planning and research.  Provides information on: trends in population growth. change in age and sex structure cause of fertility, mortality, migration and urbanization.  Useful for estimating, calculating birth and death rates  Changes in the national occupational and industrial composition  Levels of literacy and educational attainments

35. Religion, languages and caste/ethnic composition  Analysis of economic development.  Future trends of population growth.  National, local, public and private planning.  Estimating school going population, military and economic manpower.  Future growth of cities and requirement of food, water, housing and health services.  Number of voters- present and future and many more

36. ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS Used in almost every country and a common example of such are health statistics from hospitals. their reliability in providing accurate demographic data depends upon the completeness of the record. administrative recording process and the competence of reporting (Suharto, 2011). Administrative recorded are a very cost effective data source in developing countries but unfortunately in most of the departments have not yet fully developed their administrative recording systems.

37. VITAL REGISTRATION SYSTEMS • Registration of vital events is the basis of vital statistics. • Vital events refers to births, death, migration, marriages, divorces, foetal deaths are registration in India. • In 1873, Govt of India passed the Birth, Deaths & Marriage Registration Act. • Indian states such as Karnataka, Tamil Nadu etc have passed their own policies related to registration of vital events. • The main drawback in this registration process is that it has the provision only for voluntary registration. • So data is not accurate and complete as people do not voluntarily get the birth, death or marriages registered. • The data tends to be unreliable

38. The other reasons for incompleteness include : 1. Illiteracy. 2. Ignorance. 3. Lack of concern. 4. Lack of motivation. 5. Lack of uniformity. 6. Multiple registration agencies.

39. Sample Registration System (SRS) Initiated in 1969-70 for want of complete registration from CRS. • Provide reliable annual estimates of birth, death and infant mortality rates at the State and National levels separately for rural and urban areas. • Also provides Child Mortality Rate (CMR), Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Sex Ratio at Birth and 0-4 age, Institutional deliveries, Medical Attention before death, etc.

40. srs One of the largest demographic household sample survey in the world • Only panel survey with dual recording • Panel revised once in 10 years based on the latest available Census frame

41. National Sample Surveys Organization(NSSO) • National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), now known as National Sample Survey Office, is an organization under the Ministry of Statistics of the Government of India. • Largest organization in India conducting regular socioeconomic surveys (like household consumer expenditure, employment and unemployment, health and medical services etc). • Established in 1950

42. NSSO Topics to be decides in a particular survey round. • NSSO every year brings out reports on status of estimation of agricultural production in India.

43. ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA • The data thus collected should be arranged in tables, charts, diagrams, graphs, picture & curves to stress important points. • The data presented should be based on the principles designed to meet the criteria. TABLE

44. CHARTS • The data collected could be represented in the form of a chart. • The data contained in a chart is more easy to understand and retained easily than a table. TYPES OF CHARTS : 1. BAR CHARTS. (simple. Compound, Histogram) 2. LINE DIAGRAMS. 3. PIE CHARTS. 4. PICTOGRAM. 6. STATISTICAL MAP. 7. STATISTICAL AVERAGES & DISPERSION OF MEASURES OF VARIATION

45. BAR CHART

46. TYPES OF BAR CHARTS 1. Simple Bar Chart. 2. Component Bar Chart. 3. Histogram.

47. Simple Bar Chart.

48. COMPONENT BAR CHART 1. The component bar chart represents many components. 2. The representation could be either as vertical or as horizontal bars.

49. HISTOGRAM 1.Histogram is a pictorial diagram which consists of series of blocks. 2.If the mid point of histograms blocks is joined, then a line with fluctuation is seen. 3.frequency polygon is obtained by joining the mid points of histogram blocks.

50. LINE DIAGRAM A  line graph  is usually used to show the change of information over a period of time. This means that the horizontal axis is usually a time scale, for  example  minutes, days, months or years.  Example : The table shows the daily earnings of a store for five days .

51. PIE CHART • Pie charts are diagrammatically represented in circles with the radius "O". and at radius angle 360 degree.

52. PICTOGRAM • In pictogram, small pictures or symbols are used to present the data.