Dental Fluorosis

dental fluorosis

1. Dental fluorosis

2. The contents : What’s dental fluorosis The causes of fluorosis Mechanism of dental fluorosis Mottled enamel Classification of dental fluorosis Fluorosis Treatment Fluorosis Prevention References

3. What’s dental fluorosis (1) : Fluorosis : is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It’s caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed .

4. The causes of fluorosis (2) : Common causes of fluorosis include : Excess fluoridation of drinking water . ingestion of fluoride toothpaste . overuse of fluoride tablets . consumption of processed foods made with fluoridated water .

5. mechanism of dental fluorosis (3) : Structurally, an increase in fluoride intake results in an increase in degree and extent of porosity of the enamel. the enamel changes described may be a result of a fluoride damage of secretory ameloblasts This can either be due to a fluoride-induced change in composition of enamel matrix, or be a result of a disturbance of the cellular processes during enamel maturation .

6. Mottled enamel (4) : Mottled enamel is a condition indicates the fluorosis characterized by minute white flecks, or yellow or brown spots or areas, scattered irregularly or streaked over the surface of a tooth It is scored according to a method described by Al alousi ’ et al as follow: Type A:white areas less than 2mm Type B:white areas more than 2mm Type C:brown areas less than 2mm Type D:brown areas less than 2mm Type E:horizontal white lines Type F:horizontal brown lines

7. Classification of dental fluorosis (5) :

8. Smooth, glossy, pale creamy-white, translucent surface Normal

9. questionable ranging from a few white flecks to occasional white spots

10. Very mild Small opaque, paper white areas scattered irregularly over the tooth but not involving as much as 25% of the tooth surface.

11. Mild The white opaque areas in the enamel of the teeth are more extensive but do not involve as much as 50% of the tooth

12. moderate All enamel surfaces of the teeth are affected, and the surfaces subject to attrition show wear. Brown stain is frequently a disfiguring feature

13. Severe All enamel surfaces are affected , discrete or confluent pitting. Brown stains are widespread and teeth often present a corroded-like appearance

14. Fluorosis Treatment (6) : Although the enamel defect caused by dental fluorosis is permanent, the tooth discoloration that fluorosis causes can be reduced, and sometimes eliminated, through cosmetic treatment

15. microabrasion (conservative removal of the outer most layer of enamel) followed by teeth whitening can make the brown discoloration less apparent.

16. 2. Bonding , which coats the tooth with a hard resin that bonds to the enamel

17. 3. Crowns

18. 4. Veneers, which are custom-made shells that cover the front of the teeth to improve their appearance

19. Fluorosis Prevention (7) : To prevents the fluorosis the fluoridation of drinking water shouldn’t exceed the normal range (0.7- 1.2) ppm Fluoride supplements should only prescribed for children living in non fluoridated areas. Use only acceptable amount of toothpaste for children under 6 years

20. Fluorosis Prevention : It’s also important to monitor the child’s use of fluoridated toothpaste. It’s important to teach the child to spit out the toothpaste after brushing instead of swallowing it. To encourage spitting, avoid toothpastes containing flavors that children may be likely to swallow.

21. References : http:// www.webmd.com/children/fluorosis-symptoms-causes-treatments Fluoride action network/ http://fluoridealert.org/issues/fluorosis Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis\ , M. JOOST LARSEN\ European Journal of Oral Sciences Wael S Alalousi , B.D.S., M.D.Sc . /methods for a survey of the oral health of secondary schools in iraq / the iraqi journal of dental research American dental association http :// www.webmd.com/children/fluorosis-symptoms-causes-treatments American dental association/fluoridation facts 2005/ dr.herschel horowitz

22. Done By : Ban Mohammed