DEPED EARTHSCI G10 PLATE TECTONICS PJ.pptx

PLATE TECTONICS

1. PLATE TECTONICS

2. A_T_V_ VO_C_NO A volcano with accounts of eruption documented within 10,000 years (2 words)

3. _O_ _IN_ _T A big body of land on the globe

4. E_ _T_ _U_KE A vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy

5. _PI_ _N_ _R The location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

6. F_C_ _ The exact site of the origin of an earthquake, below the epicenter

7. _A_MA The liquid rock below the Earth's surface

8. M_U_TA_ _ A landmass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

9. _OU_TA_N R_N_E A chain of mountains (2 words)

10. _E_SM_C W_V_S Earthquake waves (2 words)

11. P_IM_RY _A_ _ The first type of seismic wave to be recorded in a seismic station, these compression waves are the fastest and travel through solids, liquids, and gases (2 words)

12. _E_ _ND_ R_ WAVE The second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic station; these shearing waves are stronger than P-waves, but only move through solids (2 words)

13. _E_S_OG_A_ The graphical record of an earthquake

14. S_I_ _O_RA_H A measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of an earthquake

15. _S_NA_I A Japanese term for “big wave in the port;” generated during undersea quakes

16. _OL_ANO A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gas is being or have been erupted from the earth's crust

17. FOUR LAYERS OF THE EARTH

18. PLATE TECTONIC THEORY The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that slowly move atop the asthenosphere. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.

19. ACTIVITY 1 – FIND THE EPICENTER RECORDING STATION TIME DIFFERENCE IN THE ARRIVAL TIME OF P-WAVE AND S-WAVE (SECONDS) DISTANCE OF EPICENTER FROM THE STATION (KM) Batangas 44.8 Puerto Princesa 32 Davao 68.4

20. Td d = _______________ x 100 km 8 seconds Where: d – distance (km) Td – time difference in the arrival time of P wave and S wave (seconds)

21. Choose one of the recording stations and measure the computed distance on the map scale (1.5 cm : 200 km). Center your compass on the station you have chosen. Draw a circle. Repeat the above steps for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles that intersect or nearly intersect at a point. This is the epicenter.

22. GUIDE QUESTIONS: Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake? What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording stations?

23. ACTIVITY 2 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES GUIDE QUESTIONS: How are earthquakes distributed on the map? _____________________ Where are they situated? ______________________________________ Look at your world map on page 9 and compare the earthquake epicenters. Name the country/ ies where earthquakes may not happen. ___________________________________________________________ Why are there no earthquakes on the country/ ies you mentioned? __________________________________________________________

24. ACTIVITY 2 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES GUIDE QUESTIONS: 5. How are volcanoes distributed? _________________ 6. Where are they situated? ______________________ 7. Based on the map, which country/ ies will unlikely experience a volcanic eruption? ___________________

25. ACTIVITY 2 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES GUIDE QUESTIONS: 8. How do you compare the location of majority of earthquake epicenters with the location of volcanoes around the world? 9. What do you think is the basis of scientists in dividing Earth’s lithosphere into several plates?

26. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES Divergent Plate Boundary Convergent Plate Boundary Transform Fault Boundary

27. DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY A divergent boundary  occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other . Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earth's mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust.

28. MID-OCEAN RIDGE - is formed by the divergence between oceanic plates

29. CONTINENTAL RIFT VALLEY - is formed between continental plates. Rift valley can also be found at the bottom of the ocean where seafloor spreading occurs.

30. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY When two plates come together , it is known as a convergent boundary. The impact of the colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to buckle up into a mountain ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep seafloor trench.

31. SUBDUCTION - is formed in Oceanic-Continental plates boundary and two oceanic plates boundary, the oceanic plate bends downward into the mantle through this process.

32. ISLAND VOLCANIC CHAIN – this is formed in two oceanic plates boundary parallel to the trench

33. COMPRESSION ZONE – this is formed in two continental plates boundary causing the formation of mountain ranges.

34. TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY Transform boundaries are  places where plates slide sideways past each other . At transform boundaries lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. Many transform boundaries are found on the sea floor, where they connect segments of diverging mid-ocean ridges. California's San Andreas fault is a transform boundary.

35. WHAT ARE SEISMIC WAVES? - are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and they are generated by geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other forms of intense seismic activity.

36. P-Waves (Primary Waves): These are the fastest seismic waves and the first to be detected by seismographs. P-waves are compressional waves, meaning they move by compressing and expanding the material they travel through, similar to sound waves. S-Waves (Secondary Waves): These are slower than P-waves and are the second to be detected. S-waves are shear waves, which means they move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, shaking the ground side to side or up and down. Body Waves: These travel through the interior of the Earth.

37. Love Waves They move the ground from side to side in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Discovery: Named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, a British mathematician who first described this type of wave mathematically in 1911. Rayleigh Waves Rayleigh waves cause a rolling motion of the ground, similar to ocean waves. The ground moves in an elliptical motion, both vertically (up and down) and horizontally (back and forth) in the direction of the wave. This movement causes both vertical and horizontal shaking, which can be highly destructive. Discovery: Named after Lord Rayleigh, a British physicist who predicted the existence of this type of wave in 1885. Surface Waves: These travel along the Earth's surface and tend to cause more damage than body waves due to their higher amplitude and slower speed.

38. What Makes Lithospheric Plates Move?

39. Mantle Convection is the slow, churning motion of the Earth's mantle, which is the layer of semi-solid rock located below the lithosphere. Heat from the Earth's core causes the mantle material to become less dense and rise towards the surface. As it rises, it cools down, becomes denser, and eventually sinks back down. This circular flow of mantle material creates convection currents that exert a dragging force on the overlying lithospheric plates, causing them to move.

40. Asthenosphere a soft, less rigid upper part of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around