Depression Power point Presentation.pptx

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Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is a common and serious medical illness that affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. It is more than just a feeling of being sad or "down in the dumps" for a few days. People with depression experience persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness and lose interest in activities they once enjoyed.

1. DEPRESSION www.seribangash.com 1/22

2. DEPRESSION Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is a common and serious medical illness that affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities. It is more than just a feeling of being sad or "down in the dumps" for a few days. People with depression experience persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness and lose interest in activities they once enjoyed. 2 www.seribangash.com 2/22

3. IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION Understanding depression is critical for multiple reasons, ranging from improving individual well-being to enhancing public health outcomes. Recognizing the significance of this condition helps in reducing stigma, promoting early intervention, and fostering a supportive environment for those affected. Reducing Stigma Promoting Early Detection and Intervention Enhancing Treatment and Support Improving Quality of Life Reducing Suicide Rates www.seribangash.com 3/22

4. TYPES OF DEPRESSION 4 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Bipolar Disorder ( Bipolar I, Bipolar II) Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Postpartum Depression Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Situational Depression www.seribangash.com 4/22

5. 1.MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS Major Depressive Disorder, commonly referred to as clinical depression, is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or a lack of interest in external stimuli. It affects daily functioning and quality of life. Symptoms : Persistent sad or “empty” mood Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed Significant weight loss or gain Insomnia or excessive sleeping Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Difficulty concentrating or making decisions Thoughts of death or suicide Duration : Symptoms must be present for at least two weeks for a diagnosis. DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDER (DSM-5) Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). (Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood.) 2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation). Major Depressive Disorder 161 3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day. (Note: In children, consider failure to make expected weight gain.) 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day. 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down). 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick). 8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others). 9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide. 5 www.seribangash.com 5/22

6. 2. PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (DYSTHYMIA) DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS Definition: Persistent Depressive Disorder, also known as dysthymia, is a chronic form of depression with symptoms that are less severe than Major Depressive Disorder but last for a longer period. Symptoms : Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia Low energy or fatigue Low self-esteem Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions Feelings of hopelessness Duration : Symptoms must persist for at least two years. DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDER (DSM-5) Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. Note: In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: 1. Poor appetite or overeating. 2. Insomnia or hypersomnia. 3. Low energy or fatigue. 4. Low self-esteem. 5. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions. 6. Feelings of hopelessness. During the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual has never been without the symptoms in Criteria A and B for more than 2 months at a time. Criteria for a major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic disorder. The disturbance is not better explained by a persistent schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism). The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. 6 www.seribangash.com 6/22

7. 3. BIPOLAR DISORDER DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS Bipolar Disorder involves mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Symptoms : Manic Episodes : Abnormally upbeat or wired Increased activity, energy, or agitation Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence Decreased need for sleep Unusual talkativeness Racing thoughts Distractibility Poor decision-making Types Types : Bipolar I Disorder : Characterized by manic episodes lasting at least seven days or by manic symptoms that are so severe that immediate hospital care is needed. Bipolar II Disorder : Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but not the full-blown manic episodes. 7 www.seribangash.com 7/22

8. 4. SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD) DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS Seasonal Affective Disorder is a type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, usually in the winter months when there is less natural sunlight. Symptoms : Major Depressive Disorder symptoms as listed above, particularly during the winter Oversleeping Appetite changes, especially craving foods high in carbohydrates Weight gain Low energy or fatigue Duration : Symptoms typically begin in the late fall and early winter and go away during the spring and summer. 8 www.seribangash.com 8/22

9. 5. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS Postpartum Depression is a type of depression that occurs after childbirth. It is more intense and longer-lasting than the "baby blues" that many new mothers experience. Symptoms : Severe mood swings Excessive crying Difficulty bonding with the baby Withdrawal from family and friends Loss of appetite or eating much more than usual Insomnia or sleeping too much Overwhelming fatigue or loss of energy Reduced interest in activities once enjoyed Intense irritability and anger Fear of being a bad mother Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby Duration : Symptoms can begin within a few weeks of childbirth and may last for several months or longer if untreated. 9 www.seribangash.com 9/22

10. 6. PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD) DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS PMDD is a severe, sometimes disabling extension of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by extreme mood swings, irritability, and depression in the days leading up to menstruation. Symptoms : Severe irritability, depression, or anxiety Mood swings Hopelessness Anger or irritability Markedly depressed mood Tension or anxiety Decreased interest in usual activities Difficulty concentrating Lack of energy Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or bloating Duration : Symptoms must be present for at least two weeks for a diagnosis. DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDER (DSM-5) In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week postmenses. One (or more) of the following symptoms must be present: 1. Marked affective lability (e.g., mood swings; feeling suddenly sad or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection). 2. Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts. 3. Marked depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts. 4. Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on edge. One (or more) of the following symptoms must additionally be present, to reach a total of five symptoms when combined with symptoms from Criterion B above. 1. Decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies). 2. Subjective difficulty in concentration. 3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy. 4. Marked change in appetite; overeating; or specific food cravings. 5. Hypersomnia or insomnia. 6. A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control. 7. Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of “bloating,” or weight gain. 10 www.seribangash.com 10/22

11. 6. PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD) Duration : Symptoms typically occur a week or two before menstruation and improve within a few days after the onset of the menstrual period. 11 www.seribangash.com 11/22 PMDD is a severe, sometimes disabling extension of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by extreme mood swings, irritability, and depression in the days leading up to menstruation. Symptoms : Severe irritability, depression, or anxiety Mood swings Hopelessness Anger or irritability Markedly depressed mood Tension or anxiety Decreased interest in usual activities Difficulty concentrating Lack of energy Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or bloating DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS

12. 7. SITUATIONAL DEPRESSION DEFINITION & SYMPTOMS Situational Depression , also known as adjustment disorder with depressed mood, is a short-term form of depression that occurs in response to a specific stressful event or situation. Symptoms : Sadness or hopelessness Anxiety or worry Trouble sleeping Difficulty concentrating Loss of interest in daily activities Feeling overwhelmed Changes in appetite Avoiding social interactions Duration : Symptoms usually begin within three months of the triggering event and typically do not last longer than six months after the end of the stressful situation. 12 www.seribangash.com 12/22

13. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF A PERSON'S LIFE. A. Emotional Symptoms Persistent Sadness Description : A continuous feeling of sadness , emptiness, or despair. This feeling is often present most of the day, nearly every day, and is not easily alleviated by positive events or activities. Impact : This pervasive sadness can lead to a lack of enjoyment in life and a diminished interest in activities once found pleasurable. Feelings of Hopelessness and Helplessness Description : A belief that nothing will ever improve and there is no way to change the situation. Individuals may feel that they are powerless to influence their circumstances or their future. Impact : Such feelings can contribute to a sense of defeat and resignation, making it difficult to take action or seek help. Irritability Description : Increased irritability or frustration, even over small matters. This may manifest as being easily annoyed or having a short temper. Impact : Irritability can strain relationships with family, friends, and colleagues, leading to further social isolation and stress. SYMPTOMS 13 www.seribangash.com 13/22

14. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF A PERSON'S LIFE. Physical Symptoms Fatigue and Decreased Energy Description : A persistent feeling of tiredness and a lack of energy that is not alleviated by rest. Individuals may feel physically drained and struggle to complete daily tasks. Impact : Fatigue can reduce overall productivity and make it challenging to engage in routine activities or maintain a regular schedule. Changes in Appetite and Weight Description : Significant changes in appetite, either an increase or decrease, leading to corresponding weight gain or loss. Some may eat excessively as a coping mechanism, while others may lose interest in food. Impact : These changes can affect physical health and contribute to feelings of self-consciousness or further emotional distress. Sleep Disturbances Description : Problems with sleep, including insomnia (difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping). Sleep patterns may be disrupted, leading to poor quality of rest. Impact : Sleep disturbances can exacerbate other symptoms of depression, such as fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. SYMPTOMS 14 www.seribangash.com 14/22

15. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF A PERSON'S LIFE. C. Cognitive Symptoms Difficulty Concentrating Description : Trouble focusing, making decisions, or staying on task. Individuals may find it hard to concentrate on work, studies, or even everyday activities. Impact : This can affect job performance, academic success, and the ability to complete daily responsibilities. Indecisiveness Description : A pronounced difficulty in making decisions, even about simple matters. Individuals may feel overwhelmed by choices and unable to commit to decisions. Impact : Indecisiveness can lead to procrastination and an inability to move forward with tasks or plans, contributing to feelings of frustration and inadequacy. Memory Problems Description : Issues with memory, such as forgetting important details or events. This can include both short-term and long-term memory lapses. Impact : Memory problems can disrupt daily life and contribute to a sense of disorientation and lack of control. SYMPTOMS 15 www.seribangash.com 15/22

16. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF A PERSON'S LIFE. D. Behavioral Symptoms Withdrawal from Social Activities Description : A tendency to pull away from social interactions and activities once enjoyed. Individuals may isolate themselves from friends, family, and social gatherings. Impact : Social withdrawal can lead to increased loneliness and a lack of support, which can exacerbate depressive symptoms. Decreased Productivity Description : A significant decline in productivity and the ability to perform tasks efficiently. Individuals may struggle to meet deadlines, complete projects, or maintain responsibilities. Impact : Decreased productivity can affect professional and academic performance, leading to further stress and feelings of inadequacy. Suicidal Thoughts or Actions Description : Thoughts of death, suicide, or self-harm. This can range from passive thoughts of wanting to die to active planning or attempting suicide. Impact : Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are serious and require immediate attention and intervention to ensure the individual's safety and well-being. SYMPTOMS 16 www.seribangash.com 16/22

17. Causes of Depression www.seribangash.com 17/22

18. CAUSES OF DEPRESSION Depression is a complex condition with multiple contributing factors. It often arises from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental influences. A. Biological Factors B. Psychological Factors C. Environmental Factors www.seribangash.com 18/22

19. A. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS Genetics Family History: Depression tends to run in families, indicating a genetic predisposition. Individuals with a family history of depression are at a higher risk of developing the condition. Genetic Variants : Specific genetic variations have been linked to an increased risk of depression. These include variations in genes involved in the regulation of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Brain Chemistry Neurotransmitters: Imbalances in brain chemicals called neurotransmitters play a significant role in depression. Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are particularly important. Low levels or disrupted functioning of these neurotransmitters can lead to depressive symptoms. Neural Circuits: Depression has been associated with abnormalities in the neural circuits that regulate mood, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior. Dysregulation in these circuits can contribute to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. FACTORS Hormonal Imbalances Cortisol: Elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol are often found in individuals with depression. Chronic stress can lead to sustained high cortisol levels, which may contribute to the onset of depression. Thyroid Hormones : Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) is associated with depressive symptoms. Thyroid hormones play a role in regulating mood and energy levels. Sex Hormones: Changes in estrogen and progesterone levels, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, postpartum period, and menopause, can influence the risk of depression, particularly in women. 19 www.seribangash.com 19/22

20. B. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Trauma Childhood Trauma: Early life trauma, such as abuse, neglect, or witnessing violence, can increase the risk of depression later in life. Such experiences can lead to long-term changes in brain function and stress responses. Adult Trauma: Traumatic events in adulthood, including physical or sexual assault, serious accidents, or combat experiences, can also trigger depression. Loss and Grief Bereavement: The death of a loved one can lead to profound grief and, in some cases, depression. The intensity and duration of grief can vary, and when it becomes prolonged or severe, it may result in depression. Other Losses: Significant life changes such as the end of a relationship, loss of a job, or financial difficulties can lead to feelings of loss and trigger depressive symptoms. Chronic Stress Ongoing Stress: Chronic stress from work, relationships, financial issues, or health problems can contribute to the development of depression. The body's prolonged response to stress can deplete resources and impair coping mechanisms, leading to depressive symptoms. FACTORS 20 www.seribangash.com 20/22

21. C. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Life Events Major Life Changes : Significant life changes, whether positive or negative, can be stressful and potentially trigger depression. These include moving to a new place, starting a new job, getting married, or experiencing a breakup or divorce. Chronic Illness : Living with a chronic illness such as diabetes, heart disease, or cancer can be a major stressor, increasing the risk of depression. The physical and emotional toll of managing a chronic condition can be overwhelming. Social Isolation Lack of Social Support : Social isolation and lack of a supportive network can lead to feelings of loneliness and increase the risk of depression. Positive social interactions and strong relationships are protective factors against depression. Elderly Population : The elderly are particularly vulnerable to social isolation due to factors such as retirement, loss of loved ones, and physical limitations, which can lead to depression. Substance Abuse Alcohol and Drugs : Substance abuse can lead to or exacerbate depression. Alcohol and drugs can alter brain chemistry and contribute to depressive symptoms. Additionally, the lifestyle associated with substance abuse often includes social isolation and other stressors that can trigger depression. Dual Diagnosis : Many individuals with depression also struggle with substance use disorders. This co-occurrence can complicate treatment and recovery, requiring integrated approaches to address both conditions simultaneously. FACTORS 21 www.seribangash.com 21/22

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