detailed Pharmacognosy of belladonna 5th sem.ppt

Pharmacognosy and uses of Belladonna plant.

1. Atropa belladonna:
detailed pharmacognosy
Dr. Rajani Srivastava

2. Atropa belladonna
•Atropa bella-donna, belongs to family Solanaceae.
Common names:
–Belladonna,
–Devil's Berries,
–Death Cherriesor
–Deadly Nightshade
[ highly poisonous in nature that’s why above names given ]

3. Introduction
•It is a perennialherbaceous plantin the family Solanaceae.
•It is Native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.
•The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing toxic
tropane alkaloids.
•Theseincludescopolamineandhyoscyaminewhichcauseabizarre
deliriumandhallucinations.
•Itisalsousedaspharmaceuticalanticholinergicsdrugs.
•Thepopulardrugatropineisisolatedfromthisplant.

4. History of belladonna
•Ithasalonghistoryofuseofbelladonnaalkaloidsasamedicine,
cosmetic,andpoison.
•BeforetheMiddleAges,itwasusedasananestheticforsurgery.
•TheancientRomansuseditasapoison.Itwasusedtomake
poisontippedarrows.
•Thegenusname"atropa"comesfromAtropos,oneofthethree
FatesinGreekmythology,andthename"belladonna"isderived
fromItalianandmeans"womanwithbeautifuleyes".

5. Taxonomy
Kingdom:Plantae
Class: Magnoliophyta
Order: Solanales
Family:Solanaceae
Genus: Atropa
Species:A. belladonna

6. Morphology & Botanical Relationships
•Low growing perennial herb/shrub that grows 2-6 ft
tall.
•Atropa belladonna is a branching herbaceous
perennial, often growing as a subshrub, from a fleshy
rootstock.
•Plants grow to 1.5meters (4.9 ft) tall with
18centimeters (7.1 in)..
•The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges
and faintly scented.
•Leaves: long ovate leaves
–Simple, alternate

7. •ItbelongstofamilySolanaceae,Sameasthe
potatoes,tomatoes,,tobacco,chilipeppers,etc.
•Thefruitsareberries,whicharegreen,on
ripeningbecametoashinyblack,and
approximately1centimetre(0.39in)indiameter.
•Theberriesaresweetandareconsumedby
animals.Theseedscontaintoxicalkaloids.
•Greenberriesturnpurplish-blackasplant
matures.
•Thereisapaleyellowfloweringformcalled
Atropabelladonnavar.luteawithpaleyellowfruit.

8. Habitat
•Seeds are small: about 10,000 plants will germinate from 1-2oz of seed
•Germination takes up to several weeks
–In warm, moist, sterile soil
•Plant requires:
–rich, moist
–plenty of fertilizer
–weed free environment

9. Active Compounds
Tropane Alkaloids
Atropine Hyoscyamine Scopolamine
C
17H
23NO
3 C
17H
23NO
3 C
17H
21NO
4

10. TROPANE ALKALOID
8-azabicyclo octane nucleus,

11. TROPANE ALKALOID
•It essentially consists of a 7-carbon bicyclic ring with a N-atom strategically
bridged between C-1 and C-5 and providing a C7N unit.
•The tropane base contains two chiral centers (i.e., asymmetric C-atoms),
namely: C-1 and C-5,
•A few important phytochemicals belonging to the tropane alkaloids are
namely:
•atropine
•cocaine
•cinnamoyl cocaine
•ecgonine and hyoscyamine.

12. TROPANE ALKALOID
•Tropane is a bicyclic compound obtained by the condensation of
one mole each of pyrrolidine and piperidine as shown below.

13. TROPANE ALKALOID
Thetropanealkaloids,whichhavethe8-azabicyclooctanenucleus,arecommonlyfoundin
plantsofthreefamilies,theSolanaceae,ErythroxylaceaeandConvolvulaceaefamilies.
•Tropanealkaloidsaretropinederivatives.
Tropine Tropine
•Tropaneis3-hydroxytropine.
•Therearetwostereoisomersoftropine:
1]tropineand
2]pseudotropine.
•Tropineis3alphaolandpseudotropineis3betaol.

14. 6,7 epoxy

15. •They are esters combined with acids.
•6,7 epoxy tropine is hyoscine or scopolamine
•These esters of tropic acid could be detected by vitali–morin
reaction.
•The acids present are tropic acid in atropine.
•Other organic acids like
•tiglic acid, acetic acid,
•isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid are also present.

17. Atropine

18. Atropine
•Synonyms:
•Tropine tropate
•dl-Hyoscyamine
•dl-Tropyl Tropate
•Tropic acid ester with Tropine.

19. Tropane vs Cocaine
Cocaine
OR
Benzoyl methyl ecgonine

20. Uses in Medicine
•Slows action of smooth muscle system
–Parkinson’s symptoms
–Irregularities in heart rate
–Dilates pupils
–Reduces salivation
–Stomach and bladder
cramps
–Helps to relax pre-surgery patients

21. Effects on Humans
•Increased/rapid heart rate
•Fits of laughter
•Inability to urinate
•Dilated pupils
•Dryness of mouth
•Nausea, vomiting
•Muscle failure
•Exhaustion

22. T.s. of root

23. Microscopical characters of belladonna root:
Periderm:
Periderm is distinguishable into Phellem and Phelloderm.
Cork:
Cork few layers, cells tangentially elongated and arranged in radial rows.
Phellogen:
Phellogen is not distinguishable through a faint layer can be made out.
Phelloderm:
Phelloderm few layers, cells tangentially elongated and contain starch and yellowish matter.
Secondary Phloem:
Several layers of starch bearing parenchyma with groups of sieve elements. Phloem fibres absent.
Numerous sandy bails, a characteristics feature of belladonna root and leaf, are seen scattered throughout
in the phloem tissue.
Cambium:
It is represented in the form of a ring containing 4 to 5 layers of rectangular cells arranged in radial rows.
Secondary xylem:
Secondary xylem forms the bulk of the root and occupied a large area. Secondary xylem consists of largely
starch bearing parenchyma with several scattered groups of vessels (3 to 10), associated with tracheids,
fibres and Cellulosic parenchyma. The groups of vessels are more towards the cambium. Primary xylem
forming the central mass shows distinct diarch nature.

24. 1Calcium oxalate crystals:
Fragmentsofmesophylltissuecontainingsandyballsparticularlyinthevicinityofvascularstrands.
2.Stomata:
Anisocyticorcruciferoustypemeaningtherebythatthestomalporeissurroundedbyepidermalcellsofwhich
oneisinvariablysmallerthantheothertwo.

25. •3.Epidermal cells:
•Walls of the epidermal cells are wavy and striations are seen on
the cuticle.
•4.Trichomes:
•Rare but both covering and glandular trichomes appears to
occur.

26. Ts of leaf