DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH.pptx

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING I
UNIT 2
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND EUGENICS

1. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH M . Josephin , tutor

2. introduction Many factors determine the health status and health outcome of the individual and populations. Whether people are healthy or not, is determine by their circumstances or environment . To a large extent , factors such as where we are live , the state of our environment , genetics, our income and education level and our relationship with the friends and family all have considerable impacts on health

3. Determinants of health Health Communities Societies Individuals Families Biological Individual behaviour Human rights Environmental Socio economical Sociocultural Health care system Age and gender Science and technology Information, communication Equity and social justice

4. Biological determinants GENETIC MAKEUP G enes inheritance plays an important role in determining our lifespan, health status and the risk of developing certain illness . Inheritance genetic frame of an individual predisposes the individual response that are affecting the health status OTHERS LIKE , Chromosomal anomalies Error of metabolism Mental retardation

5. Environmental determinants INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Cells , tissue and organs Hormonious functioning EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Physical Biological psychological DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT way of living eating habits, smoking, drinking , use of drugs etc.

6. Socio economical determinants Income and social status have a significant impact on health status. Like higher income or social status linked to better health The greater gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the difference in health Customs, traditions and belief of the family and community all affect the health.

7. Socio economic determinants Socio economic determinants depends upon per capita income Education Nutrition Employment Housing

8. Socio cultural determinants Culture plays an important role in raising or impeding the health of a person . Some of the cultural beliefs and practices are good to health others drastically affect the health of a person. Example: “ rooming in” occurs only on the 11 th to 14 th postnatal day and till then the mother is not allowed to take bath.

9. Health care delivery system Immunization of the children Provision of safe drinking water Care of pregnant and children Equitably distributed Accessible Primary health care

10. Individual behavioural life style Individual behaviour may cause some changes in the individual health status Life style denotes, “the way that people live”, reflecting a whole range of social values, attitudes and activity Health is determine by their culture , beliefs, behaviour and personal habits.

11. Individual behavioural life style HEALTHY LIFE STYLES Adequate nutrition Enough sleep Sufficient physical activity

12. Individual behavioural life style HARMFUL LIFE STYLES lack of sanitation Poor nutrition Personal hygiene Elementary human habits , customs and cultural pattern

13. Individual behavioural life style DISEASE LINKED LIFE STYLES coronary heart disease Obesity Lung cancer D rug addiction

14. Age and gender As people they become more susceptible to disease and disability For example, Heart disease, stroke and cancer have been the leading chronic conditions that have had the greatest impact on the aging populations childs are more susceptible to diarrhoea and respiratory tract infections

15. Age and gender Men and women are suffer from different types of disease at different ages and some of the diseases affect the men and women differently Women face the highest rate of disease in some area such as breast cancer, osteoporosis and other auto immune disorder. In the aspect of nutrition and reproductive health women are exposure to majority of the diseases and the male are affected most commonly in occupational diseases

16. Other factors Science and technology Information and communication Society and equity Human rights Food and agriculture, industry, social welfare, rural development and policies.

17. eugenics In the 1880s sir francis galton , a cousin of Charles Darwin introduced the concept of “eugenics”. He was considered as a father of modern statistics. Eugenics means”wellborn ”. In greek word ‘ eu ’ means good or well and “ genos ” meaning offspring gave the base for the term “eugenics” Eugenics makes all effort to study the inborn traits of man (physical, mental, spiritual).

18. definition “ Eugenics is the study of the agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally .” sir francis galton,1904

19. Types of eugenics NEGATIVE EUGENICS preventing the births of children with genotype/phenotypes viewed as unhealthy or undesirable or preventing child bearing by undesirable individuals. Negative eugenics aims to improve the health and performance of the population by preventing reproduction of its least healthy and least capable members.

20. Types of eugenics POSITIVE EUGENICS Main purpose of the positive eugenics was to achieve healthy population. This is done by improving the health and performance of the population by increasing the birth among couple harbouring best traits and capabilities.

21. aims The general tone of domestic, social, and political life would be higher. The race as a whole would be less foolish, less frivolous, less excitable and politically more provident than now. Its demagogues who “ played to the gallery” would play to a more sensible gallery than at present. We should be better fitted to fulfil our vast imperial opportunities. Lastly , men of an order of ability which is now very rare, would become more frequent, because the level out of which they rose would itself have risen.

22. aims The aim of Eugenics is to bring as many influences as can be reasonably employed, to cause the useful classes in the community to contribute more than their proportion to the next generation.

23. Scopes of eugenics Dissemination of a knowledge of the laws of heredity so far as they are surely known, and promotion of their farther study. Few seem to be aware how greatly the knowledge of what may be termed the actuarial side of heredity has advanced in recent years The average closeness, of kinship in each degree now admits of exact definition and of being treated mathematically, like birth and death-rates, and the other topics with which actuaries are concerned .

24. Scopes of eugenics Historical inquiry into the rates with which the various classes of society (classified according to civic usefulness) have contributed to the population at various times, in ancient and modern nations. There is strong reason for believing that national rise and decline is closely connected with this influence. It seems to be the tendency of high civilisation to check fertility in the upper classes, through numerous causes, some of which are well known, others are inferred, and others again are wholly obscure. The latter class are apparently analogous to those which bar the fertility of most species of wild animals in zoological gardens .

25. Scopes of eugenics Influences affecting Marriage. The remarks of Lord Bacon in his essay on Death may appropriately be quoted here. He says, with the view of minimising its terrors : “ There is no passion in the mind of men so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death . . . Revenge triumphs over death; love slights i t ; honour aspireth to i t ; grief flyeth to it ; fear pre- occupateth it.