Determination of time since death/ postmortem time interval
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Oct 06, 2020
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About This Presentation
Time since death/PMI
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Language: en
Added: Oct 06, 2020
Slides: 30 pages
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Determination of time since death
ATUL ABHISHEK
M.Sc forensic science
GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY, UP
Post-mortem Changes
The changes which occur after death that are helpfu l in estimation of the approximate time
of death can be classified into :
D
Immediate changes
(Few minutes after death to maximum 30 minutes)
a)
Insensibility and loss of voluntary power
b)
Cessation of respiration
c)
Cessation of circulation
D
Early changes
(1
-
36 hours.)
D
Early changes
(1
-
36 hours.)
a)
Changes in the skin
b)
Changes in the eye
c)
Cooling of the body (Algormortis)
d)
Postmortem lividity (Livor mortis)
e)
Changes in the muscles (Rigor mortis, RM)
D
Late changes
(>36 hours)
a)
Decomposition (combination of autolysis and putrefa ction)
b)
Modifications of putrefaction (adipocere, mummifica tion).
Change in skin Change in skin Change in skin Change in skin
D
Skin becomes ashy-white, pale and loses elasticity ,
within a few minutes of death.
Lips are dry, brownish and hard due to drying.
D
Lips are dry, brownish and hard due to drying.
Changes in the Eye Changes in the Eye Changes in the Eye Changes in the Eye
Change in eye after death
Note :-
pupil dilation occurs after death but, when rigor m ortis formation occur pupil become
contract.
T
Tache noire -If the eyelids remain open after death, desiccatio n of
sclera occurs giving rise to somewhat triangular sh aped discolored
areas [simply Tache noire (black spots)]. These ar e yellowish in color
in the beginning, but as dust settles in, they beco me dark red or later
even black.
Tache noire
T
Loss of intraocular tension-
Intraocular pressure (IOP) falls rapidly after deat h. It becomes
zero in 4–8 h from 10–20mmHg (Average–15mm )during
life. Due to this, The eyeballs look sunken in the orbit.
value IOP 15 Atdeath
12 After 1 hr
10 After 2hr
8.5 After 3hr
7.5 After 4hr
5 After 8hr
Vitreous humour
IOP
Rising potassium level in vitreous humour: T
After death, the cells around the vitreous chamber breakdown
and release their fluid in the vitreous, due to thi s the
concentration of ions slowly increases.
T
Increasing concentration of ions in vitreous chambe r provide a
remarkable data of time since death and medical his tory.
T
If a body finding in underground water, in this cas e the
T
If a body finding in underground water, in this cas e the environmental conditions make difficulties to deter mine the time
of death, but examination of potassium level give e stimate time
since death.
Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death————Algor Algor Algor AlgorMortis Mortis Mortis Mortis
cooling of the body e
Body heat falls after death D
Average rate of fall -
(a) duringsummers -0.75°F/h (b) during winters -1.5°F/h .
D
Heat loss is affected by the ambient temperature( e nvironmental
D
Heat loss is affected by the ambient temperature( e nvironmental temperature)
e
Corpse temperature is measured by a thermometer ins erted into
the liver or rectum.
e
Time of death is expressed as a range of time
˚
Temperature is measured by using a chemical thermom eter graduated
from 1 to 50 degrees centigrade, inserted 10 cm in to the rectum. ˚
When there is history of suspected sexual assault, then the temperature
is measured from the under surface of the liver by making a slit opening
on the upper part of right side of the abdomen (sub -hepatic
temperature).
Time since death = Normal body temp –Rectal temp/sub hepatictemp
Rate of fall of Temp/hour
Example:
=37 ˚C(Normal temp) –35.5˚C(measured)
1.5˚C(constant)
=1 Hour.
Factors affecting the rate of cooling: Factors affecting the rate of cooling: Factors affecting the rate of cooling: Factors affecting the rate of cooling:- ---
I.
Age: The bodies of old people and children cool faster t han adult bodies.
II.
Condition of Body: Fat and large bodies cool slowly due to fat which is a
bad conductor of heat, ; hence females and obese b odies cool slowly.
III.
Manner of Death: The bodies of persons who were suffering from chron ic
or wasting diseases cool faster than persons dying of violent reasons.
IV.
Atmosphere: If a body is in open air, it cools faster. It also cools faster when in water. when in water.
V.
Clothing: Coverings on or around the body; clothing prevents heat loss
from the body.
Postmortem caloricity: D
It is a condition where there is rise of body tempe rature after death instead
of cooling of the body.
D
postmortem glycogenolysis, can produce up to about 140 calories that can
raise the body temperature about 2°C
Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death————Rigor Mortis Rigor Mortis Rigor Mortis Rigor Mortis
The stiffening of muscle after Death D
Without oxygen in the blood—
D
Calcium accumulates in the muscles
D
Muscles stiffen
D
Muscles stiffen
D
Starts in the eyelids and expands throughout and la stly the
lower limbs.
D
After about 15 hours—
D
Muscle fibers begin to dissolve
D
Softening begins
Live muscle fibers slide
back and forth
After death, muscle fibers
become locked in a flexed
position
Time of appearance: (Rule of twelve)
• Starts in 3 to 6 hours
• Takes 12 hours to complete
• Stays for another 12 hours
• Passes off in the next 12 hours.
Observation Approx. Time Scale
The body is at its most rigid state Just over 2 hours
No visible signs of rigor
Less than 2 hours
or more than 48 hours ago
Rigor mortis completed 12 hours
Stiffness generally disappears After 36 hours
Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death————Livor Mortis Livor Mortis Livor Mortis Livor Mortis
D
Lividity begins about 2 hours after death.
D
Discoloration becomes permanent after 8 hours
D
Ambient temperature affects the speed of decomposit ion.
Cooler temp –occurs slower Warmer temp
–
occurs faster
Warmer temp
–
occurs faster
D
Lividity can determine the position of the body duri ng the first eight
hours.
D
The normal colour of livor mortis changes from red to purple as
oxygen gradually dissociates from the hemoglobin of red blood cells.
This produces deoxyhemoglobin that is purple in col our and therefore
postmortem lividity normally looks purplish.
Post-mortem lividity
Formation of lividity over dependent part of body
Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death
————Stages of Decomposition Stages of Decomposition Stages of Decomposition Stages of Decomposition
A.
Within 2 days.
: Initial Decay
(Fresh)
c
Cell autolysis begins.
c
Green and purplish staining occurs from blood
decomposition.
Skin takes on a marbled appearance.
c
Skin takes on a marbled appearance.
c
Face becomes discolored.
B.
After 4 days
: Putrefaction (Bloating)
c
Skin blisters.
c
Abdomen swells with carbon dioxide (released by
bacteria living in the intestines).
c
Lecithinase is major bacterial enzyme responsible
for putrefaction.
C.
Within 6-10 days
: Decay stage - Black
Putrefaction (Butyric Fermentation)
c
Corpse continues to bloat with CO
2as
bacteria continue to feed on tissues
c
Eventually, gas causes chest and
abdominal cavities to burst and collapse.
c
Fluids begin to leak from body openings as
cell membranes rupture
c
Eyeballs and other tissues liquify
c
Skin Sloughs off
c
Very strong odor
D.
Within 10-25 days
: Post decay Stage- Butyric
Fermentation
c
Corpse is beginning to dry out
c
Most of flesh is gone
E.
>25-50 days
: Dry Decay (Skeletonization)
c
Corpse is almost dry Further decay is slow due to lack of moisture
c
Further decay is slow due to lack of moisture
Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death————Insects Insects Insects Insects
D
Forensic entomologist D
Collects insect evidence from on, above, and below the body
D
Records environmental conditions
D
Within hours of a death, certain insects arrive to lay their eggs on Within hours of a death, certain insects arrive to lay their eggs on the warm body—blowflies
D
As the corpse decomposes, other kinds of insects ar rive
Time of Death Time of Death
——Blowfly Life Cycle Blowfly Life Cycle
1.
<8 hours after death—blowfly eggs can be found in t he moist,
warm areas of a corpse
2.
Within 20 hours—1
st
of their 3 larva stages
3.
4
th
or 5
th
day
—
3
rd
of their 3 larva stages
3.
4
or 5
day
—
3
of their 3 larva stages
4.
8 to 12 days—larvae migrates to a dry place
5.
18 to 24 days—Early pupa; immobile; changes from li ght brown
to dark brown
6.
By the 21
st
-24
th
day the pupa cases will split open and adult
blowflies will emerge.
pupa
Adult
eggs
3
rd
instar
larva
2
nd
instar
larva
1
st
instar
larva
Life cycle of blow fly Life cycle of blow fly
Stage When first appears Stage Duration Characteristics
Egg Soon after death 8 hours
Found in moist, warm
areas of body.
Mouth, ears, anus
Larva 1
(Instar 1) 1.8 days 20 hours
1 spiracle slit near anus
Thin body
Larva 2
(Instar 2) 2.5 days 15-20 hours
2 spiracle slits near anus
Starts feeding
Larva 3
(Instar 3) 4-5 days 36-56 hours
3 spiracle slits near anus
Fat body
Pre-pupa 8-12 days 86-180 hours
Larvae start to migrate
away from body
Early and late pupa
stages 18-24 days 6-12 days
Immobile, doesn’t feed
Changes to dark brown
Adult 21-24 days Several weeks
Hatched from larvae
Immobile for first few
hours
PMI Calculation Example PMI Calculation Example PMI Calculation Example PMI Calculation Example
Larva 1st
Larva 2nd
Larva 3rd
Pre
-
Total time
Body is found with Luciliasericatalarvae, prepupae, and pupae (in soil next
to body). Temps at site had averaged 16 °C. Pupae brought into the lab &
held at that temp. began to enclose after 112 hours .
Development rate of sheep blowflies, Luciliasericata, (in hours) at three different
temperatures
Temp(°C) Egg
1st Instar
2nd Instar
3rd Instar
Pre
-
pupa Pupa
time (days)
16 41 53 42 98 148 393 32
21 21 31 26 50 118 240 20
27 18 20 12 40 90 168 14
PMI = (41 + 53 + 42 + 98 + 148 + 393 –112)/24 = 26.5 days
Life cycle of house fly Life cycle of house fly
Diagrammatical representation of Estimation of time
since death
Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death Time of Death
————Stomach and Intestinal Contents Stomach and Intestinal Contents Stomach and Intestinal Contents Stomach and Intestinal Contents
State of Contents Timing of Death
Undigested food present in the
stomach
Zero to two hours after the last
meal
Stomach is empty, but food
found in small intestine
Death occurred at least four to
six hours after a meal
Small intestine is empty; waste
found in large intestine
Death occurred 12 or more
hours after a meal
References References References References
L
BISWAS, G. (2015).REVIEW OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND
TOXICOLOGY: Including clinical & pathological aspec ts. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publisher.
L
Aggrawal, A., Dr. (2016). Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for MBBS
. AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY (APC
).
MBBS
. AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY (APC
).
L
Reddy, K. N., & Murty, O. (2015). The Essentials Of Forensic
Medicine And Toxicology . JaypeeBrothers Publisher.