DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF MIS

1. Chapter 9:
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF MIS

2. Page  2
Process of mis development
Linkage of business goals to MIS goals
Relationship between Business goals and business stretergy
Mis goal and stretergy
Mis to generate all classes of information for all users
Methods for handling uncertaintity and risk
Approach to MIS development
Implementation of MIS
MIS: Factors of success and Failures
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

3. Page  3
Development of long range plan of mis
To achieve success it is necessary to make plan first
Constructing MIS plan take information as resource
Use proper data entry methods and plan can be made from proper
resources of organizations
In short mis plan is flexible enough to deal with changing according to
time, Situation and adopt latest technology
Mis plan can contain following major elements
-Deal with business plan
-Strategy for plan achievement
-The architecture of mix
-The system development schedule
-Hardware versus software plan

4. Page  4
Contents of the mis plan
A long range MIS plan provides direction for the development of the
systems
It provide basis for achieving the specific targets or tasks against a time
frame.
Pan is strectly related with goals and objectives of the mis which are as
under given below
-Provide an online information of everything
-Quick process of query
-The focus of system will be on end user
-Information support system will contain stretegic,tactical and operational
area of business

5. Page  5
MIS Plan vs Business plan
Business plan MIS plan
Business goals and objectives Mis,objectives,business goals
Business plan and strategy Information strategy for business plan
,implementation playing a supportive
role
Strategy planning and decisions Architecture for mis to support decision
Management plan for execution and
control
Sytem development schedule,matching
the plan execution
Operation plan for execution Hardware and software plan for
implementation

6. Page  6
Strategy for plan achievement
The designer has to take number of strategic decision to achieve goal and
objective of organization the strategy are:
a)Development strategy: An online, a batch, a real time. Technology
platform
b)System development strategy: Any approach to the system development-
operational versus functional, Accounting versus analysis, database
versus multiple databases
c)Resources for system development: In house versus
external,Customised development versus the use of packages.
d)Manpower composition: Analyst, programmer skill and know-how

7. Page  7
The Architecture of the MIS
*The architecture of the mis plan provide a system structure and their input,
output and linkages
-It also provide a way to handle the system or subsystems by way of
simplification, coupling and decoupling of subsystems
-It spells out in detail the subsystems from the data entry to
procesing,analyst to modeling and storage to printing

8. Page  8
The System Development Schedule
A schedule is made for the development of the system
Preparing information schedule first importance is given to the system
requirement
The development schedule is changed according to be weighted against
the time scale for achieving certain requirement. Which is linked with
business plan
Schedule can be revised according to performance of business

9. Page  9
Hardware and Software plan
Feasibility studies can effect on planning of MIS
The hardware and software which is selected for mis plan should be
technically sound and up to date
Selection of proper hardware and software should be part of strategic
level decisions
Proper selection of hardware and software should link with goals and
objectives of organizations

10. Page  10
A Model of the mis plan
Contents Particulars Focus
Corporate InformationBusiness environment
and current operations
Where are We?
Mission, Goal and
Objectives
Current mission, goal and
objectives
Where do we want to
reach?
Business risks and
rewards
Risk analysis and current
status
What is risk?
Policy and strategy Details of policies and
status
How do we achieve
goals?
Information needs Strategic planning What is key information?
Architecture of plan IT detail What are tools of
achievement?
Schedule of developmentDetail of system and
subsystem
When it will achieve?
Budget and Roi Detail of investment
schedule and benefits
What is cost of budget
and roi?

11. Page  11
Ascertaining class of information
Information Class Example User
Organizational Employee,products,servi
ces,location,turnover etc
Many users at all levels
Functional Purchase,sales,producti
ons,stocks,marketing etc
Functional heads and
others
Managerial Payable,outstanding,bud
get,statutory information
Middle and top level
management
Knowledge Entire organization Middle ,top and bottom
level management
Decision Support Status of information,
various standard etc
Middle and low level
management
Operational Information on
production,sales
,purchase etc
Operational and
management supervisor

12. Page  12
Determining the information requirement
The difficulty to determine to determine a correct and complete sets of
information is on account of the factor given below:
1)The capability constraint of human being as an information processor
2)The nature and the variety of information in précised terms
3)Reluctance of decision maker to spell out the information
4)The ability of the decision makers to specify information
•There are 4 methods of determining information requirements
1)Asking or interviewing
2)Determining from existing system
3)Analyzing the critical success factors
4)Experimentation and modeling

13. Page  13
Methods of handling Uncertainty
Levels of uncertaintyLevel of management Method
Low Operational
management
Interview
A risk situation Middle management Determine from existing
system
Very risky Middle and top
management
Determine threw critical
success factors
High Top management Experiment ,modeling
and sensitivity analysis

14. Page  14
Development and implementation of MIS
The plan consists of various system and subsystems
The choice of the subsystem depends on the its positions in the total mis
plan
The designer first develops systems independently and start integrated
them with other systems
Basically 2 approaches effected on MIS
1)Prototype approach
2)Life cycle approach

15. Page  15
Prototype approach
It is useful for complex system
Prototyping is a process of progressively ascertaining the information
needs, developing methodology, trying it out on a smaller scale with
respect to the data and the complexity.
Designers task is complex and full of difficult in this approach
Multiple user can involve in this approach

16. Page  16
Development process model of prototype approach
Mission,
Goals
Identify
information
Define
System
boundries
Define
System
objectives
Examine
Feasibility
Develop
prototype
Initial
Prototype
Develop
And test
Refine the
needs
Modify
prototype
Develop
Revised
prototype
Develop
application
review
Implement
In parallel
training
documentation
Satisfy?

17. Page  17
Life Cycle Approach
It is useful when there are periodic review of system take place
It is useful in modification of system required after particular time period
It provide system a stability with regular evaluation
This approach is based on rules and regulation on which system follows
and it can not allow significant change in system.
It is used in closed system where outcome of system is already decided
before implementation of system

18. Page  18
Development process model of Lifecycle approach
System,
Application
Assess
Feasibility
Information
Req.
analysis
Define
System
objectives
Conceptual
Design
Physical
Design
Program
Specification
System
Specification
Physical
Design
Install
System
Conduct
Training
Operate
System
Review
And Audit

19. Page  19
Prototype VS Lifecycle Approach
Prototype Approach Lifecycle Approach
Useful in open system where high
amount of uncertainty about information
is there.
Useful in closed system which have
certain information
Necessary to try out some assumption
in decision making process
No need to try out any assumption
Experiment is necessary and control the
cost before system has been
implemented
No need to experiment anything
Tryout system before it commits on
specific information requirements
The user is confident enough about
system so no need to try anything
System is custom oriented The system is universal

20. Page  20
Implementation of MIS
There are certain guidelines to user about proper implementation of
system in organization which are as given beloved
No question beyond limit the information need to user
Don’t forget his role is to offer service not demand
Give priority to user not designer
Don’t mix technical need with information need
Impress upon user global nature in system design with provide
attractiveness in system design
Don’t challenge application of information in decision making
Maintain quality of information in system
Provide information as corporate resource and contribute you as a user
Take regular feedback of user with proper interaction with user

21. Page  21
Implementation of MIS
Ensure the overall system effort has management acceptance
Enlist user’s participation time to time
Realize user that threw serving they are true guide of system
Allover proper change in system time to time
Identify role of user in system
Conduct periodic meeting with user time to time
Provide proper training to user with proper guidelines about usage of
system

22. Page  22
Management of information quality in the MIS
The quality of parameters is assured if following steps are taken.
1)All the input is process and controlled as input and pricess design
2)All updating and correction are completed the data processing begins
3)Inputs are subjected with validity checks
4)Access of data file is protected and secured threw authorization scheme
5)Ensure that complete data is processed in one transaction
6)Due attention is given to the proper file name

23. Page  23
Management of information quality in the MIS
7) Back up of data and files are taken safeguard corruption or loss of data
8) Time to time audit constructed
9) Modification of system is necessary
10) System are developed within standard specification of design and
development
11) Information system is controlled threw program and provide perticular
access control
12) Mis model will provide consistency into business plan so that
information needs to acheiee its goals.

24. Page  24
Quality parameters of information
Parameter of quality Example comments
Complete data of all
transaction
All invoice of the month
with voucher
Achieves integrity of data
with respect to time period
Valid transaction and
input data
Only correct transaction is
allowed
Validity of data
Accuracy and precision of
results
Correct use of formula
with relevant data
Results are accurate
Relevance to the user
and decision maker
Concentrate strategic
areas of business
Relevance towards the
goal of organization
Timely information Information of sales,
dispatch etc
Information should be up
to date
Meaningful and complete
information
Production information is
about quality with proper
format and so on
Incomplete information
makes user wrong
decisions.

25. Page  25
Organization for development of mis
There are some major issues involved in interaction of mis with
organization the issues are:
1)Whether the mis function should be handled as centralized or
decentralized activity
2)The allocation of the hardware and software resources
3)The maintaince of the mis service levels at an appropriate level
4)Fitting the organization of the mis in the corporate organization, its culture
and the management philosophy.

26. Page  26
Organization for development of mis
The question of centralization versus decentralization is depends on
information resource management in the organization
In a centralized set the responsibility of acquisition of the data, of the
information to the users becomes the centralized function
In a decentralized set of responsibility information is at second level so
priority is given to the requirement and other things.
The development process model is divided into centralized and
decentralized organization which are as mention

27. Page  27
Development process model of mis
MD
Head of
MIS
Hardware and
Software
Centralized system
Developement
Operations,
maintaince
Selections,
expansition
Technology
Upgarate decision
Information
System planning
Training
Management and
developement
Day to day
operation
System,software
maintaince
Centralized model of mis

28. Page  28
Development process model of mis
MD
Head of
MIS
Hardware and
Software
Centralized system
Developement
Operations,
maintaince
Selections,
expansition
Technology
Upgarate decision
Information
System planning
Training
Management and
developement
Day to day
operation
System,software
maintaince
Decentralized model of mis
Corporate
DBMS
Management of HW
Hw & Sw Techno
Distributed or
Decentralized decisions
Selection of
Hardware solution
Selection of OS
Users in System
Developement
Training and
Problem solving

29. Page  29
Features of Contributing Success of mis
It focus major issues of business and also adequate development
resources are provided and barrier are removed
An appropriate information processing technology, required to meet the
data processing and analysis needs of users of the mis,is selected
Mis defined user’s requirement and its operational validity is ensured
Mis is kept under continuous surveliance,so that its open system design is
modified according to changing information needs.
Mis focus on business objectives and goal.
Mis is not allowed to end up into an information generation mill avoiding
the noise in the information and communication system
Mis will consider all human behaviour factors in the process of
management
Mis is focused on different information needs for different objectives

30. Page  30
Features of Contributing Success of mis
Mis is interacted with term globalization so that it should be prepared with
lattest technology.
Mis is easy to operate
Mis design provide basic capability for user to deal with complex situation
The mis concentrate on the development the information support to
manage critical success factors in organizations
Mis concentrates on the mission critical applications serving the need of
the top management.

31. Page  31
Features of Contributing Failures of mis
The mis is conceived as a data processing and not an information
processing system
Mis is not those information that manager needs instead of it provide
those information that function calls.
Mis is not provide proper way to deal with system complexity instead of it
recognized its successful implementation
Mis is not concentrate on system control and its neglect basic system
tools which are input, process and output
The mis is developed without streamlining the BPS in organization
Mis is not concentrate towards the training aspects of users
The mis does not meet certain critical and key factors of the users such
as a response to the query on database.

32. Page  32
Features of Contributing Failure of mis
Mis is not fully guaranteed that it will provide complete problem solving
mechanism in the organization
Sometimes lack of capability of developers makes mis an unused product
in organization
The mis does not give perfect information to all the users in the
organization.
Mis is assumption of developer so sometime this assuming becomes
reason for failures.

33. Page  33
Approach to MIS developement
Identify business goals
Determine critical success factors
Determine business stretergy
Identify critical business application
Make decision analysis
Develop business performance indicators
Identify information entities to decision support for business
Build mis superset as precribed I the general model of mis

34. Page  34
Mis develop process model
Study business environment
Study organization and structure
Identify missions and goal
Identify critical success factors
Identify critical business applications
Ascertain the business strategy
Identify business decisions
Develop key performance indicators
Determine mis goals supporting business goals
Developed it strategy to meet goals
Develop it support structure to meet data and information needs.
Determine mis superet

35. Page  35
Mis develop process model
Link and map mis and information outcome to business goals and
strategy
Design KMS & BI systems
Design information reporting structure
-Periodic reports
-Exception reports
-Control reports