developmental psychology.pptx for nursing students

there is notes of developmental psychology it is very important chapter of psychology i make this notes in very easy method easy you can understand, in this unit will get knowledge about the psychological development according to age and what psychological changes will be there according to age, about all these will get knowledge except of these topic will get knowledge about the psychology of challenged individual, psychology of women and psychology of group, this notes will help you for exam if you loke so please like

1. VIDYAKIRANA GROUP OF INSTITUTION BENGALURU Subject- psychology Topic- developmental psychology Presented by – Mrs. sulekha Deshmukh

2. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

3. From GCN NOTS INTRODUCTION – The term development means a progressive series of change that occur as a result of maturation and experience Developmental psychology studies the developmental changes covering the life span from conception to death.

4. Life span is divided into various stages which are associated with specific age periods these are.. The prenatal period Infancy – birth – 2 year Early childhood – 2- 6 year Middle childhood – 6- 12 years Adolescence – 12- 19 years

5. Early adulthood - 19-40 years Middle adulthood – 40- 60 years Late adulthood / old age - 60 and beyond

6. Prenatal period -

7. Prenatal period includes from conception to birth, family and maternal attitudes contributes for the relationship between mother and child during this period Maternal stress and unfavorable [do not like someone] attitudes toward the child, had impact on child The full term unborn or neonate has remarkable competencies to survive in the outside world

8. Newborn look toward moving objects and listen closely to the sound of voices, specially their mother’s voice. Which they heard during the womb

9. Psychological need of Include the acceptance of the pregnancy by the family, development of an attachment to the baby and preparation for birth, adjustment to the changes in her physical appearance and maintenance of a positive relationship with the father of the baby

10. INFANCY - [BIRTH -2 YEARS ]

11. The period of infancy begin with birth and last for two year, the infant is called neonate for the first four weeks after birth, during the first 12 months of the infant shows very rapid motor development and learn to sit, stand and begin walk, infant weight triple from birth weight by one to two years length increased by almost 50% from birth

12. PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF INFANT Include need for security, love, affection [a feeling of loving], warmth, comfort, acceptance, nourishment, understanding and physical contact the infant need to be cuddled and fondled [to touch somebody gently in a loving way] frequently

13. Early childhood stage – 2- 6 years

14. The child during this period learn to walk, run, climb, jump, balance, develops fine motor skill and muscular coordination, also developed sensory perception of size and learn to speak, capable of practical thinking and solving simple problems , learn to how to dress ,how to get ready Other important achievement during this period are learning how to use writing tools, identifying letters, numbers and sound

15. Psychological needs during early childhood Include love, recognition, security, encouragement, protection, discipline, nutrition

16. Middle childhood phase - 6- 12 years

17. During this period physical growth is slow and gradual, the average child 2 to 3 inches in height and gained about 3 to 5 pound of weight in a year The increased muscular development and resistance[not tiered] to fatigue makes new skill and activities possible Children develop much smoother and well coordinated muscle movement during this age

18. They become capable of many muscular activity such as a running, riding a bicycle and throwing or catching boll, writing or reading and ability to handle language during this age

19. Psychological need during this phase Include love affection, security belonging need, understanding, attention and physical care, child need a opportunities to exercise his/her muscle and refine motor coordination Also need protective environment, encouragement guidance and direction to understanding what behavior is expected

20. Adolescence 12 to 19 years

21. Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, intellectual, emotional and social growth A period of growing up Physically the boy and girl become an adult, sex organ mature, adolescence begin very with rapid change in the body Change can be see in height and weight, shape of the body, sound of the voice. presence of pubic and facial

22. Hair and other external sex characteristic There is an intellectual growth, mature mode of thinking, intellectual reaches its maximum during this period. Emotionally the adolescent grows independent of parents and prepare them self for entering into other relationship that are needed in marriage, work, and in the community

23. Psychological need of an adolescent

24. It include status, independence, satisfying philosophy of life, a proper orientation to the opposite sex and guidance in selecting a vocation[ in which field will make career they need guidence ]

25. Early adulthood 20 to 40 years

26. During early adulthood most adult reach their full height, a number of sensory and neural function are also at optimal level during this period [work very well] For women, reproductive capacity is at its peak[high] during young adulthood, intellectual ability appears to peak during this period, task requiring quick response time, certain creative skill also reach highest level during young adulthood

27. Young women have additional psychological difference related to the body change, about 75% of all women in young adulthood experience mood swing with the cycle of maturation these are believed to be caused by hormonal change in the body Choosing a career and life partner are top priority in this age child rearing is usually an important part of young adulthood

28. During this period behavior is governed more by intelligence than emotion, adult adapt easily to social situations, face reality objectively, adult are vocationally adjusted and able to think and decide things on their own.

29. Psychological need for early adulthood It include a balance of intimacy, freedom and independence, the adult too like the child and adolescent, need securities, self realization and recognition Other needs are development of intimate relationship, marriage and status in society

30. Middle adulthood 40 to 60 year

31. Middle adulthood, commonly called midlife, bring with it dramatic change in physical development which begins during late early adulthood appears to speed up and is much more visible as a person reaches the late 40s In middle age the skin loses some of the elasticity, hair begin to thin and turn grey or white

32. Muscular strength decline slowly, a very major physical change come about the cardiovascular system, heart cannot pump much blood as the younger heart, blood pressure usually rise during middle adulthood During middle adulthood men and women undergo a number of change in their reproductive and sexual organs, the change are linked to decrease in the

33. Production of sex hormones, especially estrogen and testosterone For women in mid 40’s is cessation [stop] of menstrual occurs, termed as menopause, a number of unpleasant systems have been correlated with menopause which include profuse sweating hot flashes, dizziness, headache, irritability, depression, insomnia, weight gain

34. Psychological need of middle adulthood Support from partner, need of love from family and children, need to make co ordination between family members, economically stability

35. Late adulthood 60 years and above

36. Late adulthood 60 years and above The age of 60 years and above is commonly considered as old age it is period of retirement from active work It is marked by impairment of sensory function seeing and hearing, old person also show a gradual decline in mental ability, memory, attention, thinking and ability to learn new things are affected

37. Other chronic disease which are common among old age are cancer, arthritis, loss of hearing and vision

38. Psychological need of late adulthood It include love, affection, need for physical care, security, need of attention

39. Psychology of vulnerable individuals and psychology of group

40. Psychology of vulnerable individuals

41. Psychology of group

42. Psychology of challenged individual

43. Chronic illness and prolonged disablement necessitate a reconstruction of patient’s idea of himself/herself and a complete recognition of relationship Patient who realize that he/she is permanently disabled become angry with himself/ herself and with others

44. He/she may expressed anger towards the family members and the hospital staff He/she may refuse to meet people or to go out This phase of self consciousness increase the difficulties, like family members or hospital staff feel embarrassed or discomfort due to patient’s attitude He loses interest in himself and the surrounding and find life not worth living

45. He/she refused to take sufficient nourishment, treatment, neglect personal hygiene and lost interest in all activities The greatest isolation occurs in those who lost sight, speech or hearing, sometimes this isolation may lead to confusion, disorientation and a terrifying feeling of being lost leading to aggressive behavior

46. Blind people need constant interpretation of their environment while they are learning to use their other senses[there should be one person for guiding] It is important for nurse to learn communication skill with the deaf such as a gesture[moving hand], mime ,[to act something without speaking] writing and demonstration

47. The nursing care of the disabled must aim at helping the patient, so that he/she can create a new idea by themselves

48. Psychological need of women

49. Just as physical disorder affect women differently than men, women’s psychological needs are different, also issues are specific to women following are some example …

50. Assertiveness Body image Depression Teen pregnancy Infertility Domestic violence rape

51. assertiveness

52. Many women have raised to be passive and place the need of others before themselves, for example a women who is wife and mother may define her role as the giver and nurture and disregard[secondary] her own emotional need She may reach a point where she beings to experience anxiety and depression as she has lost her own self identity

53. A nurse can help the women uncover her strength and work towards understanding her need and goals

54. Body image

55. In today’s society there is a significant emphasis placed on body image through tv, magazine, movies and other social young women receive distorted message regarding appropriate body image The women’s definition regarding their own body may be distorted resulting in eating disorder such as anorexia and bulimia, many women view their body with fear sometimes leading to self injury

56. The nurse should help her to develop positive body image

57. Depression

58. Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression, psychological study shows that women withdrawing and blaming themselves, in contrast men threw themselves into activities Hormones create mood swings before maturation[ premenstrual tension] and after childbirth or due to use of oral contraceptives

59. Teen pregnancy

60. When unwanted pregnancy occurs in this stage of women’s life , it can significantly alter her emotional development The nurse can help her understand the option available and the use of her own strength to cope with the current situation

61. infertility

62. Infertility can be financially, emotionally and psychologically draining, although infertility affect both men and women , women often feel the loss of not becoming pregnant and a psychological loss of not being a ‘real women ‘ The nurse can help her to cope with the feeling of loss associated with infertility

63. Mor than 50% of women experience some form of violence from their spouse this may occur in the from of verbal abuse, limiting behavior[avoid] or actual physical attack Emotional abuse is difficult to identify and often leaves the victim with a sense of somethings wrong but doubt in their own perception

64. The nurse can help women re- established her sense of self worth[self identity] and remove her self from the violence situation

65. Rape

66. Women who have been victim of rape by a stranger, date rape or family members often experience a psychological effect, know as rape trauma syndrome Women experience low self esteem [self respect] or low confidence. There is a lot of self blame and self attach. other common feeling are depression and anger

67. It is important for women to process the feelings they have regarding rape and resulting from up with a qualified psychotherapist

68. Psychology of sick person

69. The main aim of nursing care is to assist the patient in attaining the highest possible level of independence. Sickness interfere with self care, interpersonal relationships, control over other, responsibility and obligation particularly if admission to hospital is necessary Inevitable illness result in disturbance of family and other social relationship.

70. Short term non life threatening illness evokes a few emotional changes Severe illness particularly one that is life threatening can lead to more extensive emotional reactions such as anxiety, shock, fear, anger, denial and depression They may be anger about overwork the hazard of the occupation and about dangerous lifestyle, which may held responsible for the illness

71. Communication problem among the patient and the family members may arise as they not well informed about the health issue, such as issue require considerable amount of time repeated contact, privacy The need to maintain family relationship and friendship during illness is important when small children are involved

72. Separation of children from there parents can cause a lot of anxiety, if the child is the patient the presence of mother or the primary caregiver a lot of significance When one of the parent is admitted in the hospital it is important that children should be allowed to visit them

73. During illness where patient remain at home, they retain greater independence under such as circumstance the nurse’s job become more challenging as the patient may more readily exercise his right to deny care and advice

74. Psychology of group

75. Introduction… The basic unit of study in social psychology is the group, which is made up of two or more person who regularly relate with each other Group is defined as two or more people who influence one another through social interaction

76. Classification of group Primary group- in this type there is an intimate face to face relationship and cooperation between members, all the member have we feeling and are prepared to make maximum security sacrifice for each other, example- family

77. Secondary group - in this group the relationship is more or less casual, it is marked by single bond of interest example union, class group[job group]

78. Tertiary group- in this type of group the degree of intimacy or relationship is for a short period, example the audience in a cinema or the passenger in railway compartment

79. Influence of group on individual behavior

80. Group influence their member in many ways People in group work together and have definite objectives and goals Each group developed its own standard of values rules about behavior Continue membership throughout life in group influence thought, choice, behavior and values

81. Health behavior is influenced greatly by the group When a decision has been made by whole group the member feel much more bound by the decision, then if it had been imposed on the group by one person