Dhanyalakshmi.S.S (2021022021) FOR 311.pptx

Agriculture

1. Traditional Agroforestry practices in India Dhanyalakshmi.S.S 2021022021

2. Traditional agroforestry system Traditional agroforestry systems (TAFS) may be described as a set of age-old agroforestry systems which are generally devoid of intentional intensified cultivation of agricultural or forage crops and which have been practiced across the world with varying structure, function, socio economic attributes and ecological services.

3. Each of the agroforestry systems are unique to the region incorporating their native trees into the TAFS. Some of the prominent traditional agroforestry systems and practices are Shifting cultivation Taungya system Home gardens Alley cropping Intercropping

4. Shifting cultivation Also known as Slash and burn or Swidden cultivation Jhum -north eastern hill region Podu -AP and Orissa Kurwa -bihar

5. Shifting cultivation It is a pattern of land use and system of production of crops under which plots of land are cleared, cultivated for a short period for raising one, two or three crops after which the land is allowed to rest longer than the period of cultivation. It is remarkable innovation during primitive cultures and transition between food gathering and food production It is the oldest system of cultivation of crops

6. Improved fallow species in shifting cultivation Fallows are crop land left without crops for phrasing from one season to several years. Objective of improve fallow species in shifting cultivation is to recover deplete soil nutrients, reduce erosion

7. Effects of shifting cultivation Deforestation and denudation of hill slopes-in secondary succession, area is occupied by weeds, useless shrubs etc Soil erosion which leads to soil and nutrient losses, silting of reservoirs and streams, reduction in water-yield and landslides
Shifting cultivation adversely affects cation exchange capacity and physical properties of soil.
Increases soil pH and reducing microbial activity
More weed growth and lower crop yield
No opportunity for infrastructural development

8. Controlling shifting cultivation Motivate public for permanent agriculture by opening demonstration centers for improved agricultural practices, good quality seed, manuring , irrigation, weeding ,use of improved tools, terracing etc.
Earning goodwill of local people: By engaging them in forest work and training them to undertake shifting cultivation on scientific lines.
Arable land can be provided to the tribals for carrying out agriculture and also to settle in the area; a few schemes are being implemented under integrated tribal development programme

9. Taungya system It is defined as method of establishing a forest crop in temporary association with agricultural crops. It is a extension of shifting cultivation The term taungya cultivation means hill cultivation It was started for first time in Burma in 1850 Taungya system was introduced into India by Brandis in 1890

10. In India,The first taungya system plantation was raised in North Bengal in 1896 It is practiced in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and in some parts of South India South India- kumri Annual rainfall 1200-1500mm Taungya system begins with harvesting of forest Harvested area –clear, cut and burnt Select areas with the soil is Deep and fertile 1-2 ha allotted to one family

11. Cultivation of agricultural crops Permitted for 1 or 2 years before forest plantation. When the tree plans are planted with agricultural crops in 2 nd and 3 rd year, they receive benefits of intensive cultural operations in which farmer adopted for his agriculture crops When the forest plantations get established the farmers have to leave the area. Crops -millet ,pulses ,groundnut, cotton Trees - teak,bamboo , tamarind ,cashew, rubber

12. Types of Taungya system Three types of Taungya systems: Departmental taungya - Raised by Forest department employing number of labours on daily wages. Main aim of rising crops along with plantation is to keep down weed growth Leased taungya – plantation land is given on leased person who offer highest price for raising crops for a specific number of years and ensures the care of plantation

13. Village taungya – most successful system, crops are raised by the people who have settled down in a village inside the forest. Cultivate crops for 3 to 4 years Advantages Additional regeneration of forest obtained cheaply Problems of unemployment of solved maximum utilization of site Low cost method of forest plantation establishment

14. Provision of food crops from forest land Weed, climber growth is limited Disadvantages Loss of soil fertility and exposure of soil Legal problems may be created Susceptibility of land to accelerated erosion increases It is a form of exploitation of human labour

15. Home gardens Found : High rainfall areas in tropical south and South East Asia especially in Kerala , TN with Humid tropical climate Main crop: coconut Every homestead:0.2 to 0.5 ha

16. Known as multitier cropping or multitier system Multi purpose trees , shurbs in intimate association with annual and perennial agricultural crops and livestock High species diversity and usually 3-4 vertical canopy strata Herbaceous layer -near the ground Lower most layer :less than 1 m Second layer :1-3 m (papaya ,banana) Upper tree layer :uppermost layer- 25 m ,medium size tree- 10 -20 m, intermediate layer 5-10 m

17. Choice of Species Woody species : Cashew, Jackfruit, Citrus, Guava, Mango, Neem Herbaceous species: Bhendi, Onion , Cabbage, Pumpkin , Sweet Potato, Banana , Beans

18. Alley Cropping Hedgerow intercropping Managing rows of closely planted Woody plants with annual crops planted in alley in between Hedges

19. Nitrogen fixing plants - main components Main purpose- to maintain or increase crop yield by improvement of soil ,micro climate and weed control Position : east west direction Spacing : 4-8 m between rows, 25 cm to 2 m between trees within rows Closer spacing- humid area wider spacing -sub humid or semiarid region On sloping , hedgerow should always be placed on contour

20. Species : Cassia siamea,Leucaena leucocephala , Gliricidia sepium,Calliandra calothyrsus , Sesbania sesban

21. Intercropping Spatial arrangement of crops Annual and perennial crops are simultaneously present on same site but are spaced in such a manner that there become mutually supportive rather than competing Four subsystems in intercropping Border tree planting Alternate strip method

22. 3. Alternate Row 4. Random mix