Diagnosis Asthma

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1. Diagnosis Asthma
Asthma is a chronic airway disorder marked by inflammation. The inflammation affects multiple
structures involved in the respiratory system of the body. These structures include the trachea, the
bronchi, and the bronchioles. Bronchoconstriction is the main response that occurs during an asthma
attack. The bronchoconstriction can be attributed to many different factors including edema, an
excessive amount of mucus, muscle damage and bronchospasms. Bronchospasms are "... sharp
contractions of bronchial smooth muscle" (Lynn & Kushto–Reese, 2015). The muscle damage can
lead to severe airway impairment and a perforated epithelium which then allows easy entry of the
allergens and triggers.
A major detectable feature of asthma is hyper–responsiveness. ... Show more content on
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If triggers can be identified and eliminated or exposure can be reduced, the child's symptoms will
arise less often and their overall quality of life will improve. Another huge teaching point for parents
and patients is recognizing the signs and symptoms of an asthma attack. There are specific signs and
symptoms associated with asthma, if patients and family can recognize and effectively respond to
these, there is a better chance of controlling the asthma and reducing the risk for complications. A
third priority patient education topic is how to use spirometers and inhalers. Asthma requires devices
to measure the airflow and the medications must be properly administered to facilitate the
effectiveness of
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3. Respiratory Systems And The Respiratory System
Introduction
All living beings share the same characteristics of life; breathing, nutrition, movement, excretion,
growth, reproduction and sensitivity. These are carried out by the body's organs. These organs each
carry out a specific task. The living processes require many different tasks to be carried out; the
organs used to carry out these processes are known as a system. The functions of these systems can
be changed as a result of injury or disease. This essay will focus particularly on the respiratory
system and the effects which asthma has upon systems functions.
What is the Respiratory System?
The respiratory system is made up of the organs in the body which help you to breathe. Breathing is
how our body takes in the oxygen required to break down food such as glucose into the energy
necessary for the body's processes by the process of respiration. The lungs are the main organs in the
respiratory system. Red blood cells take oxygen from the lungs to the body cells which require it.
They then pick up carbon dioxide, the waste product of respiration and carries it back to the lungs
where it is removed from the body through exhalation. The other parts of the respiratory system are;
the trachea, also known as the windpipe, which filters the air that we breathe in and branches out
into the bronchi. The bronchi are the two tubes which carry air directly into the lungs and the
diaphragm which contracts when inhaling to enlarge the space in the lungs
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5. IIi.features Of A Smart Grid
III .FEATURES OF A SMART GRID
Reliability
The smart grid uses technology to self locate faults so their rectification is fast and sound. This self
healing property of smart grid makes it more reliable than the conventional grid. Main technology
used here is state estimation. Multiple routes are used in a smart grid which were used in the old grid
as well. But mostly they were radial in nature so that any failure can cause total failure of the system
and the current would be shunted to other elements.
Flexibility in network topology
Next generation grid technology would be far more flexible in transferring two way energy by
allowing for distributed generation from solar cells, fuel cells , electric vehicles, wind turbines .
Classic one way distribution is not that flexible to cater to problems when load is higher than the
generating end . By using smarter grid this is possible.
Efficiency
Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure are
anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand–side
management, for example turning off air conditioners during short–term spikes in electricity price,
reducing the voltage when possible on distribution lines through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO),
eliminating truck–rolls for meter reading, and reducing truck–rolls by improved outage management
using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. The overall effect is less redundancy in
transmission
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7. Flow And Postive Psychology : An Overview Essay
Flow and Postive Psychology Scott Lyons Paul Wong, PhD Saybrook University A flow state, also
known as an optimal experience, is characterized by a merging of attention and effortlessness
awareness with an activity or performance. Being in a flow state in a fully immersed experience in
which the individual is pouring all of one's self into an activity without the feeling of mental effort
(Sinnamon, Moran, & O 'Connell, 2012). Being in a flow state is correlated with: a sense of
motivation (clarity of goals), peak performance, peak experience, enjoyment, increased learning,
creativity, life–satisfaction, a sense of agency and well–being within settings such as: work, school,
sports, leisure, and the arts (Sinnamon, Moran, and O'Connell, 2012; Kivikangas, 2006; Jackson &
Marsh, 1996). Artists and athletes have referred to this phenomenon as "being in the pocket." What
emerges from my research is the question: what are these individuals in the pocket of? Through this
essay, I will examine the construction of flow state and how an individual might create the
conditions and if possible enter into a state of flow. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is the father of flow
psychology and research of the flow state. Csikszentmihalyi (1988) has identified nine dimensions
of flow. These dimensions can be both ingredients for facilitating or creating the pre–conditions that
will increase the likelihood of flow, as well as profile markers that identify when an
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9. An Emergency Medicine Physician With Asthma
We spoke with an emergency medicine physician about his experiences with asthma. He told us that
he sees multiple patients for asthma related incidents each day. If children have more moderate or
severe asthma they typically have an asthma action plan and use a peak flow meter to decide
whether they should go to the hospital. He also told us that asthma attacks are very obvious when
they come into the ER so they don't typically do much testing to make sure that it is an asthma
attack. Lastly, he told us they do not diagnose asthma in the ER, but rather refer them back to their
primary care physician after their ER visit.
6. Primary Care Physicians
We spoke with a primary care physician and medical director at Mill City clinic. He sees asthma
patients daily, but commonly they are either Adults with well–controlled asthma or asthma is on a
patient 's problem list but he is seeing them for other reasons. One of the main things we discovered
is how peak flow meters, asthma action plans, and wait–and–see prescriptions (WASPs) relate and
shows a need for our device in the at–home market. He sends peak flow meters home with moderate
to severe asthma patients after creating an asthma action plan. This plan has three main levels:
green, yellow, and red. If you reach red you should be picking up a WASP at the pharmacist, which
is usually an oral corticosteroid that you should not be on regularly. You should contact your
physician when this occurs, but you already have
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11. The Educator Side of Nursing Practice Essay
Introduction As a nurse, we are responsible for not only the holistic care of our patients, but also as a
collaborator, and advocator, and more importantly, an educator. Many people do not realize the
influence that a nurse has over a patient when it comes to education. We are responsible for making
sure that the person understands everything about how to care for themselves, and most often we are
left to answer any questions that the patient may have regarding to the care to which they or a family
member are receiving. With this paper, I was able to fully embrace the educator side of nursing
practice. The family that was selected for this paper was a family of a fellow band member that I
have met at a previous time through sporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The family never received proper education in relation to what causes asthma and how to properly
manage the asthma, both long–term and in emergency situations. TP has been prescribed Symbicort
as a long–acting maintenance beta2–adrenergic agonist for control of his asthma, as well as albuterol
for a short–acting bronchodilator rescue–inhaler in case of an attack. I explained the differences in
the two medications by telling the parents that albuterol is for use in emergency situations, since it is
a medications that works rapidly to help open up the airways to help the child breathe. I went on to
explain that the Symbicort was just for maintenance of the disease, because it works to decrease the
inflammation that is associated with asthma. I began by teaching the parents, CM and JM1, as well
as TP, an overview of pediatric asthma. The parents were already aware that asthma is constriction
of the child's airway causing difficulty in breathing in relation to triggers in the child's environment.
I used information from the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology to explain to the
family that pediatric asthma is most often triggered by colds and allergens, as well as tobacco smoke
("Childhood asthma: tips," 2013). I found an article written by the African Journal of Respiratory
Medicine that talked about the relation of asthma management with the use of
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13. Effects Of Asthma On Children 's Asthma
As children grow, so does their need to develop a feeling of self–worth and a sense of self when
compared to other children in physical appearance, academics, athletics, and social interactions
(Ball et al., 2015, p.208). The effects of asthma can play a direct role on how the child develops in
these areas. Factors that affect asthma are being exposed to triggers and the medication
management. The child is dependent on parents' for initial management education of asthma
treatment (Silva–Mendez & Barros, 2013, p.1002). The parents' beliefs about the adherence of
medications have shown to have an influence on the child receiving the medication as prescribed
(Yilmaz et al., 2012, p. 285). Parents most common concerns were about the amount of medication
and the possible long–term effects (Gilchrist et al., 2012, pp.553–554). Often parents' are aware of
their child's asthma problems but seem hesitant or unwilling to voice their concerns to a physician
(Orrell–Valente, Jarlsberg, Rait, Thyne, Rubash, & Cabana, 2007, p.388). The inability to
communicate with the physician can leave the parent with a lack of knowledge and preconceived
notions: "The lack of knowledge about asthma has been associated with decreased adherence to
prescribed treatment plans" (Silva–Mendez & Barros, 2013, p.1003). When inhaled medications are
not adhered to, children with asthma have an increased rate of exacerbation (Yilmaz et al., 2012, p.
282). The symptoms can be very frightening for both the child
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15. Alternate Pricing Of Consumer Device
There is currently a mixed views within the scientific community on the utility of a FeNO
monitoring within clinical settings. In the past, Aerocrine has provided their devices for many
clinical trials[JP30] that has not only progressed the scientific evidence behind FeNO monitoring,
but has added credibility to their devices. Therefore, we recommend Andas provide free FeNO
devices to those performing clinical research in this area. This approach would not only provide
credibility to Andas device, as physicians would hear about and become familiar with their device,
but it would add increased evidence and credibility to support FeNO testing in general. This would
have an overall benefit on Andas' sales.
(including one that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a compilation of our findings.
1. Nurse
We talked to a nursing instructor at St. Olaf. She has a special interest in asthma, as she did an
asthma research and education program as part of her Master's degree. The biggest piece of
information we gained from her is that insurance really is the biggest indicator of whether a device
or technology will be successful. If a technology has a reimbursement code, it is likely to be used at
least by some. She also talked to us about how important she believes peak flow monitors to be for
symptom monitoring in asthma patients, ensuring a potential home use for our device.
2. Respiratory Therapist
We talked to a respiratory therapist in a hospital setting. Her role is in treating and stabilizing
patients at the hospital for exacerbations and giving prevention education. She mostly sees patients
in the ER. During her education, she teaches about the condition itself, the role of medications and
why controllers are important, and compliance issues. She usually recommends peak flow
monitoring to patients who are new to the illness because this helps them to figure out when they are
starting to get very sick; however, this is mostly used in primary care, and she just reinforces this
teaching in the hospital. This information is then put
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17. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a measure of how much a person can breathe out in a single
large breath. PEFR is used as a clinical tool to test the functionality of a patient's lung, the severity
of asthma or other respiratory illness symptoms and the best course of treatment for the patient. The
PEFR reading will be lower when a person's airways are constricted and should be at its highest
when the patient is at full health. The PEFR is measured using a small handheld device known as a
peak flow meter. PEFR is dependent on a person's gender, age, height, weight, smoker status as well
as other factors. The relationship between PEFR and height is a commonly accepted and studied
positive linear relationship. Dharamshi et al (2015) studied the relationship between height, waist–
to–hip ratio and weight in regards to recorded PEFR values in ... Show more content on
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They found that height was the most strongly correlated factor to do with an increase in the PEFR
value recorded. They also suggest that other factors such as regional and environmental factors may
also effect the PEFR values obtained and further studies should be done in that area. This study
strongly indicates a statistically significant positive linear relationship between height and PEFR
values. As a result of these findings it was clear there was some kind of relationship between height
and PEFR. To test this, data was taken from a class of biology students. PEFR values before and
after exercise, their smoker status, age, gender, height, weight as well as other relevant information
were recorded and narrowed down to a particular group of people to compare their PEFR values and
height to determine whether there was in fact a positive linear relationship between height and
PEFR. Using the information from previous studies a hypothesis was
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19. Asthma Research Paper
Asthma is a major health concern in children under the age of 18. Not only does it have an estimated
annual cost of $3.2 million, it accounts for 10 million lost school days, and it disrupts a child's
ability to participate in physical activity. A child with asthma's exercise performance may decrease
from a sedentary lifestyle and the threat of developing an exercise–induced bronchospasm. Granted,
keeping asthma patients physically active has proven health benefits and allows for an improved
quality of life. The article Benefits of Swim Training for Children and Adolescents with Asthma
examines numerous studies that show the benefits of using swimming as a non–pharmacological
method for decreasing the severity of a child's asthma symptoms. ... Show more content on
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Also, swimming decreases heart rate, increases oxygen uptake, and over time improves aerobic
capacity. The studies described in this article compared swimming to land–based activities and
evaluated children from ages 6–17. However, the studies varied from the duration of the training
sessions to some not having controls. A study provided from 1989 in Baltimore showed children
participating in a one–hour swimming session three times a week reported fewer asthma attacks, a
decrease in hospital visits, a decrease in missed school days, a decrease in days needing PRN
medication, and an increase in peak flow meter readings (Rosimini, 2003).
The article provided knowledge on how to effectively prescribe swim–training to asthma patients.
Inexperienced swimmers should begin at a level one training program until they reach satisfactory
control of their asthma. Each level allows swimmers an increased duration of swimming but
requires no asthma exacerbations. Children should be supervised when training and be taught how
to treat their asthma occurring to peak–flow readings. Also, proper warm ups can prevent EIBs from
occurring (Rosimini,
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21. Asthm A Case Study
A definitive diagnosis of asthma in a patient that has current presentations of the distinguishing
signs and symptoms in combination with the objective demonstration of fluctuating airflow
obstruction. Fluctuating airflow obstruction meaning that which is not present at all times and
maybe due to the exposures of certain triggers in that environment. The objective confirmation of
the variable airflow obstruction characteristic of an asthmatic patient, using spirometry or peak
expiratory flow monitoring, is required, especially for patients whose response to treatment is
suboptimal or whose symptoms are not in favor of an asthma diagnosis. In retrospect, a good typical
good response to the treatment is a patient that supports the diagnosis of ... Show more content on
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The patient is instructed to take in as big a breath as possible, to seal his or her lips around the
mouthpiece of the spirometer and to blow the air out as fast and as fully as possible. This must be
done with full effort and reproducibility. (Arnold D.H., Gebretsadik T., Minton P.A., et al.; 2007)
The FEV1/FVC ratio is usually greater than 0.80 and possibly greater than 0.90 in children and most
of the population. Any values less than these suggest airflow obstruction. The mandatory guidelines
stipulate that an FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 0.70 after administration of a bronchodilator identifies
airway obstruction associated with COPD. This can be useful if both in differentiating between
asthma and COPD even after treatment to continue with treatment that best suits the patient lifelong.
(Arnold D.H., Gebretsadik T., Minton P.A., et al.; 2007) Diagnosis should be dependable on the
patient's history and the results of the physical examination with the pulmonary function test results
to ensure that the diagnosis is accurate ad to further do continuous monitoring and treatment
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23. Geography Of Sudan Research Paper
Sudan is an interesting country in Africa. My dad is from there and I wanted to learn more about it. I
chose to research about their politics, like their political parties, geography, like the different
landmarks, and the wildlife there, like plants and animals. The politics are way different over there
than here. Executive authority is held by only one person, Omar al–Bashir, who is the president, the
prime minister, head of state, head of government, and the commander in chief of the armed forces.
Another thing that is different is their flag. It has three horizontal bands with red on top, white in the
middle, and black on the bottom. On the left side of the flag, there is a green triangle that points to
the right from the top of it. The red band means the struggle for freedom, the white means peace,
light, and love, and black represents the people in Sudan. Their government type is a presidential
republic. Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since it is dry and hot, the animals that live there have to adapt to weather because if they don't they
could die. One of these animals is the African Wild Ass. It is a descendant from a donkey. It can
sustain water loss of up to 30% of its body weight and it can drink enough water in two to five
minutes to restore fluid loss. Over 20 mammals and 9 bird species are endangered there due to
hunting and the animals fighting over the limited desert resources. One of the animals that are rare
in Sudan is called the Tora Hartebeest. In conclusion Sudan is very different than America. The
executive authority is held by only one person and the flag is very different looking than ours. Sudan
is flat, hot, and dry, and it has the second longest river flowing through it, the Nile River. There are
20 mammals and 9 bird species that are endangered because of hunting and because the animals
fight over limited resources. I learned a lot about Sudan during this research, did
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25. Essay On Calibration
Figure 4 3. The extent and location of streams, model IDs, and watershed and Planning Area
boundaries.
4.8 Model Calibration
Model calibration ensures the accuracy of the outputs under a given set of conditions by comparing
model results with observed data and adjusting parameter values. The parameters that control
different flow components, such as surface runoff, interflow and base flow, are adjusted during
calibration to improve the accuracy of the model based on real–world observations.
The water level data measured at the monitoring gages located on the Congo Valley River (upstream
of Congo Cross Bridge) and George Brook (upstream of the Pike Street Bridge) were used to
calibrate the hydrologic component of the XPSWMM model. ... Show more content on
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Hydrologic calibration results at the gage located upstream of the Pike Street Bridge in George
Brook
Figure 4 7. Stage duration curves for the gage near the Pike Street Bridge
Table 4 3. Hydrologic calibration statistics at gage near the Pike Street Bridge on George Brook.
Description Simulated Value Observed Value
Average Water Depth (m) 0.10 0.11
Maximum Water Depth (m) 1.45 2.52
Minimum Water Depth (m) 0.02 0.04
10% lowest water depth (m) 0.04 0.04
20% lowest water depth (m) 0.05 0.06
50% lowest water depth (m) 0.09 0.09
5% highest water depth (m) 0.20 0.20
4.9 Runoff Analysis
Runoff analysis is a prerequisite for the evaluation and design of a stormwater drainage system in
any urban area. For the Freetown Municipality an extensive analysis on rainfall generated runoff
was carried out to understand the stormwater characteristics throughout the entire study area. A
watershed–based stormwater model was developed for each individual watershed using XPSWMM
software. Critical model inputs were calculated based on spatial characteristics of each

26. subwatershed. ESRI's ArcGIS software and a number of other GIS data–processing tools were used
to prepare and process the required data for simulation
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28. Application Of Smart Meter For Indian Domestic Consumers
Abstract– There is growing interest in creating smart grid mainly reducing carbon footprint and
outage. Countries with vast population like china and India are in the race for implementation of the
smart grid pilot project in selected areas. However there are some serious technological and
economic constraints on their implementation. This paper is an exclusive study on the status,
challenges, and possible solution related to the technological aspects from India perspective. Since
the smart meter is an integral component in the smart micro grid implementation, the technological
issue and challenges are particularly discussed in this paper. An actual implementation of smart
meter for Indian domestic consumers in laboratory environment ... Show more content on
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India launched a National Mission on Electrical Mobility with target of 6 million Electric Vehicles
(EVs) by 2020. For efficient execution of this EV program an upgraded and smarter electrical
distribution network is required to control the charging of several EVs from the same feeder. In this
paper the authors present a glimpse on the status of different green tech initiatives, pilot projects in
the India and challenges in their implementation. Authors also present the related solution and cure
for better execution of the green technology project. A smart grid is an evolved grid system that
manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic way, built on advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI) and tuned to facilitate the integration of all involved. Smart grids provide more
electricity to meet rising demand, increase reliability and quality of power supplies, increase energy
efficiency, able to integrate low carbon energy sources into power networks. Smart grids possess
demand response capacity to help balance electrical consumption with supply, as well as the
potential to integrate new technologies to enable energy storage devices and the large–scale use of
electric vehicles. Electrical systems will undergo a foremost advancement, improving consistency
and reducing electrical losses, expenditures and maintenance costs. A smarter grid will provides
better control over
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30. Acute Asthma Case Study
Situation (details of case)
A 10 year old boy presents with his mother to the Emergency Room in respiratory distress. The
mother reports he developed nasal congestion and sore throat 24 hours prior, then a cough a few
hours previously. Over the past 2 hours he has complained of chest pain and has been breathing
rapidly. His mother administered a unit dose of albuterol via the nebulizer and then a second dose 5
minutes later. He showed no signs of improvement. She reports he has had two similar episodes in
the past year. Your examination reveals an afebrile child with a respiratory rate of 40 breaths/minute,
oxygen saturation of 88% by pulse oximetry, and a heart rate of 130 beats/min. You note that his
radial pulse becomes weak in amplitude with inspiration. His blood pressure is normal but his
capillary refill is sluggish at 6 seconds. He appears drowsy and is using accessory chest muscles to
breathe. You hear faint inspiratory wheezes and no breath sounds during expiration.
Most Likely Diagnosis
The most likely diagnosis would be acute asthma exacerbation. According to Hockenberry, Wilson,
and Rogers (2017), asthma manifestations of dyspnea, wheezing, ... Show more content on
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Camargo, Rachelefsky, and Schatz (2009) discuss how to determine the severity of this. Looking at
the patient, the severity would be severe. The reasoning behind this is the uses of accessory muscles,
the less than 90% oxygen saturation, increased heart rate, and increased respiratory rate. Other ways
to determine this diagnosis would be a pulmonary function test (PFTs) to see how affected the lungs
are. Then a peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) using a peak expiratory flow meter can be measured to
see how bad the lungs are by comparing this to past values of the child. Finally, radiography can be
used to rule out a respiratory tract infection and other conditions such as cystic fibrosis.
(Hockenberry, Wilson, and Rodgers,
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32. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL): The Curiosity Crater
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), also known as the Curiosity rover, is a NASA mission with
the goal of discovering details about past and present–day Mars. The primary purpose of the mission
is to determine if Mars once had a suitable environment for microbial life. The area of Mars chosen
to be studied is an ancient impact crater called the Gale Crater. It has many unique geologic features
that piqued the interest of astronomers and geologists and could be indicative of past water flows
and possibly habitable environments. Since landing on the crater in 2012, the rover has been very
successful and has given a lot of information about the past and present of the plant.
The Gale Crater The Gale Crater is a large, ancient impact crater found ... Show more content on
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It has six wheels for travel, and a robotic arm used to collect samples and bore into rocks with an
attached drill. The rover generates power through radioactive decay from plutonium–283. According
to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA, the rover is equipped with the most
advanced technology in order to study the present geology and environment of Gale Crater. Ten
different instruments are being by the rover. One important instrument is called Sample Analysis at
Mars (SAM) which is used to analyze materials collected by the rover and take samples of the
atmosphere in order to determine abundance of elements of different isotopes and compounds
present. The Mast Camera is used for high resolution imagining in order to view the rover's
surroundings. The CheMin instrument analyzes materials collected by the rover using X–ray
diffraction and fluorescence. The ChemCam instrument is used to vaporize rocks by using a laser,
and a telescope is then used to image plasma light from the rocks, and identify elements present.
Located on the robotic arm, the Mars Hand Lens Imager is used to take very detailed images of
small features. The Alpha Particle X–ray Spectrometer is also located on the robotic are and is used
to determine amounts of elements present. The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is used to
determine amounts of radiation in the crater. Another instrument is the Mars Descent Imager was
used to film video during landing in order to map geology of the landing site. The Rover
Environmental Monitoring System is used to measure environmental factors such as pressure,
humidity, temperature, and winds. Lastly, the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons instrument is for
detecting the presence of hydrogen beneath the surface (Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
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34. Combo Washer Dryer Essay
Assignment–2
Problem 1(Enhancing, Augmenting and Transforming Devices)
Enhancing Device: Nebulizer Machine
Asthma patients feel difficult to breathe. Nebulizer Machine is an enhancing device which helps the
Asthma patients breathe easily. The machine effectively sends the medicine to the lungs better than
the inhalers when the patients require a higher level of oxygen.
Augmenting Device: Combo Washer Dryer
Combo Washer Dryer is an automated machine where it is a combination in a single container of a
washing machine and a clothes dryer. In the Combo Washer Dryer, the container has a washer and
dryer which allow the clothes to be washed and dried at once. Combo Washer Dryer is an
augmented device which reduces the activity
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36. The Mechanical Peak Flow Meter Essay
Introduction
The prevalence of asthma has steadily grown in both the US and world populations, and continues
to do so. In the US alone, 25 million people were diagnosed with asthma by 2010 (CDC, 2013). In
turn, the need to accurately assess the functionality of a patient's lung capacity is an essential step to
begin diagnosis and treatment of their condition. This paper examines the mechanical peak flow
meter, which was crafted for assessing lung function capacity in asthmatic patients. In addition,
comparing the advantages and disadvantages of usage of the peak flow meter, as well as the proper
usage. Among the various instruments used to assess a patient's lung capacity, the mechanical peak
flow meter is the most widely used and among one of the most precise measurement tools (CDC,
2013). Device History and Description Martin Wright developed the mechanical peak flow meter in
1959, it has been used to monitor serial lung function in asthmatics because it is inexpensive,
compact, easy to use, and it provides an objective measure of lung function (Ayala et.al, 2014, p.84).
Moreover, the peak flow meter has evolved since its creation almost 60 years ago, in terms of both
size and precision. In addition, patients can be taught to use the peak flow meter and monitor their
own lung function to determine when to use different medications as directed by an asthma action
plan, which is constructed by the patient's physician and or caregivers. A Peak flow meter is a
portable
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38. Asthma Education Plan Outline
Education Plan Outline for Hispanic Children with Asthma
The prevalence of asthma for Hispanic children living in urban areas is higher than the national
average (Nepaul, Peng, Kloter, Hewes, & Boulay, 2012). Implementing a tailored asthma education
program for Hispanics parents and children with asthma is considered to be the best intervention to
reduce acute asthma exacerbations and return visits to the emergency department (ED) (Martin,
Andrade, Villa, Acosta–Perez, & Canino, 2010). This outline will describe educational interventions
for Hispanic children with asthma by identifying poorly controlled asthmatic children in the ED,
provision of asthma education, and follow–up care.
1. The Subset Population: Hispanic Children with Asthma
a. Demographics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assessment of current medication, evidence of an Asthma Action Plan (AAP), and parent
description of the child's asthma symptoms are documented by the nurse and provider in the
electronic health record (EHR).
d. Assure appropriate medication therapy for asthma is prescribed.
i. Children with asthma should be treated with both therapy using short–acting and long acting
Beta2–agonists, inhaled corticosteroids to prevent inflammation and improves airway flow. Hill,
Graham, and Divgi (2010), found Hispanic children are less likely to be prescribed inhaled
corticosteroids.
e. Prior to discharge a follow up appointment will be made at the FHC and an AAP will be reviewed
with the parents and child.
i. An AAP has been shown to one of the most effective tools to reduce the number asthma
exacerbation and symptoms. There are English and Spanish versions of the AAP. An individualized
AAP is a detailed plan that describes medications and treatments, how to control asthma, and how to
address asthma exacerbations. The plan describes when to call the doctor or go to the ED. The plan
breaks down the severity of symptoms and treatment by color helping those with limited language
skills and low health literacy the ability to understand the asthma treatment plan. The AAP has been
shown to be an important educational tool when caring for asthmatic patients, the key to the plan is
recognition of symptoms and the importance of medication compliance (Nepaul et al.,
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40. Water Pollution
Examining the Effects of Climate Change on Water Quality in Greeley, Colorado
William Radmacher
Lab Partners: Jake Hooker, Davitia James, Mikayla Young
Date: 9/23/2017
Abstract Climate change has an effect on water quality as a function of aridity on erosion, fire
variables, and flood intensity. The conjunction of these factors lead to increased sediment in water
sources for Greeley, Colorado. This research is an attempt to establish baseline and flood discharge
rates in the context of climate change and events influenced by climate change on local water
quality.
Introduction
Climate change can have an effect on water quality in a number of ways. An increase in aridity has
been established by a projected increase of hot days and decrease of cool days (van Aalst, 2006).
Studies suggest that arid climates enhance erosion rates resulting in greater incision and
sedimentation (Molnar, 2001). Correlations between aridity and bed load transport project an
increase in large magnitude floods (Molnar, 2001). Both factors contribute to an increase in
sediment in the water source (Molnar, 2001).
Changes in aridity also alter the moisture content in vegetation that can lead to fires (Flannigan et
al., 2000). Increases in post–fire runoff are largely correlated with fire induced soil hydrophobicity
(Huffman et al., 2001). Factors involved in the severity of hydrophobicity include: soil texture,
severity of burn, vegetation type, time duration since burn, and soil moisture (Huffman
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42. Hydropower Essay
One of the most broadly used renewable source of energy for generating electricity on enormous
scale is hydropower. Hydropower is a tremendously flexible technology for power generation.
Hydro reservoirs provide built–in energy storage, and the firm response period of hydropower
enables it to be used to optimise electricity production across grids, meeting sudden fluctuations in
demands. The power acquired from river or ocean water is called as hydropower. Hydroelectric
power, or electricity, is mostly electrical energy that has been generated using natural forces such as
gravity or flowing water. It's generally produced by dams, since dam can store and direct large
volumes of water. Hydroelectric power is becoming increasingly popular. Hydropower ... Show
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Most customers, however, are incapable to accept energy at transmission voltage, and necessitate
that it be stepped down in a transformer.  Distribution substation A distribution substation is a
system of transformers, meters, and control and defensive devices. At a substation, transmission
voltage is lowered to lower voltages for distribution to domestic, commercial, and small industrial
customers. 5. COMPONENT  DAM: – A dam is a blockade that holds water or underground
streams. Reservoirs formed by dams not only holds floods but also provide water for irrigation,
human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture and etc. Hydropower is frequently used in
combination with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to gather water or for storage
of water which can be uniformly distributed between locations. Dams generally assist to the primary
purpose of holding water.  Classification of dams  Storage dams  Diversion dams  Detention
dams  Overflow dams  Rock fill dams  Gravity dams I. WATER RESERVOIR: –  Place
behind the dam  Height of water  Potential ener gy  A place to store water  W ater later used to
produce electricity 3–D
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44. Lung Capacity Lab Report
BCD Biology the variety of life:
Layout of report
Title:
Background information:
Research question:
Hypothesis:
Variables:
Method:
Data collection:
Data processing:
Conclusion:
Evaluation:
Research Question:
Does height affect lung capacity in humans?
Aim:
To Establish a statistical relationship between two characteristics of individuals from a population.
how does gender and height affect lung capacity. I investigated the relationship between height of a
person and their lung capacity. The purpose of this experiment was to determine and compare lung
capacity to height. This experiment will be performed on 20 people 10 male 10 female ages 15­ 16.
Lung capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can contain in his or her lungs. It is measured
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One of the things that will signal how healthy your lungs are is the lung capacity. You can increase
both the amount you inhale, and the amount you exhale, by breathing deeply factors ● Age
● Food
● Weight
● medical condition
What is lung capacity?
●
Research question:
How has the human eye evolved
The very earliest eyes called eye spots were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in single animal
cells. these eye spot could only distinguish between light and dark but not scence direction. latter
The eye evolved into a cup shape it gave us the ability to tell where the light was coming from
overtime this got deeper enabling the eye to distinguish shapes. The eye

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47. Ecuador Research Paper
Ecuador is a small country on the Pacific coast of South America. It is bisected laterally by the
equator, and longitudinally by the Andes. The Andes divide the country's mainland into three
distinct regions, the coast to the west, the mountains, and the rainforest to the east. It is the Andes
that this paper is focused on, giving special attention to the mountain Cotopaxi.
The Andes run along the western side of South America, starting in Venezuela and continuing
through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, all the way to the southern tip of Chile. In
Ecuador, they are bound by the Pacific to the west, and the Amazon Basin to the east. They began to
form in the Cretaceous Period, although it was not until the about fifteen ... Show more content on
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162), and the second highest peak in Ecuador. It is locates in the Northern Volcanic Zone of the
Andes, less than a degree south of the equator. It is almost perfectly conical, rising to a height of
5,897 meters above sea level, and is covered with glaciers from about 4,500 meters up to the
summit. The glaciers cover a total area of 21 km2, as of 2004. At the summit, the crater is about 800
meters across, and extends to a depth of 334 meters (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 162). The primary
rivers it drains water into are the Rio Cutuchi to the south, the Rio Pita to the north, and the Rio
Tamboto to the east (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 163). It is along these rivers than many towns are
located. Along the Rio Cutuchi, the city of Latacunga is a mere 43 km away from the volcano; while
Sangolquí is located to the north, in the Valle de los Chillos, about 40 km downstream along the Rio
Pita from Cotopaxi (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 163). The capital of Ecuador, Quito, lies only about 50
km away to the northwest (Aguilera et al, 2004, p. 162).
The glaciers that give Cotopaxi its stunning appearance are one of the factors that make Cotopaxi so
dangerous. When the volcano has an eruption, the hot material issued from the crater melts portions
of the glaciers on the summit, inevitably triggering lahars. Cotopaxi is known for having syn–
eruptive lahars. According to Aguilera et al, (2004),
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49. Essay On Chronic Asthma
Asthma is a disease that involves periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstructions in
people with hypertensive or hyper responsive airways. While it can be a reversible disease, frequent
repeated attacks can lead to irreversible damage in the lungs and can develop intro chronic asthma.
This is why asthma can be classified as acute or chronic asthma, acute refereeing to a single episode
and chronic referring to a long–term condition (vanmeter 300).
For asthma to be diagnose, diagnostic test will need to be done. First a personal and medical history
would need to be obtain from the patient. These incudes, medicines the individual is taking, and
history of allergies or eczema. Physical exam will also be conducted as well as an allergy testing,
which can help to treat the underlying allergic triggers of asthma, which helps avoid asthma
symptoms. During the physical exam a lung function test will also be done, this test will detect how
well you exhale air from your lungs. The lung function test helps to confirm asthma (Asthama
Diagnosis). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This test can be done before and after inhaling a bronchodilator. If your lung function improves after
a bronchodilator, you probably have asthma. One lung function test is a spirometry test, this test is
the most common type of lung function test (Asthma Diagnosis). Spirometer measures the amount
of air inhale, exhale and how fast the patient can exhale. This test not only diagnoses asthma, but
also how well asthma is managed. Peak flow meter measures the rate at which you can force air out
of your lungs. While a peak flow meter cannot be used to diagnoses asthma, it can be used to help
track your
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51. Temperature And Altitude On Cardiovascular Drift
Temperature and Altitude on Cardiovascular Drift Cardiovascular drift is the increase in heart rate
during prolonged aerobic exercise with a steady–state intensity. This change is usually seen around
the 10 minute mark in an exercise. Cardiovascular drift is often seen alongside increased core
temperature. Cardiovascular drift can also be caused from dehydration. A study done by Jonathan E.
Wingo showed that a dehydration level of 4% caused the same amount of increase in heart rate and
decrease in stroke volume as seen in a case of hyperthermia . As heart rate increases during exercise
stroke volume will decrease, cardiac output is usually well maintained and the arterial blood
pressure declines. Cardiovascular drift will sometimes be associated with a slight increase in the
cardiac output directed to the vasodilated skin to increase blood flow to the skin to facilitate heat
loss to the environment. According to Lori Cooper with Vanguard Endurance "the amount of blood
the heart pumps out per minute (cardiac output) depends on the amount of blood that enters the heart
(venous return), fills the ventricles (ventricular filling) and is ejected during heart contractions
(stroke volume)." During cardiovascular drift the core temperature increase as heart rate increases,
causing stroke volume to decrease to keep cardiac output and oxygen uptake remain the same. In a
healthy adult their resting heart rate should be between 60 and 80 beats per minute. The heart rate of
a
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53. The Three Gorges Of The Yangtze River In China
At first I'll have a brief introduction of Yangtze River, the Yangtze River, the biggest river in China,
the third longest in the World, starts with the Tuotuo River at the Roof of the World –Qinghai–Tibet
Plateau, takes in countless rivers, and flows eastward across the interior of China. With an overall
length of more than 6,300 kilometers, the Yangtze River, next only to the Amazon and the Nile, is
the third biggest river in the world and is a cradle that breeds the ancient civilization of the Chinese
nation.
When the Yangtze River reaches the eastern Sichuan Basin in southwest China, it cuts through the
Wushan Mountain. Here the river course suddenly narrows and the waters become turbulent. Sheer
cliffs and steep mountains rise on either side, creating one of nature's most fantastic sights. The
Three Gorges–––Qutang, Wuxia and Xiling––––start just after Fengjie and end near Yichang, stretch
about 200 kilometers. The Gorges vary from 300metres at their widest to less than 100 meters at
their narrowest.
Qutang Gorge is the smallest and shortest Gorge, but grandest of the three. The Yangtze River,
mighty and rapid here is suddenly contained like "a thousand seas poured into one cup", as the Song
Dynasty poet SU Tungpo described the spectacle. High on the both bank, at a place called Bellows
Gorge, are a series of crevices. This area is said to have been the home of an ancient tribe whose
custom was to place the coffins of their crevices, some containing bronze swords,
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55. The Effect Of Respiration On The Levels Of Respiration
Respiration is a chemical process which takes place in every living cell and all cells need to respire
to release the energy they need. Respiration releases energy from the breakdown of glucose. Aerobic
respiration is the form of respiration which uses oxygen, which can be summarised by this equation:
Glucose + Oxygen –––> Carbon dioxide + Water (+ Energy) Energy is shown in brackets because it
is not a substance. Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products produced in aerobic respiration.
Respiration takes place inside the mitochondria, this is a tiny object inside the cytoplasm of the cell.
Source: BBC Bitesize,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/respiration/respirationrev1.shtml
Factors that affect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information is gathered so that the individual 's exercise routine can be catered to their ability
for a more effective program. The physiologist works with a broad range of illnesses and disabilities
in patients. He or she may also work with athletes to help them become conditioned in their bodies
and better able to perform the physical demands of their sport. This type of career is needed in many
different fields that involve the health and well–being of humans. This allows the physiologist to
choose among different fields of study within exercise physiology. Source:
https://www.sokanu.com/careers/exercise–physiologist/#what–is–an–exercise–physiologist What
they do: They help athletes to... Enhance their performance Cope with the pressures of competition
Recover from injuries Keep up an exercise program Enjoy sports Physiological measurements: Peak
flow: This is a measure of the maximal speed (flow rate) that can be generated during a forced
exhalation and requires a combination of lung strength and lung power. Peak flow is measured in
litres/minute. method: Ensure no clothing is restricting the throat or chest. Fit a new cardboard
mouthpiece to the peak flow meter. Check that the pointer on the scale is set to zero. Stand up in an
upright position. Hold the peak flow meter horizontally and ensure your fingers do not obstruct the
pointer. Take a deep breath (inhaling until your lungs are full). Ensure your lips are sealed around
the
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57. Growing Number of Electric Power Grids
The existing electric power grids face new challenges with the growing economies that are
dependent on electricity. These challenges put the ability of the current electric power grids at risks
of being able to deliver efficient, reliable and clean power energy to meet the demand of the
growing economies. The reliability of the existing electric power girds during peak load conditions
is ensured mainly by having excessive power capacity in the whole system [1]. Excessive power
capacity necessitates turning on peaker plants which are environmentally unfriendly and also
expensive. Conversely, when the average demand is much lower than the peak load, then the need
for energy storage becomes a necessity. A key solution to the energy storage and wastage problems
is offered by renewable energy sources; however, their integration with the existing grids comes
with a set of barriers such as the intermittency of generation and the high level of distribution of the
sources and the lack of proven distribution control algorithms to manage such a highly distributed
generation base [2]. In such situation, the use of communication and information technologies is
attractive to match the demand to the available supply and dramatically improve performance and
efficiency. A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users
connected to it and makes use of advanced information, control, and communications technologies
to save energy, reduce cost and
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59. Mount Hood Is Oregon 's Highest Peak
Volcanoes are one of the most destructive, yet, most beautiful things on Earth. They can make a
famous city choke in its own ashes in one day, like Pompeii. Or they can turn a once damaging
mountain into a graceful and peaceful home for new life, like Mount St. Helen's. All volcanoes are
unique, and no two are the same. Some erupt differently than others, some look different than
others, and all are located in different spots all over the world. I learned this while completing the
project and the five volcanoes I researched are examples of my discoveries. The five volcanoes I
researched were Mount Hood, Mount Mageik, Long Island, Mount Muria, and Las Pilas.
Mount Hood is Oregon's highest peak. It stands at 3,425 meters in height and its base spans over an
area of 92 square miles. Mount Hood is located in North America in the country of the Untied States
of America in the state of Oregon. Its exact location in Latitude and Longitude is 45.374 N, 121.695
W. Mt. Hood is a Strato Volcano, which means when it erupts, it is most likely going to have an
explosive or effusive eruption. Currently, Mount Hood is dormant, but volcanologists have
confirmed that it has erupted at least 5 times in the past. The date of its last eruption was 1866 CE.
Mount Hood is also the 2nd most climbed mountain on the Earth, after Japan's Mt. Fujiyama. The
first wedding held on Mount Hood was in July, 1915 joining Blanche Pechette and Frank Pearce.
Mount Mageik is a snow covered, ice capped
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61. Research On Information Metering And Measurement
Information Metering and Measurement
Study in information metering and measurement can be classified into smart metering, and smart
monitoring and measurement. In the following, this classification in point.
a)Smart Metering: Smart metering is the mainly important mechanism used in the Smart Grid for
obtaining information from end users' devices and appliances, while also controlling the
performance of the devices. Automatic metering infrastructure (AMI) systems, which are
themselves built upon automatic meter reading (AMR) systems, are broadly regarded as a sound
strategy to realize Smart Grid. AMR is the technology of routinely collecting analytical,
expenditure, and status data from energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central
database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. AMI differs from traditional AMR in that it
enables two–way communications with the meter. So almost all of this information is available in
real time and on demand, allowing for better system operations and customer power demand
organization.
b) Smart meters, which carry two–way communications amid the meter and the central system, are
like in many aspects to
AMI meters, or occasionally are regarded as part of the AMI.
A smart meter is typically an electrical meter that records use in intervals of an hour or less and
sends that information at least every day back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.
Also, a smart meter has the capability to
disconnect–reconnect
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63. The Diffrences between Volcanoes
Volcano Assignment
Description of Volcanos:
Mount Rainier
Mount Rainier is a volcano that is in the Cascade Range in Mount Rainier National Park,
Washington. This volcano is 14,411 feet (4,392 meters) in its elevation. This is the highest mountain
in Washington. This volcano is in the same mountain range as Mount Adams, Mount Baker, Mount
St. Helens and Glacier Peak. It is known as a stratovolcano which is a large, steep volcano built up
of differentiated layers of lava and ash or cinders. This volcano is an active volcano and the last time
it erupted was in 1894. The largest eruption this volcano had was 2200 years ago. It has been
recorded that the areas has had a lot of small high–frequency earthquakes. Some of them occur
daily. According to geologist the cause of this is hot fluids moving inside the mountain. It is
composed of two overlapping volcano crater that are 1000 ft. around. This volcano has three
different summits; they are Columbia Crest, Point Success and Liberty cap, the highest which is
14,411 feet and the lowest which is 14,112 feet. It lies on the Juan de Fuca Plate. This is a divergent
boundary. It was formed by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate.
This volcano also has lahars which are large mudflows that happen in the deposits of sediments that
surrounds volcanoes; they can be hot or cold. This volcano includes but not limited to the rock
andesite.
Isla Fernandina
Isla Fernandina is volcano that is in the Galápagos'
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65. Essay on General Asthma
Asthma is a long–term, otherwise known as a chronic disease, which occurs in the respiratory
system. The disease causes inflammation, spasms, or tightening in the bronchial tubes, which are the
passage way to the lungs, that also carry air directly to the lungs. The inflammation caused by
asthma educes difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. Asthma cannot be
cured, and the true cause of asthma is unknown. Most of the population that is diagnosed with
asthma finds some way to be able to control the asthmatic symptoms with treatment. Asthma can be
caused by allergies to certain things, the weather (cold or hot); sport educed, or is simply acquired
by genetics. Often, pulmonary specialist helps their patients find a ... Show more content on
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Warm weather can also be a trigger to come people's asthma. Sport educed asthma is often found in
the youth of our nation. Some cases are much more severe than others. Many athletes carry a rescue
inhaler with them, when they are physically active to guard themselves against a possible asthma
attack.
People with allergies are also at a high risk for getting asthma, or enduring a asthma attack. Not all
people with allergies develop asthma though. Allergies are caused by their immune systems actually
attacking their own body. Basically, one's body is confused and thinks that a body cell is actually a
foreign cell, virus, bacteria, in the body that it must attack. So the immune systems response is to
engulf the "invading" cells. The reaction causes an allergic reaction. Some of these allergic reactions
become systemic, which simply means that ones entire body becomes affected by this mix up in the
body. Swelling, itching, and many other symptoms are responses to such a reaction. In some allergic
responses, inflammation of the bronchial can occur, which causes a difficulty in breathing, which is
an asthma attack. Some factors the trigger an allergic reaction which can result in a asthmatic
response are; tobacco smoke, dust mites, cockroaches, and animal dander.
One of the factors that lead to asthma is genetics. If a person inherits asthma they are much more
likely to develop long–term inflammation
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67. Diagnose Asthma
Diagnostic Methods:
Currently, physicians will perform a variety of tests to diagnose asthma. Physical exams are done to
cross out respiratory infections and COPD. Pulmonary function tests are given to conclude how
much air moves in and out of lungs as breathing occurs. Spirometry and Peak flow meters are
utilized to perform lung function tests. Patients will need to sit in front of a machine to be fitted with
a mouth piece. The mouthpiece needs to fit snug for the reason that all the air that the patient
breathes goes into the machine. Patients will also need to wear a nose clip so that air won't come out
through their nose. The physician or RT will instruct the patient to breathe in and out deeply and
quickly for several seconds. The
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69. Ntpc Barh Bihar
A PROJECT REPORT BASED ON TRAINNING SESSION VINAY KUMAR VINAY GUIDED
BY:– ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING OIST BHOPAL.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I DHEERAJ KUMAR a vocational trainee–2012 batch would
like to thank the management of NTPC LIMITED for arranging such a well managed training
programme for the vocational training which I hope is highly beneficial to the organization and
students in course of time. I sincerely acknowledge the co–operation and complete support provided
by Sh. A K Jha (Deputy General Manager, O&M), Sh. Suresh Kumar Sr. Engineer ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following minimum safety inter locks shall be provided in the system for pumps and drives. a)
W–ater level in the sump––– very low b) Pressure at pump discharge due to accidental closure of
valve––– high c) Winding temp of Motor(for HT drives)–––high d) Temperature of pumps thrust
bearing (HT drives only)––––High e) Bearing vibration (for HT drives only)––––High vii)
Emergency stop of drives has also been envisaged from the local push button (lockable stay put
type) provided near the drive. This local push button will be directly wired to Switchgear/MCC. To
monitor the HT/LT drives following minimum signals shall be exchanged between Switch
gear/MCC and PLC system: a. Drive start/stop command. b. Drive status feedback (ON/OFF) c.
Ready to start. d. Electrical trips (from SWGR/MCC). viii) DM plant PLC system shall be provided
with suitable communication gateway for monitoring through DDCMIS in central control room
CONTROL PHILOSPHY OF PLANT WATER SYSTEM The control & instrumentation shall
be through microprocessor based PLC system for the entire Plant water system covering the total
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71. Troll Fabulousen Persuasive Essay
The Magnificent Trollfjorden in Norway Think about majestic jagged peaks and gigantic mountain
walls surrounding a narrow strip of blue shimmering water, and you will have an idea what
Norway's Trollfjorden looks like.
Words may not be enough to really describe the sheer beauty of this Norwegian attraction. Located
in the southernmost section of Vesterålen archipelago close to the Lofoten group of Islands,
Trollfjorden can easily become the highlight of your visit to this Scandinavian nation. Trollfjorden,
also known as Troll Fjord, stretches to about 2 to 3 kilometers, and is only 100 meters wide. It flows
to the west side of the Raftsundet.
Aside from being a major tourist site, Trollfjorden is also a historical landmark, being the site of the
Battle of the Troll Fjord that took place in 1890. This battle is intriguingly not between two armies,
but between groups of fishermen. One group being anglers using steam–driven fishing boats, while
the other side were fishermen who used boats with sails and oars called fembøringer. The two
groups were fighting about the blockade set up by the steamboat fishermen to take all the thousands
of cod that congregated in the fjord area. The battle was featured in the book "The Last Viking" by
Johan Boher. After this major conflict, a law was enacted that regulates the use of fishing equipment
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Fortunately, there are several modes of water transport that offer this extraordinary experience. The
Hurtigruten ferry service, which runs from north to south of the region stops in Trollfjorden on a
daily basis. The only times this service stops is when it gets too dark in the fjord or there's a possible
avalanche during wintertime. One of the most popular ferry routes is the one that runs from
Stokmarknes and Svolvær and vice versa. This particular route is made extra special because it goes
through Raftsundet Sound, which has the highest wall in the entire
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73. The Pathophysiology Of Asthma
"Asthma is a common disease that affects approximately 300 million children and adults
worldwide" (Arshad, S. H., & Babu, K. s., 2009). It leads to rising healthcare costs and reduces the
quality of life in a person due to the restrictions that a person has depending on the type of asthma.
Doctors who can treat asthma are called "Pulmonologist," and an "Immunologist." It is important to
know the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation and medical management to properly treat the
disease.
Pathophysiology
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the breathing tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs.
(Arshad, S. H., & Babu, K. s., 2009). Asthma is sometimes referred to as "bronchial asthma." With
asthma, the airways are inflamed, therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not everybody's body responds the same to medications. Medications for asthma are categorized in
three categories: anti–inflammatory, bronchodilators, and leukotriene modifiers, (Types of Asthma,
n.d.). Anti–inflammatory agents, suppress inflammation. Bronchodilators relax smooth muscle
contraction which helps with the narrowing of the bronchial tubes. Leukotrienes interrupt the
chemical signaling inside the body that can lead to inflammation and constriction. One kind of anti–
inflammatory is a corticosteroid. This the most potent and effective kind. A anti–inflammatory that
is commonly prescribed to children is called "Cromolyn Sodium and Nedocromil (Types of Asthma,
n.d.)." Inhalers are also used in the treatment of asthma. Two types of inhalers are long term and
quick relief. Long term inhalers help for longer periods of time and quick relief is a in the moment
type of thing. Providers recommended decreasing being around allergens that can trigger asthma.
When patients are taking medications, sometimes they begin to feel better and show no symptoms
for some time, but this is confusing to them. They see it as "oh I'm better I can stop taking my
medication." That is not the case because asthma can flare up
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75. Asthma Is A Respiratory Disease
Asthma is a respiratory disease that many people deal with every single day. "According to World
Health Organization, approximately 180,000 people die from asthma each year." (Jardins and
Burton 187) Most people never think of asthma as a life threatening disease, but it can be crucial. As
the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with
someone who has been diagnosed with this disease. Asthma is a severe breathing problem that has
many complications that is dealt with daily like shortness of breath, chronic cough, tightness of the
chest and shortness of breath, my main focus is childhood asthma, allergic asthma, and medication
to treat asthma. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children (Kahn and Boskey).
Childhood asthma is when the lungs and airways become inflamed when something comes in
contact to trigger it. There are different objects or activities to trigger a child's asthma and if not
treated appropriately it can cause an asthma attack. This disease can outbreak from a cold or any
respiratory infection. Daily symptoms can interfere with a child's asthma like a cold, sports, school,
or play ("Childhood Asthma."). In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 5 million
children under the age of 18 have this disease. In 1993 alone, asthma was the reason for almost
200,000 hospital stays and about 340 deaths under the age of 25 (Kahn and Boskey). Normally
children will outgrow this disease by the time they
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77. Peak Expiratory Flowing Rate
Peak expiratory flowing rate or PEFR is the highest rate of air flowing out when a person performs a
forced breath out. PEFR is measured in very short period time; usually, the rate of air flow is
estimated simultaneously when he or she breathes out. The most significant factor influencing PEFR
is how much bronchial airways are obstructed. PEFR also depends on other factors such as height,
age and gender. Thus, PEFR is not an absolute indicator to determine airway resistance; hence, it is
imperative to assess PEFR values with respect to all factors. (Generally, it implies that) the results
obtained from tests need to be considered within an appropriate range of height and age in which
people belongs to.
Measuring PEFR plays a vitally significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1984) did a study about the dependence of PEFR on height on age but not gender. British boys and
girls at the age of 7–16 years old were subject to research with permission from their parents. Their
parents were asked to do a questionnaire to provide data on history of asthma and current health
status. The children's heights were then recorded and PEFR was measured by Wright peak flow
meter. The study showed a strong relationship between height and PEFR for boys.
Figure 1: A graph shows the dependence of PEFR on heights of British boys at the age of 7–17 years
old.
Host et al. (1994) conducted an analogous experiment to measure peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
of healthy children at the age of 6–17. A questionnaire is also asked to be completed by the parents
to provide data on asthma and health status of their children. Other factors related to smoking were
also considered. Finally, 861 healthy children recorded their PEFR values as well as their ages and
their heights. The correlation between children's heights and their values is indicated by the
following graph and table.
Figure 2: A bar graph indicates average values of PEFR measured by Wright peak flow meter of
both male and female healthy children at the age of 6–17 (Host et al. 1994)
Table 1: Average values of PEFR of healthy boys and girls at the age of
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79. Acute Asthma Research Paper
EVALUATION:
Log and go: It is a free app for iphone, ipad and ipod. It is very easy and user friendly app. Users
can easily log in to this app and keep their asthma activity, medications and causes of their asthma
attack in the form of a diary. It is very straight forward to use and really easy to follow the steps to
store data.
Asthma journal: All of the past records of the patients data, reports and medication will be there.
Also there will be more information about past daily symptoms, peak flow measurements, past
medication records will be there.
Chart severity: There is a graphical view of peak flow measurement (PFM) which is called chart
severity. If anyone enter higher PFM, then the graph also show higher range. It can be as high as ...
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If Multilanguage version of this app could be created then it would be more beneficial for doctors
and patients. Adolescents normally don't like to use paper AAP, as mobile app is more acceptable
and feasible in between teens. They can download this app in their smartphone and record their daily
symptoms, peak flow measurements and their medications happily. In between teens personalized
mobile based app is more popular method to
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