Diamond back moth

Here mainly biological control aspects related to Diamond back moth - cotesia plutella has been dealt here

1. DISTRIBUTION

2. WORLD -Distribution

3. INDIA

4. Eggs are small, spherical and cream-colored (250-300 eggs). Eggs are laid singly or in small clusters of two to eight eggs on the underside of leaves or on stalks near terminal buds. Light green and turns a darker green. Both ends of the larva are tapered slightly and the posterior end is forked. The body is covered with sparse erect black hairs. Pupate within a loose, silken cocoon . The cocoon is initially light green and gradually turns brown S mall gray or brown moth a t rest, wings are folded roof ike over its body.Moths have three diamond shaped markings on the back of the forewing. Wing tips are fringed with long hairs.

5. LIFE CYCLE 21-50 Days 5-10 Days 10-14 Days 7-15 Days 12-16 Days

6. SYMPTOMS

7. Since the introduction of DDT in the 1940s, efforts to control P. xylostella have relied heavily on insecticides. ( Talekar & Shelton 1993 ) However , high insecticide inputs have often resulted in the development of resistance. Management

8. EGG PARASITOIDS Liu ,et al.,2000, Chen Ke Wei et al., Wuhrer and Hassan,2009.,Fatemah Akbari et al., 2012

9. Among these Trichogrammatoidea bactrae , was found to be a potential parasitoid. Krishnamoorthy and Mani (1999 ) (NBAIR) PARASITISATION REPORTED BY YEAR 30-75% Liu ,et al., 2000 55 He YuRong et al., 2001 69-72 Vasquez et al., 1997 90.4 Nadeem and Hammed., 2008

10. Host parasitoid ratio

11. Table 1. Parasitism of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae at different host parasitoid ratios on Plutella xylostella eggs. Treatment Host –parasitoid ratio Mean parasitism of eggs/parasitoid Mean parasitism (%) Mean % adult emergence T1 15:1 15.0 100.00 81.00 T2 16;1 15.6 97.50 82.0 T3 17:1 16.20 95.20 86 T4 18:1 17.40 96.66 86.0 T5 19:1 18.60 97.09 87.0 T6 20:1 19.20 96.00 87.0 T7 21:1 21.00 100.00 87.0 T8 22:1 21.66 98.48 87.0 T9 23:1 22.06 95.94 87.0 T10 24:1 23.20 96.66 88.0 T11 25:1 24.2 96.80 89.0 T12 26:1 24.50 94.23 89.0 T13 27:1 26.20 97.03 90.0 T14 28:1 26.13 93.33 89.0 T15 29:1 28.06 96.78 89.0 T16 30:1 29.00 96.66 90.0 T17 31:1 29.80 96.12 90.0 T18 32:1 30.13 94.16 89.0 T19 33:1 30.40 92.12 90.0 T20 34:1 31.20 91,76 90.0 T21 35:1 31.60 90.0 91.0 T22 36:1 31.80 88.33 90.0 T23 37:1 31.53 85.22 91.0 T24 38:1 31.90 83.94 90.0 T25 39:1 31.73 81.36 90.0 T26 40:1 32.13 80.33 91.0 T27 45:1 31.20 69.33 91.0 T28 50:1 31.00 62.00 91.0 T29 100:1 31.53 31.53 90.0

12. Cotesia plutellae Braconidae

13. Cotesia plutella - World YEAR COUNTRY AUTHOR 1964 Philippines Telenga 1971 India Simmonds 1980 Malaysia Ooi 1991 Taiwan Talekar & Yang 1992 Thailand Keinmeesuke 1997 South Africa Kfir 2000 China Liu et al 2002 Pakistan Shi et al

14. Parasitoids have developed a number of physiological mechanisms to enable them to successfully colonise the host and regulate host development to their own benefit. Although the parasitoid is distributed widely, not all local populations appear to be equally effective in controlling the DBM. Bacterial endosymbionts may play regulatory role in determining their efficiency. SYMBIONTS

15. ( Werren and Windsor, 2000).

16. Bacterial endosymbionts in the genus Wolbachia were detected in the populations obtained from Hoskote (Karnataka) and Thirupathi (Andhra Pradesh). K. SRINIVASA MURTHY, R. RAJESHWARI, T. VENKATESAN and NESIL LIZ BABY - NBAIR PCR amplification using specific primers for Wolbachia revealed the populations of Wolbachia .

17. Diadegma semiclausum   ( Hellen )

18. WHY ? It has long been known that a parasitoid that is successful against a given pest in one country may fail to provide the same success when introduced into another country. This is largely due to the fact that parasitoids generally have a narrower thermal tolerance than their hosts. Messenger & Bosch 1971; Bosch et al. 1992

19. Thermal tolerance studies showed that parasitism of P . xylostella and survival of D. semiclausum are reduced at high temperatures (>25°C). This explained their failure to exert appreciable control over P. xylostella in the Lowlands . The only parasitoid known to tolerate the hot and humid climate of the Lowlands is C. plutellae Thermal tolerance

20. Diadegma insulare Brachymeria exacarinata Pupal Parasitoid Diadegma collaris Ichneumonidae Chalcididae Ichneumonidae Oomyzusus sokolowskii Eulophidae

21. II.PREDATORS Chrysoperla carnea Coranus sp. Reduvidae Chrysopidae

22. Tapinoma melanocephalum Componatus sericus Pheidole sp . ANTS

23. Yellow wag tail Cattle egret BIRDS

24. III. PATHOGENS Bacteria : Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki 500g/ha @ Primordial stage. Virus : Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)) Granulosis virus (GV) Fungus : Paecilomyces farinosus Beauveria bassiana Zoophthora radicans

25. MANAGEMENT Sanitation : Remove and destroy all debris and stubbles after harvest of crop. Time of Planting : DBM infestations are observed to be generally lower during the wetter period (Lim 1982) Crop Rotation : Crop rotation with Cucurbits , Beans , Peas , Tomato and M elon. Cultural Methods

26. T r ap Cropping : Grow mustard as trap crop at 25:2 ratio (cabbage: mustard) to attract DBM for oviposition . Spray mustard crop with dichlorvos 76 WSC 0.076% to avoid dispersal of the larvae. Irrigation : Irrigation with sprinklers has been demonstrated to be capable of reducing substantially the infestations of DBM. Here, the water sprays interfere with mating and oviposition of the moth.

27. Pheromone traps @ 12/ha , ETL – 3 larva/plant. In Thailand, Blue-light traps , are capable of capturing large numbers of adult DBM ( Vattanatangum 1988 ) Physical Methods Larval parasitoid:  Diadegma semiclausm  @1,00000/ha (Hills–below 25–27ºC)  & Cotesia plutellae  (plains) at 20000/ha release from 20 days after planting. Biological Methods

28. Chemical Methods Insecticide Dose Azadirachtin 5% Neem Seed Kernal Extract 5.0 ml/10 lit. Bacillus thuringiensis   var   kurstak i 2g/lit Cartap hydrochloride 0.5%/lit Lufenuron 5.4 % EC 1.2 ml/lit. Spinosad 2.5 % SC 1.2 ml/lit. Trichlorofon 50 % EC 1.0 ml/lit.

29. RESISTANCE

30. IRM Integrated resistance Management

31. Standardisation of Host para s itoid ra t io for Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) and its egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea bactrea Nagaraja B.K.Chaubey,K.Srinivasa Murthy and S.K.Jalali Division of Molecular Entomology ,NBAIR Detection and characterization of Wolbachia in Cotesia plutellae ( Kurdjumov ) ( Hymenoptera: Braconidae ), a parasitoid of the diamond back moth Plutella xylostella . K. Srinivasa murthy , R. Rajeshwari,T.Venkatesan and Nesil liz baby Diamondback Moth in Canola, Biology and Integrated Pest Management Janet J Knodel , Extension Entomologist & Mangala Ganehiarachchi . Integrated Pest Management of Diamondback Moth: Pests and Beneficial Organisms Unit, Fundamental Research Division, MARDI, Selangor, Malaysia Insecticide Resistance Management for Diamondback Moth in Georgia References