DIARRHOEA IN INFANTS .pptx

pediatrics

1. DIARRHOEA IN INFANTS

2. DIARRHOEA IN INFANTS( cont ) INTRODUCTION: Diarrhoea is the third leading cause of death in underlives. In 2022 diarrhoea was estimated to kill 443832 underfives and in addition 50851 children aged 5-9 years. Diarrhoea is the leading cause of malnutrition in under fives. DEFINITION: diarrhoea is defined as the passage of 3 or more loose or watery stools per day Note: frequent passing of formed stools is not diarrhoea, nor is the passage of pasty stools by breastfed babies

3. DIARRHOEA( cont ) THREE TYPES OF DIARRHOEA: i )Acute watery diarrhoea - lasts several hours or days.( on average 3-4) ii)Acute bloody diarrhoea- dysentery iii)Persistent diarrhoea-lasts 14 days or longer. CAUSES: Infection: bacterial infection, viral and parasitic organisms most of which are spread by faecal contaminated water

4. DIARRHOEA( cont ) Note: Among children under five years of age: COMMON VIRAL AGENTS i )Rota virus ii)Adeno virus iii)Astro virus COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS: i )Escherichia coli ii)Salmonella species iii)Shigella dysenteries iv)Campylobacter jejune

5. COMMON PARASITIC INFECTIONS i )Cryptosporidium parvum ii)Giardia duodenalis iii)Entamoeba histolytica NOTE: i ) Rota virus and E coli are the most commonest pathogens among children of all ages while parasitic pathogens are prevalent between 3-5 years. Bacterial pathogens are common in children aged between 6-10 years ii)Source of infection is water contaminated with human faeces . Animal faeces also contain microorganisms that can cause diarrhoea. Diarrhoea can also spread from person to person with poor hygiene or food prepared in unhygienic condition

6. DIARRHOEAL DISEASES( cont ) PROBLEMS: i ) MALNUTRITION-It is estimated that in low income countries children under 3 years experience on the average experience 3 episodes of diarrhoea each year. Each episode deprives the child of nutrition necessary for growth. There fore diarrhoea is the major cause of malnutrition and malnourished children are more likely to fall ill from diarrhoea and other diseases ii)DEHYDRATION- During diarrhoeal episode the child loses water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium and bicarbonate) through liquid stools, vomit, sweat, urine etc. This accounts for many deaths because of dehydration

7. DEHYDRATION DEHYDRATION: This is rated in the scale of 3 i ) SEVERE DEHYDRATION: (at least two of the following signs) -Lethargy/unconsciousness -Sunken eyes -Unable to drink or drinks poorly -Skin pinch goes back very slowly(more than 2 seconds) ii)SOME DEHYDRATION: (at least two of the following signs) - Restlessnes , irritability -Sunken eyes -Drinks eagerly, thirsty iii)NO DEHYDRATION: not enough signs to classify as some ore severe dehydration

8. PREVENTION Access to safe drinking water. Water for drinking should be boiled Use for improved sanitation. Personal hygiene and especially washing hands after using toilets Hand washing with soap Exclusive breast feeding for the first six months Health education about how the disease is spread Rota virus vaccination

9. TREATMENT Rehydration with oral rehydration salt solution(ORS). This is a mixture of clean water salt and sugar Zinc supplements reduces the duration of diarrhoea Intravenous fluids in case of severe rehydration or shock Nutrient rich food. Infants should be breast fed Consult health personnel Conduct research

10. DIARRHOEA MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN World health organization (WHO) has produced treatment plans for management of diarrhoeal diseases in infants according to the degree of dehydration (No dehydration, some dehydration and severe dehydration. PLAN A, PLAN B and PLAN C (download/upload the guidelines which can be practiced in your clinic setting)