DIASS 4TH QUARTEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

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1. LESSON 4: SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS AND TOOLS IN COUNSELING UNIT I: COUNSELING

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES The learners are expected to: 1.Demonstrate a high level of understanding of the settings, processes, methods and tools in counseling; 2.Identify the settings in which counselors are found; and 3.Illustrate the different methods and processes involved in undertaking counseling.

3. SETTINGS IN COUNSELING

4. 1. GOVERNMENT Since all counselors help patients or clients cope with the problems in their lives, including mental or emotional disorders and stressful life changes, you might think their employment options are limited. However, counseling is a diverse field, encompassing several specialties. The workplaces where counselors find jobs are equally wide-ranging. Depending on your level of education, relevant work experience and specialty, you may work in hospitals, government agencies, private practices or any number of healthcare or other professional environments.

5. The government is one of the primary settings of communication. Communicators disseminate news about the government and its activities which are of significance of the people. In the Philippines,

6. The opposition part, which is one of the important forces in government, communicates with government officials by fiscalizing or examining and correcting discrepancies in policies and programs and presenting alternatives.

7. Presidential Communication Operations Office (PCOO).

8. press briefings are given by the presidential spokesperson or the press secretary to clarify issues related to specific government agencies.

9. Government agencies and local governments maintain and regularly update official websites , which contain their mandate and the programs they carry out.

10. Hotlines are also maintained by different government agencies, including the Office of the President.

11. 2. PRIVATE SECTOR Many private individuals and groups provide a rich source of counseling opportunities. The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by the government, as compared to the areas of the economy controlled by the government being referred to as the public sector.

12. downward communication is the flow of communication from higher to lower levels of authority.

13. Upward communication is communication from the lower to the higher levels.

14. Lateral or horizontal communication , involves people from different departments at the same level of hierarchy. Lateral communication enables these departments to coordinate and work together effectively.

15. Electronic communication , which involves the use of email, is prevalent in most organizations nowadays

16. Brainstorming It aims to generate as many ideas as possible from organization members before arriving at a particular decision.

17. Teambuilding promote greater camaraderie and coordination among members.

18. Organization development (OD) is used to bring about structural and behavioural change in the organization and its members. It aims to help organization cope with work problems and become more productive and efficient.

19. 3. CIVIL SOCIETY Like the private sector, the civil society serves as a vast workplace for professional counselors. The civil society is the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens. Civil society includes the family and the private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business. By other authors, "civil society" is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

20. Civil society includes non-governmental organizations and private foundations. Civil society makes use of interviews, surveys, as well as policy advocacies.

21. Interviews are used to assess the needs of individuals or groups served by civil society. Civil society workers must therefore be adept at creating interview guides and questionnaires.

22. Surveys are another tool used by civil society for identifying the needs of society. Using surveys requires familiarity with different statistical tools, both qualitative and quantitative.

23. Policy advocacy involves lobbying, in which communicators interact with legislators to make recommendations regarding certain policies and programs.

24. 4. SCHOOLS The Philippines mandates school counseling in middle and high school. The Congress of the Philippines passed the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004 , with a specific focus on Professional Practice, Ethics, National Certification, and the creation of a Regulatory Body, and specialists in school counseling are subject to this law. This law is created because legislators believe that schools need counselors as co-partners of educators in the delivery of quality and value-oriented education. The significant role of school counselors cannot be over-emphasized.

25. Communication tools and techniques used in schools include lectures, recitations, case studies, PowerPoint presentations, and memoranda.

26. Lectures are mostly delivered by teachers to provide students with knowledge. However, there are times when resource persons are invited as guest lectures in class.

27. Recitations are done to determine if the students understood the lectures. Students, who are the receivers of the lecture, should be able to develop their analytical and critical thinking skills through these recitations.

28. Case studies may be complemented by role plays, where students perform presentations about topics and issues. Role plays can help students better understand the case studies in class.

29. PowerPoint presentations are often used as lecture and report aids.

30. Memoranda are meant to inform, disseminate information, or enforce disciplinary action. Memoranda can be printed or sent through email.

31. 5. COMMUNITY Much like its inherent multiculturalism, counseling in the Philippines has evolved from multiple influences. Counseling encompasses a broad spectrum of disciplines (e.g., guidance and counseling, counseling/clinical psychology) and an acknowledgment of the societal context in which it occurs (e.g., poverty, physical disasters, overseas working, graft and corruption, and economic and political instability). Counselors must navigate societal stigmas regarding the need for mental health assistance and widespread ignorance of the field; they also advocate for mental health and resilience in difficult life circumstances.

32. Surveys are also conducted to assess the needs of the community and help the relevant government agencies formulate and eventually implement a program or service to respond to such needs. Communities are also good venues for campaign rallies, where small groups of people are mobilized to advocate for a certain cause.

33. PROCESSES OF COUNSELING STAGES IN COUNSELING

34. STAGE 1: EXPLORING This is getting the client to start to talk. It may involve many false starts but the client begins to explore the presenting problem. The presenting problem might not be the underlying problem, but this first stage is essential.

35. STAGE 2: UNDERSTANDING The revelation for the client that the client is responsible for the client’s life can be traumatic. As the counseling series proceeds it should become clearer that there are themes that run throughout the life of the client, e.g. inability to make decisions, inability to sustain relationships, inability to accept responsibility for their own actions, a desire to blame external events or people etc. Acceptance of these themes by the client is largely dependent upon their willingness to engage in the process and the skill of the counsellor in presenting challenge with the right level of support.

36. STAGE 3: DECIDING AND PLANNING Many counselors never get to this stage. They leave it to the client to decide and act in their own way and time. Indeed, in an ideal case, once the client understands the need for action, he or she goes out and acts on their own initiative.

37. STAGE 4: ACTING This is the stage that might never end! The relationship often needs to be gently loosened, but ultimately there is no substitute for action –even if that is to accept the situation with no apparent change! Remember that life is usually not so clear cut as these notes suggest, so part of the third and fourth stages for some issues might overlap with the second stage of an ongoing or greater issue.

38. METHODS/TECHNIQUES IN COUNSELING COUNSELING TECHNIQUES USED BY COUNSELORS

39. SPHERES OF INFLUENCE This assessment tool will get the individual to look at areas of their life and see which areas may be impacting and influencing them. The person’s job is to figure out which systems in their life give them strength, and which ones give them stress. Some spheres of influence to consider are: themselves, immediate family, friends, husband or wife, extended family, job or school, community, culture or religion, and any external influences.

40. CLARIFICATION Counselors should often ask their clients to clarify what they are telling them to make sure they understand the situation correctly. This will help the counselors avoid any misconceptions or avoid them having to make any assumptions that could hinder their feedback.

41. CLIENT EXPECTATIONS When persons enter therapy, they should voice their opinions about counseling and their beliefs about treatment. In the beginning, they should be able to communicate with their counselor as to what they expect to get out of counseling. This can help the counselor guide and direct his counseling accordingly.

42. CONFRONTATION We do not mean the client confronting the therapist, or vice versa. The confrontation that should happen here is within the client. The client should be able to self-examine themselves during counseling. However, the speed at which they do this should be discussed between the counselor and the client.

43. CONGRUENCE This has to do with the counselors being genuine with their feedback and beliefs about their client’s situation and progress. The more authentic and true they are with their counseling, the more that their client and work to grow and benefit from their help.

44. CORE CONDITIONS This technique in counseling goes over some essential traits that the counselor needs to integrate for effective counseling, which are: positive regard, empathy, congruence or genuineness, and warmth.

45. ENCOURAGING Being an encouraging counselor for your client is an essential technique that will help facilitate confidence and respect between both parties. This technique asks that the counselors focus on the client’s strengths and assets to help them see themselves in a positive light. This will help with the client’s progression.

46. ENGAGEMENT As a therapist, having a good, yet professional relationship with your client is essential. However, there are bound to be difficult moments in counseling sessions, which will require influential engagement on the counselor’s behalf.

47. FOCUSING This technique involves the counselor demonstrating that he understands what his client is experiencing by using non-judgmental attention without any words. Focusing can help the counselor determine what the client needs to obtain next from their services.

48. IMMEDIACY This is a technique of the counselor by speaking openly about something that is occurring in the present moment. This helps the client learn from his real life experiences and apply this to his reactions for other past situations.

49. LISTENING SKILLS With any relationship, listening skills are needed to show that the counselor understands and interprets the information that his client gives him correctly. The counselor should do this by showing attentiveness in non-verbal ways, such as: summarizing, capping, or matching the body language of his clients.

50. OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS Open ended questions encourage people in a counseling session to give more details on their discussion. Therefore, these types of questions are used as a technique by counselors to help their clients answer how, why, and what.

51. PARAPHRASING This technique will show clients that the counselor is listening to their information and processing what they have been telling them. Paraphrasing is also good to reiterate or clarify any misinformation that might have occurred.

52. POSITIVE ASSET SEARCH A positive technique used by counselors helps clients think up their positive strengths and attributes to get them into a strong mindset about themselves.

53. REFLECTION OF FEELING Counselors use this technique to show their clients that they are fully aware of the feelings that their client is experiencing. They can do this by using exact words and phrases that their client is expressing to them.

54. MIRACLE QUESTION The technique of asking a question of this sort will help the client see the world in a different way or perspective. A miracle question could be something along the lines of: “What would your world look like if a miracle occurred? What would that miracle be and how would it change things?”

55. STAGES OF CHANGE By assessing clients’ needs, counselors can determine the changes that need to occur for their client, and when they should take place. This can be determined by what they believe to be most important.

56. TRUSTWORTHINESS The counselor must create an environment for his client as such that his client feels that he has the capacity to trust his counselor. A therapist must be: congruent, warm, empathetic, and speak with positive regard to his client.

57. CAPPING A lot of counselors use the technique of capping during their sessions. Capping involves changing a conversation’s direction from emotional to cognitive if the counselor feels the client’s emotions need to be calmed or regulated.

58. WORKING ALLIANCE Creating a working alliance between a counselor and his client is essential for a successful counseling environment that will work to achieve the client’s needs. This technique involves the client and therapist being active collaborators during counseling and agreeing upon goals of treatment that are necessary, as well as how to achieve those goals.

59. PROXEMICS This technique has the counselor study the spatial movements and conditions of communication that his client exhibits. By studying his client’s body orientation, the counselor can determine mood, feelings, and reactions.

60. SELF-DISCLOSURE The counselor will make note when personal information is disclosed at certain points of therapy. This technique will help the counselor learn more about the client and use this information only to benefit him/her.

61. STRUCTURING When the individual enters counseling, the counselor should discuss the agenda for the day with his client, the activities, and the processes that he will go through. This technique in counseling will help the client understand his counselor’s train of thought into determining how this routine will work for him. Soon enough, the client will get used to the routine, and this establishes comfort and trust in counseling.

62. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS This technique involves the counselor assessing his client’s level of needs as based on the progress that he is making. The needs that he will factor in are: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. All these will determine if change needs to take place in counseling.

63. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS ‘THE EMPTY CHAIR’ –used in psychodrama –spontaneous reaction to fictional confrontation –subsequently often thought of as an example of Gestalt.

64. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘THE LETTER’ –thought out consideration of what to say to recipient without necessarily sending it. Gives time to examine response.

65. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘IDENTIFICATION WITH CHARACTERS FROM LITERATURE’ –examine qualities of fictional character to evaluate desired qualities in client.

66. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘FANTASY’ extrapolation of previous technique.

67. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY’ – thought out consideration and description of client by client in the third person. More objective by slight distancing from self and immediate emotional content.

68. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘SCULPTING’ – describing relationships using cards, stones, people etc. in a tableau or diagram. It can be examined by altering arrangement or participants’ viewpoint.

69. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘GILMORE’S SQUARE’ – thought out consideration using spreadsheet of Gilmore’s three areas of concern –activity, relationship and aloneness in the advancing approach of ‘I ought..’ ‘I want...’ ‘I can...’ ‘I will...’.

70. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS • ‘VISUAL METAPHORS SUCH AS “THE SHIELD”’ – spontaneous symbols of important aspects of client.

71. TOOLS USED BY COUNSELORS •‘VISUALIZATIONS OR GUIDED IMAGERY’ – detailed symbolism that can be used in a diagnostic and therapeutic capacity. Needs specialist knowledge.

72. Practice exercise Please complete the table with your answer.

73. Directions: Please reflect on the question below. What new learning did you develop about the settings, processes, methods and tools in communication? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

74. COMMUNICATION MEDIA CHANNELS

75. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

76. PRINT MEDIA: NEWSPAPER -Published periodically and carries mainly news stories with opinions and advertisement. -Classified according to type of content, circulation area, audience, language, and periodicity. -Divided into two sections: editorial and business.

77. BROADCAST MEDIA: RADIO -Radio is dominant among mass media because of the following: cost-effective low demand on literacy skills portability a background medium accessibility to the visually challenged -Classified as AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation)

78. BROADCAST MEDIA: TELEVISION -According to the UNESCO World Communication and Information Report, television follows radio in popularity.

79. NEW MEDIA -a set of applied communication technologies that continue to evolve -Interactive that uses internet such as blogs, vlogs, wikis, and other computed aided communications that are found online. -Characteristics of it are interactivity, ubiquity, accessible to individual users as senders and or receivers, a medium of both mass and personal communication, and multimediality .

80. SOCIAL MEDIA -Dominated the mass media in the recent years. -Internet based applications that allow the creation and exchange of the user generated content

81. - Types: Social networking - Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Tumblr -Collaborative projects - Wikipedia -Content communities - Youtube -Virtual game - World of Warcraft, Call of Duty, ML - Technologies - Blogs, email, instant messaging, music sharing, crowdsourcing

82. THE 7 ESSENTIALS FOR HYBRID BUSINESSES (Grace Lau) -In a business context, that’s usually to share information, ask questions, or provide answers to questions. That could be in-person as a face-to-face conversation, over the phone, or virtually over the Internet via email, social media, or instant messaging.

83. (1) Face-to-face communication, (2) phone calls, (3) text messages, (4) emails, (5) live chat, (6) instant messaging, and (7) social media.

84. IMPORTANCE OF THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE

85. Self-Development – distinct contribution in services which has been discussed in counseling, social work, and communication.

86. Career Counseling for Personal Development for those who want to advance with their profession or careers, entering jobs, and looking for changes in work.

87. Hypnotherapy a complementary form which uses the power of positive suggestion to change someone’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

88. Personal Growth Counseling evaluation of life, goals, and other aspects of the client.

89. Life Coaches for Personal Development addresses specific personal projects, business successes, general conditions and transition in a personal life, relationship, or profession.

90. Persuasion understand one’s audience well and its complexity. Deals with beliefs, basic attitudes, and values to be able to convince them to adopt a particular point of view. May be in tv, radio, newspaper, internet, and magazines.

91. Art and Entertainment communicating using perceptions and imaginations with a selective recreation of the reality. It includes theater, drama, and other collaborative art forms.

92. News and Information new media and social media provides a driving force for democratization of information.

93. Organizing, Advocacy, and Mobilization it fosters the common good and greater sense of life.

94. ADVOCACY AND MOBILIZATION

95. Advocacy groups also play important roles in the development of political and social systems.

96. The following are some of the different activities of advocacy. All these activities require knowledge of the applied social sciences. It includes the following:

97. 1.Community organizing and mobilization It is about helping to mobilize constituents and build power with their communities.

98. 2. Information dissemination Providing communities and people the right information on important political, social and economic issues affecting them

99. 3. Research Conducting research that reflects the needs of the communities.

100. 4. Training Training sessions that will teach successful strategies and skills for personal and community development.

101. 1. Identify the importance of having an advocacy of a certain group. a. Community (No to Drugs) b. Environment (No To Mining) c. Family Planning

102. Education educational process is a well-recognized global framework. It is a process of ongoing improvement of knowledge and skills.

103. 4 Pillars of Education:

104. learning to know – acquiring knowledge in never-ending process and openness in being constantly enriched by different experiences.

105. ( 2) learning to do – application of what learner’s have learned or practiced.

106. (3) learning to live together – must take two complimentary roads: discovery of others and experience of shared purposes throughout life.

107. (4) learning to be – echoes the possibility of dehumanizing brought by technical change. Foster the principle of development and its complete fulfillment of humankind.

108. Directions. Answer the following question. 1. Based on the statement “ Education is the Key to Success” Do you think education can lead you to become successful? Why?

109. Socialization and Enculturation – the process of turning a child into a full pledged responsible adult. Enculturation is the process by which someone acquire culture of his or her environment ( Sampa , 2008).

110. EFFECTS OF THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

111. Social Awareness, Self-Awareness, and Self Knowledge – essential for the quality participation in functioning the society to incorporate the appreciation of both inner-ecology and social ecology.

112. Attitude and Value Change – tensions from technological, social, and economic are bring by attitude and value change.

113. Behavioral Change – behavior is being acquired slowly and eventually became someone’s part of life. Changes in behavior will never be easy as it takes time, effort, and emotion.

114. Structural Change – a radical shift in the way reality is being organized. In economic terms, it is the transformation of policy, legal, social, cultural, and physical aspects that impede equity for all.