Diet and cardiovascular disease

Diet and cardiovascular disease

1. Diet and Cardiovascular Disease

2. Objectives - Identify factors that contribute to heart disease. - Explain why cholesterol and saturated fats are limited in some cardiovascular conditions . - Identify foods to avoid or limit in a cholesterol-controlled diet.

3. - Explain why sodium is limited in some cardiovascular conditions. - Identify foods that are limited or prohibited in sodium-controlled diets. - Identify alternatives to sodium in diets for patients with heart disease

4. Cardiovascular Disease - Affects heart and blood vessels - Leading cause of death and permanent disability in the United States - More deaths are caused by heart disease than by cancer, accidents and AIDS combined

5. Risk Factors of heart disease: Eg : - Smoking - Hypertension - Diabetes - Insulin resistance - Infection - Periodontal disease - Obesity - age - Male sex - Sedentary lifestyle - ect ….

6. Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease can be acute or chronic . Acute: means sudden such as myocardial infarction (MI) also known as heart attack Chronic: develops over time such as congested heart failure (CHF), Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis

7. Myocardial Infarction - Caused by blockage of a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart - Heart tissue beyond the blockage dies.

8. Causes - Atherosclerosis - Hypertension - Abnormal blood clotting - Infection such as that caused by rheumatic fever (damages heart valves)

9. Arteriosclerosis: arteries harden, making the passage of blood difficult and sometimes impossible Atherosclerosis: thickening and weakening of artery walls by cholesterol and fatty deposits called plaque

10. Myocardial Infarction

11. Dietary managements MI - After the heart attack, the client is in shock . - Client should be NPO (nothing by mouth). - IV fluids may be given.

12. - After several hours, client may begin to eat. - Liquid diet usually recommended for the first 24 hours. - Then , a low-cholesterol, low-sodium diet - Foods should not be extremely hot or cold .

13. - Food that is easy to chew and digest is prescribed . - Sodium limited to prevent fluid overload. - Restriction on caffeine the first few days after an MI

14. Congestive Heart Failure - Due to decompensation or severe injury to the heart muscle - Decreased circulation causes decreased oxygenation of the body. - Shortness of breath, chest pain on exertion, and edema are common .

15. - Decreased nutrients to body tissues - Edema may mask the problems of malnutrition and underweight . - The heart beats faster and enlarges .

16. Diet for Congestive Heart Failure - Fluid restriction may be ordered. - Soft Foods - Small , frequent meals - Diuretics and a sodium-restricted diet are typically prescribed .

17. - Diuretics can cause excessive loss of potassium and blood levels should be monitored. - Hypokalemia can upset the heartbeat. - Fruits, especially oranges, bananas, and prunes, are excellent sources of potassium, but supplements may be given.

18. High Potassium Foods - Fruits Apricots, oranges, bananas, avocados, cantaloupe, dates, figs, raisins, grapefruit, kiwifruit, peaches, pineapple, prunes, strawberries ( المشمش والبرتقال والموز والأفوكادو والشمام والتمر والتين والزبيب والجريب فروت وفاكهة الكيوي والخوخ والأناناس، والخوخ، والفراولة )

19. - Vegetables Broccoli, cabbage, green beans, pumpkin, squash, tomatoes, spinach, potatoes, sweet potatoes ( القرنبيط، والملفوف، والفاصوليا الخضراء واليقطين والقرع والطماطم، والسبانخ، البطاطا، البطاطا الحلوة )

20. Diet for Heart Disease Foods to include: - Oils (canola, olive, peanu الكانولا وزيت الزيتون، الفول السوداني ) - Fish - Lean beef, lamb, veal - Egg whites - Whole grain breads and cereals

21. Foods to Avoid: - Coconut oil, palm oil ( زيت جوز الهند، زيت النخيل ) - Fatty meats, sausage and duck - Butter - Fried foods ( الأطعمة المقلية ) - Cream sauces ( الصلصات كريم )

22. Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes - Initiated by the National Cholesterol Education Program - Reduced intake of saturated fats and cholesterol - Therapeutic dietary options for increased fiber - Weight reduction increased physical activity

23. Hypertension - Measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) - Normal: < 120/80 - Prehypertension : 120–139/80–88 - Stage 1: 140–159/90–99 - Stage 2: 160/100

24. - Contributes to heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure - “Silent disease” because sufferers can be asymptomatic - Heredity, age, obesity and African-American race are predisposing factors. - Smoking and stress also contribute to hypertension.

25. Dietary Treatment - Weight-reduction diets. - Sodium-restricted diet and/or diuretics can be prescribed to alleviate edema. - Increasing fruits and vegetables helps to lower blood pressure.

26. Foods Permitted for hypertensive - Fresh fruits and vegetables - Pasta , rice - Fresh meats and fish - Oil , vinegar ( خل ) - Unsalted margarine - Popcorn - Spices - Coffee, tea

27. Foods to Avoid - Tomato or vegetable juice - Canned vegetables - Dried , smoked or canned fish or meats - Potato chips, salted nuts, pretzels - Fast foods

28. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - High potassium foods - Low fat dairy products - Use low cholesterol and low saturated fat products - Use fresh, frozen, or no-salt-added products - Increase dietary fiber

29. Considerations for the Health Care Professional - Most cardiac clients will be told to reduce fat, sodium, and sometimes, the amount of calories in their diets. - Help the cardiac client want to learn how to help himself or herself via nutrition.

30. Conclusion - Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. - May be acute, as in myocardial infarction, or chronic, as in hypertension and atherosclerosis. - Hypertension may be a symptom of another disease.

31. - Cholesterol is associated with atherosclerosis and a low-cholesterol diet or a fat-restricted diet might be prescribed. - The health care professional can encourage the client to maintain a healthy weight, exercise, limit salt and fat intake, and avoid smoking to reduce the risk of heart disease.

32. Thank