Difference between skin cancer and warts

Difference between diseases in word form

1. Differences between different diseases
Clinical pharmacy
Assignment submitted by Ifsha Akhlaq 528

Difference between skin cancer and warts.
SKIN CANCER WARTS
Skin cancer also known as melanoma is a cancer
that begins in the melanocytes. Because most of
these cells still make melanin, melanoma tumors
are often brown or black.
Warts are raised bumps on the skin caused by the
human papillomavirus (HPV).
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- In 2007 in united state 56940 cases of
melanoma reported.
- In 1996 2 per 100000 patient.
- In 2001 2.7 per 100000 patient reported.
- Worldwide frequency is unknown but
estimated approximately 7-12% of the
population.
- In school aged children 10-20% reported.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Unusual sores
- Lumps
- Blemishes
- Marking changes in color.
- Rough surface
- Round or oval warts
- Spot where warts may be lighter or
darker than other skin
- Some warts cause pain
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Sun light exposure cause formation of thymine
dimers. DNA repair removes most UV induced
damage. Cumulative DNA damage leads to
mutation. The sunlight depresses the local immune
system and decreasing immune surveillance of new
tumor cells.
The Human papillomavirus infects the epithelium
and systemic dissemination of the virus not
occurs. Virus replicate in the epidermis layer.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
- Physical examine
- Skin biopsy
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy
- CT scan
- MRI
- Immunohistochemical detection of HPV
structural proteins.
- Polymerase chain reaction may be used
to amplify viral DNA
TREATMENT
- Interferon
- Interleukin-2
- Other medicines such as ipilimumab
- Chemotherapy such as dacarbazine
- Topical agents
- Intralesional injections
- Photodynamic therapy
- Systemic agents

Difference between Asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

2. ASTHMA CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
Is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent
attacks of breathlessness and wheezing varying in
severity an e-frequency from person to person.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung
disease characterized by chronic obstruction of
lungs airflow that interferes with normal
breathing.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- In 2001 7.3% increased.
- In 2010 8.4% increased.
From 2001 – 2009 asthma per
- Worldwide deaths by asthma is 180,000 annually.
- COPD is third leading cause of death in America.
- In 2010
- 12.1 million in U.S
- 10.1 million Americans
- 4 percent in Washington
- 9 percent in Albania
Reported.
Worldwide:-
- 64 million in 2004 worldwide.
- 3 million in 2005.
- 90% die in low and middle income
countries.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Wheezing
- Whistling sound when breathe
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Chronic coughing
Asthma symptoms also known as asthma flare-ups
or asthma attacks.
- Ongoing cough
- Increased mucus
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Fatigue
- Frequent flare-ups
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Involve in three components:-
1) Airway inflammation.
2) Intermittent airflow obstruction.
3) Bronchial hype responsiveness.
Airway inflammation
Mechanism of inflammation may be acute, sub
acute or chronic.
The airway edema and mucus secretion also
involve in this bronchial reactivity.
Intermittent airflow obstruction
Mucus hyper secretion, desquamation of
epithelium, hyperplasia of smooth muscles and
remodeling of airway cause air flow
obstruction.
The airway obstruction causes increased
resistance of airflow and decreased expiratory
flow rates. These changes causes decreased
The most common cause of COPD is chronic
exposure to cigarette smoke directly or by air
pollution occupational exposure.
The smoking or other irritants o fairways cause
neutrophils, T-lymphocytes and other
inflammatory cells which are accumulate in
airways.

3. ability of expel air and hyperinflation occurs.
Bronchial hype responsiveness
Due to airflow obstruction the uneven changes
of airflow occur which is results in hypoxia,
hyper carbia is prevented by the ready diffusion
of carbon dioxide across alveolar capillary
membranes. The acute episode in early stage
has hypoxemia in the absence of carbon dioxide
retention.
Hyperventilation triggered by the hypoxic drive
which causes decrease in carbon dioxide. In
early stages the respiratory alkalosis occurs
from hyperventilation.
After this metabolic acidosis occurs due to
increased cardiac output, work of breathing,
oxygen consumption. Respiratory failure leads
to respiratory acidosis.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
- Medical histories.
- Breathing tests.
- Spirometry test.
- Allergy test for those who have allergy with
asthma.
- X-rays or CT Scans of the chest.
- Pulmonary function testing.
- Oximetry or arterial blood gas testing.
TREATMENT
It requires continuous medical care. Moderate to
Severe asthma require long term medications daily
like anti inflammatory drug. Such as corticosteroids,
budesonide, mometasone, flunisolide. If symptoms
occur short term medications (Inhaled short acting
beta) agonists anticholinergics.
There are several paths for treatment of COPD.
- Avoiding infections
- Medications
-Bronchodilators
-Anti inflammatory
-Antibiotics
- Oxygen therapy
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Lung volume Reduction surgery.

Difference between Jaundice and Hepatitis B.
JAUNDICE HEPATITIS B
Yellowing of the skin and eyes condition occurs
when too much bilirubin is present in body.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver
and can cause both acute and chronic disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- In United states
6.1% infants in 1986
4.3 % in 2003
2.9% in 1994 reported.
- In Turkey 10.5% reported.
- 780,000 people die in a year due to
hepatitis B.
- In Middle East and Indian subcontinent 2-
5 % chronically infected.
- Less than 1 % of the population of
western Europe and North American is

4. chronically infected.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Yellow tinted skin and eye
- Whites of eye turn brown but in severe
condition
- Dark urine
- Pale stool
- Excessive fatigue
- Vomiting
- Dark urine
- Joint pain
- Loss of appetite
- Fever
- Abdominal discomfort
- Weakness
- Yellow skin and eyes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Bilirubin is produced by breakdown of
hemoglobin into unconjugated bilirubin. Un
conjugated bilirubin binds to albumin in the
blood and transport to liver. In liver the enzyme
uridine diphosphogluconurate
glucuronasyltransferase (UGT) conjugated this
bilirubin with glucronic acid which is taken up
by hepatocytes. This conjugated bilirubin
excreted in bile. In patients or neonates the
conjugated bilirubin is deconjugates and
recycled into the circulation and not excreted
from body.
Blood become exposed to HBV the body cell
mediated immune response sending cytotoxic T
cells and naturally killer cells against the virus and
release inflammatory cytokines.
As the hepatocytes are attacked and infiltrated
by the HBV. Because hepatocytes are continually
proliferating the virus is constantly being shed
into the blood which leads to the chronic illness.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
- CBCs
- Liver function test
- Imaging test
Abdominal ultrasounds
Computed tomography scans
Magnetic resonance imaging
- Liver biopsies
- Hepatitis B surface antigen test
- Hepatitis B core antigen test
- Antibody Hepatitis B surface antigen test
- Liver function tests
TREATMENT
- Supportive care
- Jaundice caused by medication/drugs the
antidote is required.
- Steroids in which have autoimmune
diseases with jaundice.
- Diuretics and lactulose is used in jaundice
with cirrhosis.
- Antibiotics for infectious causes of jaundice.
- Blood transfusions may be required in
individuals who have anemia from
hemolysis.
- Surgery is requiring for jaundice with
gallstones.
- Jaundice with liver failure need liver
transplant.
- Hepatitis B immune globulin
Within 24hours in contact with HBV
- Antiviral medication
- Liver transplant

5. Difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis C.
HEPATITIS A HEPATITIS C
Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the
hepatitis A virus. The virus is spread when an
uninfected person ingest food or water that is
contaminated with the faeces of an infected
person.
A liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus.
Virus can cause both acute and chronic
hepatitis infection.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A every year.
- In Shanghai in 1988 about 300,000 people
reported with hepatitis A.
- In developing countries about 90% children are
affected.
- 130-150 million people have chronic hepatitis C.
- 350000 to 500000 people die in a year.
Most affected regions are Central and East Asia
and North Africa.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Flu like symptoms (fever, fatigue body aches)
-Abdominal pain
-Light colored stool
-Dark urine
-Loss of appetite
-Unexplained weight loss
-Jaundice
-Malaise
-Diarrhea
80% patient have no symptoms but some
complain of mild to severe systems such as
-Fever
-Dark urine
-Loss of appetite
-Abdominal pain
-Joint pain
-Jaundice
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
HAV virus acquired by mouth and replicate in
liver. After 10-12 days virus present in blood
and excreted in the biliary system into are feces.
Virus is present in serum and virus excretion
begins to decline in at the onset of clinical
illness.
The natural targets of HCV are hepatocytes and B-
lymphocytes. Viral clearance is associated with
the development and persistence of strong virus-
specific responses by T lymphocytes and helper T
cells.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
-Detection of HAV-specific IgM and IgG
antibodies
-Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction
-CBC test
-Serological test
-Nucleic acid test
-Genotyping test
-Liver function test
-Liver biopsy
TREATMENT
No specific treatments for hepatitis A but
symptoms are treated.
Therapy used to maintain comfort such as
replacement of fluids which are lost from vomiting
and diarrhea.
-Antiviral treatment
Bed rest is recommended
-Antiviral combination therapy with interferon
and ribavirin.

6. Difference between Infection and Disease.
INFECTION DISEASE
The invasion and multiplication of microorganism
such as bacteria, virus and parasites that are not
normally present within the body.
Illness or sickness characterized by specific signs
and symptoms
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- In united state 2 millions nosocomial
infection in hospitalized patient.
- 3-21 % in 2002 survey
- Annually 1 billion pounds cost in United
kingdom 10% patient
- The 95% of the world wide population
measured in disease.
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- Fever
- Warm
- Painful swollen wound
- Blood or pus coming from the wound
- Dizziness
- Fast heart beat
- Disease may be acute, chronic, malignant
or benign.
- Acute disease symptoms are nausea,
vomiting and pain.
- Chronic disease have severe pains,
diarrhea, swelling, breathing troubles etc.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
the normal host cell response to infection is a
complex process that localizes and controls
bacterial invasions, and initiating the repair of
any injured tissues.
Involves
- Activation of circulating and fixed
phagocyte cells,
- The generation of pro inflammatory and
inflammatory mediators.
- Sepsis results when the response to
infection becomes generalized and
involves normal tissues from the site of
injury or an infection.
Functional changes in the body that occurs in the
body.
A disease would change the conformation of an
enzyme; something would not be spilt or altered
in some way then leads to symptoms.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
- Blood tests
- X-rays
- C T scan
- MRI scan
- Wound culture
- Different type of diagnostic tests are
- Blood tests
- Computed tomography scan
- X-rays
- TREATMENT -
- Wound cleaning
- Antibiotics
- NSAIDS
- Life style changes
- Follow a healthy diet
- Exercise regularly
- Manage stress
- Medicines
- Surgeries

7. References
1) Skin cancer melanoma by Michael R Holtel,MD
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/846566-overveiw#a11
Access date 9
th
October 2014
2) Wound infections
www.drugs.com/cg/wound-infection.html.
Access date 9th October 2014
www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12923
access date 9
th
October 2014
3) Pathophysiology of sepsis by Remi Neviere,MD
http://www.uptodate.com/contents /pathophysiology-of-sepsis? Source=outline-link and
view=text and anchor=H544041.
Date of access 13
th
October 2014
4) Human diseases written by Jonathan H. Robbins M.D
www.bratanmica.com/EBchecked/topic/275628/human-disease.
Date of access 9
th
October 2014
5) Hepatitis written by Vinod K Dhavan,MD, FACP,FRCP( C) ,FIDA
www.emedia.medscape.com/article/177792-overview#aw2aab6b2b3aa
Date of access 8
th
October 2014
6) Hepatitis C witten by april Kalm
www.healthline.com/health/hepatits-c
Date of access 8
th
October 2014
7) Hepatitis A
Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases.
The pink book course text book 12
th
edition second printing May 2012
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.htm

8. Date of access 9
th
0ctober

8) Hepatitis A written by Richard K Gilroy,MBBS, FRACP
www.emedicine.medsacpe.com/article/177484-overview#ao104
Date of access 9
th
0ctober 2014
9) Definitions
www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 164/en/
www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 328/en/
www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 204/en/
www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 315/en/
www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs 307/en/
Date of access 7
th
October 2014
10) American Academy of allergy, Asthma and Immunology
http://www.aaaai.org/conditions -and-treatments/asthma.aspx
Date of access 5
th
October 2014
11) Pathophysiology of asthma written by Micheal J Morris,MD,FACP,FCCP
www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-overview#aw2aab6b2b4
Date of access 7
th
October 2014
12) American lungs association fighting for air
www.lung.org/lung-disease/copd/resources/facts-figures/copd-fact-sheet.html
Date of access 8
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October 2014
13) COPD written by Robin Madele Medically Reviewed by George Kruik,MD.MBA/published on 27
th

February2013
www.healthlin.com/health-slideshow/copd-symptoms
Date of access 8
th
October 2014