DIFFERENT LANDFORMS AND PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THEIR FUNCTION grade 10.pptx

grade 10 module

1. DIFFERENT LANDFORMS AND PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THEIR FUNCTION

2. TOPOGRAPHY Topography is a broad term used to describe the detailed study of the earth's surface. This includes changes in the surface such as mountains and valleys as well as features such as rivers and roads. It can also include the surface of other planets, the moon, asteroids and meteors.

3. Landforms Landforms are features on the Earth's surface that make up the terrain, such as mountains, valleys, plains or plateau. They also include coastal features, such as peninsulas or bays, and underwater features, such as ocean basins and mid-ocean ridges. 3 They are formed by natural forces such water, wind, ice, and Earth’s tectonic plates. Some landforms are formed in a single day, while others take a millions of years to form.

4. Famous Landforms made by Volcanic Eruption 4 On November 21, 2013, a new island known as Nii-jima was born after an undersea volcanic eruption at the surface of the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles south of Tokyo, Japan. The new island, or " niijima " in Japanese, sprouted just 500 meters from Nishino- shima , another volcanic island that last erupted and expanded in 1973-74.

5. Famous Landforms made by Volcanic Eruption On March 30, 2014, the Landsat 8 satellite's Operational Land Imager obtained an image of Nishino- shima indicating that the niijima section of the island is now larger than the original Nishinoshima , and the merged island is slightly more than 1,000 meters across. Two cones have formed around the major vents and rise more than 60 meters above sea level, more than triple the island's highest point in December 2013.

6. Aeolian Landforms

7. Aeolian Landforms Wind's chemical and mechanical action creates aeolian landforms. The term is derived from Aeolus, the Greek god of the winds. Wind-dominated areas are more likely to have aeolian landforms such as dunes, loess, and mushroom rocks. Dunes are mounds or small hills made up of sand, measuring between 1-10 m high. They may be dome-shaped, crescent-shaped, star-shaped, linear-shaped, or parabolic. The most common type of dune found on Earth is the Barchans and it is formed in the direction opposite that of the wind. Figure shows the tallest sand dunes in the world, which is 380 m in height, and reddish in color that stretches against the backdrop of a blue sky.

8. Loess is silt-sized sediment created by the accumulation of windblown dust. It has a yellowish or brownish appearance and "cat steps”. Its thickness varies between a few centimeters and about 100 m. Loess is a result of glacial activity in its thickness varies between in Europe, the Mississippi Valley, and Asia. Mushroom rock , also known as rock pedestal, is a naturally occurring rock that is formed as a result of earthquakes or glacial action. Mushroom Rock State Park in Kansas, USA is a good example of this landform. Loess Region in China Mushroom Rock in Kansas, USA

9. Erosional Landforms

10. Erosional landforms are created from exclusively erosional and weathering activities. Examples of this type are mesas, buttes , and canyons Also called table mountains , mesas are elevated areas of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs They are usually surrounded by a resistant rock known as a cap rock. The Grand Mesa in Western Colorado displays the basic features of this landform. Erosional Landforms Mesas in Mexico The Grand Mesa in Western Colorado

11. Butte is almost similar to mesa as it has a flat topped hill and steep sides and is formed in arid to semi arid desert conditions. The difference is that a butte covers a smaller amount of area when compared to a mesa Its name originated from a French word that means "hillock" or small hill. They are formed by erosion when a hard cap rock overlies a layer of less resistant rock. The Elephant Butte in New Mexico is one of the most famous buttes in the world .

12. A Canyon , sometimes called gorge , is a deep ravine between cliffs that is often carved from the landscape by a river, wind, or glacier It may appear like a valley except that it is deep-seated, narrow, and surrounded by steep sides. Unlike other landforms, canyons were not produced by tectonic activities The Grand Canyon in Arizona,USA

13. Mountainous and Glacial Landforms

14. Mountainous landforms are those that rise higher than the rest of their surroundings. They exhibit slopes, summit areas, and local reliefs. Like real mountains, they can be created by different tectonic activities Mountainous and Glacial Landforms

15. Volcanoes are landforms that are controlled by geological processes that form them and continually act on them after their formation. A volcanic mountain can be identified from its opening at the top called the vent. The volcano's cone-shaped structure or edifice is carved out by the more or less symmetrical accumulation of lava and other pyroclastic materials around its central vent system.

16. Hills are elevated portions of land that are formed by geologic activities such as faulting. They are usually covered with grass and are used as grazing lands for goats, cattle, and carabaos They are smaller than mountains, only about 300 m high, with sloping sides unlike the steepness of the latter. However, it is possible that hills can originate from mountains when extensive erosion occurs. Here in the Philippines, the Chocolate Hills in Bohol is a tourist spot as it displays about 1,260-1,776 hills, which are spread over approximately 50 square kilometers of land area. During the dry season, the green grasses covering the hills turn brown making the landforms appear like thousands of chocolate hills.

17. A Valley or dole is a low-lying area of land situated between hills or mountains. They are usually formed by the actions of rivers and glacier. These two forces also determine the shape of a valley: V-shaped when carved out by flowing water and U-shaped when carved out by glaciers. As a broad geographic landform, valleys can be further classified as vale, dell, mountain cove, hollow, and coon or hanging valley.

18. Glacial landforms are the results of the actions of the glaciers. Glaciers are huge, slow-moving bodies of ice. Most of the glacial landforms that we have today were created by the movement of large ice sheets during the Quaternary glaciations. There are two main types of glaciers, namely alpine and continental. Alpine glaciers are formed in high mountains, while continental glaciers are formed in cold Polar Regions. Glacial landforms “ Aletsch glacier, the largest glacial landform of the Swiss A lps”

19. Flucial and Coastal Landforms

20. Fluvial landforms are those that underwent sedimentation, erosion, or deposition on the river bed. If the bodies of water associated with these landforms interacted with glaciers or ice caps, they are called glaciofluvial or fluvio glacial. Over thousands of years, the planet's shorelines were carved out by the force of the sea. Through a process called wave refraction, wave crests in bodies of water realign themselves as a result of decreasing depths. As they tumble along the shore, coastal erosions occur giving birth to different coastal landforms. Fluvial and Coastal Landforms

21. A delta is typically a low-lying triangular area located at the mouth of rivers where it meets an ocean, seas, or estuaries. It contains rich soil which has been washed away and deposited by running water. Alluvlium refers to the sediment that has accumulated due to the interaction of delta and bodies of water. In terms of age, deltas are not very old as the formation of contemporary deltas dates back to about 7,000 years ago

22. The Ganges Delta is the largest delta in the world that is associated with some of the major rivers in the Indian subcontinent. Other famous deltas are the Nile Delta, Mississippi Delta, Amazon Delta, Huang He, and Tiber Delta.

23. A peninsula , also called byland or biland , is a piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus. It came from the Latin word which means "almost island" as this landmass is bordered by water on three sides. Peninsulas as formed by lithospheric movement, water elevation, and erosion. For instance, geomorphologists believe that the Antarctic Peninsula was not part of Antarctica but rather was part of South America. The present positioning of this peninsula is theorized to have been caused by the lithospheric movement some 140 million years ago.

24. A meander is a bend in a sinuous watercourse of the river. It is formed when moving water in a stream erodes the out banks and then widens its valley. Every meander has a concave bank (inner bank) and a convex (outside banks) bank. Deposition of sediments occurs at the inner bank, whereas erosions take place at the outer edge.

25. There are some instances when meanders migrate downstream, thus adding to the challenges of maintaining stable roads and bridges. Spectacular meanders are best viewed up high in the sky above the broad flood plain of Rio Negro, Argentina

26. Sea cliffs are high rocky coasts that plunge to the edge of the sea. They are the results of erosional actions of water and wind. Due to their location, sea cliffs are exposed to the battering of waves, wind, and sea spray. Sea cliffs are primarily made of limestone and sandstone and these rocks are resistant to weathering. Cliffs are ideal nesting habitats for many species of sea birds. They also serve as places for adventures, considered to be one of Ireland's top tourist spots. The Cliffs of Moher exhibits an impressive coastline in the world. Its cliffs rise to 120 meters above the Atlantic Ocean and house about 20 species of 30,000 birds.

27. Plains are flat and broad land areas that have no great changes in elevation when measured with reference to the mean sea level. Plains, such as grasslands, prairies, and steeps, are created either by sedimentation of the eroded soil from the hills and mountains or by flowing lava deposited by the agents. such as wind, water, and ice. Plains may be found along a coast, inland, or on the ocean floors. Coastal plains generally rise from sea level until they meet higher landforms, such as plateaus or mountains Inland plains maybe formed at high altitudes. Plains

28. Plateaus , also known as table lands or flat-topped mountains, are portions of lands elevated thousands of feet above their surroundings. They are the results of geologic uplifts or the slow movement of large parts of stables areas of Earth's crust. Some are formed by volcanic eruptions. Lava from volcanoes spread out and creates lava or basalt plateaus. Weathering of land areas also produces this type of landform. Plateaus

29. Plateaus cover about 45% of Earth's land surface. Their sizes vary from an area of several square kilometers or broad enough to cover a land area about t heir sizes the size of France as in the case of the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia . The Tibetan Plateau is the world's largest and highest plateau and is also known as the "Roof of the World" Low plateaus are often used for farming, while high plateaus are suitable for livestock grazing.

30. The earth's crust is not made up entirely of one piece. According to plate tectonics, the lithosphere is divided into huge plates that slide under, over, and past each other, resulting in mountain formation, volcanism, earthquakes, and other phenomena. Mountain Ranges

31. Orogeny is the result of tectonic plate movements. Deformed rocks known as orogens of orogenic belts form during orogenesis as the continental plate crumples and pushes upwards. The result of this geological process is a landmass known as a mountain.

32. BIG IMAGE HIMALAYAS The Highest Mountain Ranges in the World

33. BIG IMAGE ANDES The Largest Mountain Range in the World

34. BIG IMAGE The Appalachian The Oldest Mountain Range in the United States

35. BIG IMAGE The Alps The Largest Mountain System in Europe

36. BIG IMAGE Rocky Mountain The Major Mountain Range in Western North America

37. BIG IMAGE The Great Dividing Range A Mountain Range That Forms a Watershed