Different Pastoral Communities- PPT

A PowerPoint Presentation on the topic "Different Pastoral Communities in INDIA/AFRICA".

1. Topic: Different Pastoral Communities in INDIA/AFRICA

2. Pastoralism  is the branch of  agriculture  concerned with the raising of  livestock . It is  animal husbandry : the care, tending and use of animals such as  camels ,  goats ,  cattle ,  yaks ,  llamas , and  sheep . "Pastoralism" generally has a mobile aspect, moving the herds in search of fresh  pasture  and water (in contrast to  pastoral farming , in which non-nomadic farmers grow crops and improve pastures for their livestock). Pastoralism (Introduction)

3. Pastoralism is a successful strategy to support a population on less productive land, and adapts well to the environment. For example, in  savannas , pastoralists and their animals gather when rain water is abundant and the pasture is rich, then scatter during the drying of the savanna. Pastoralists often use their herds to affect their environment. Grazing herds on savannas can ensure the biodiversity of the savannas and prevent them from evolving into  scrubland . Pastoralists may also use fire to make ecosystems more suitable for their food animals. For instance, the  Turkana people  of northwest  Kenya  use fire to prevent the invasion of the savanna by woody plant species. Biomass of the domesticated and wild animals was increased by a higher quality of grass.

4. Pastoral Societies (Pastoral Communities) : A  pastoral society  is a social group of pastoralists, whose way of life is based on  pastoralism , and is typically nomadic. Daily life is centered upon the tending of herds or flocks.

5. Different Pastoral Societies Bharwad The  Bharwad  are a  Hindu   caste  found in the state of  Gujarat  in  India .

6. Origin The Bharwads consider themselves to be descended from the mythological  Nandvanshi  line that began with  Nanda , the foster-father of  Krishna . Legend has it that Nanda came from  Gokul , in  Mathura district , and passed through Saurashtra on his way to  Dwark a . According to their traditions, the Bharwads were at some time based around  Mathura and migrated to  Mewar  before later spreading out in Gujarat.  Sudipta Mitra considers their move to Gujarat to have been predicated by a desire to keep away from the  Muslim invasion of  Sind . They arrived in the northern town of  Banaskantha  in 961 CE and later spread out to Saurashtra and other areas. Religion The Bharwad are Hindu, and like other Hindu pastoral communities pay special reverence to Krishna. Each clan also has its own deity, while their chief goddess is Masai Mata. Their most sacred place is at  Morvi  and they also make pilgrimages to place such as Dwarka . Some Bharwads in the south have become  vegetarian  as a consequence of outside influences.

7. Clothing The Bharwads practice "sartorial conservatism", according to Emma Tarlo , and it is not enough to be born a Bharwad if a person wants to be accepted as one: conforming with standards of dress and other customs is a necessity if a person is not to be considered a deserter from the community. The details of clothing — in terms of style, colour and material — have changed over time while retaining a distinct Bharwad character. Despite it being a relatively recent practice, the wearing of pink and red shawls by both women and men is one of the most obvious identifiers of the modern community and they are worn even by those who shun the other aspects of the Bharwadi dress code in favour of Western styles. The desire to identify through clothing and also through  tattoos  may be a reflection of the community's traditional itinerant lifestyle, whereby a means of recognising their fellows was a significant social factor. Occupations Bharwads are rarely educated beyond primary level and literacy rates are poor. Many of them live in and around the  Gir Forest National Park , where they tend to keep away from the forest itself when grazing their livestock due to the danger of attacks by  Asiatic lions . Aside from their involvement with livestock, the main source of income is agricultural labouring ; few of them own land.

8. Rendille people Overview The Rendille are believed to have originally migrated down into the  Great Lakes  area from  Ethiopia  in the more northerly  Horn  region, following southward population expansions by the  Oromo  and later the  Somali . Traditionally, they are  nomadic   pastoralists , tending  camels ,  sheep ,  goats  and  cattle . The camels are generally kept in the northern part of their territory and the cattle in the southern section. Additionally, the Rendille traditionally practice  infibulation . According to Grassivaro -Gallo and Viviani (1992), the custom was first brought to the Horn region from the  Arabian peninsula  during antiquity, and was originally intended to protect  shepherd  girls from attacks by wild animals during menstruation. The tradition subsequently dispersed from there.

9. Distribution According to  Ethnologue , there were approximately 34,700 Rendille speakers in 2006. Most are concentrated in the Kaisut Desert and  Mount Marsabit  in the  Marsabit District of Kenya's northern  Eastern Province . Language The Rendille speak the  Rendille language  as a  mother tongue  (also known as Rendile or Randile ). It belongs to the  Cushitic  branch of the  Afro-Asiatic  family. Additionally, some Rendille use  English  or  Swahili  as  working languages  for communication with other populations. The  Ariaal  sub-group of the Rendille, who are of mixed  Nilotic  and Cushitic descent, speak the  Nilo-Saharan   Samburu language  of the  Samburu   Nilotes with whom they cohabit. Religion In terms of creed, many Rendille practice a traditional religion centered on the worship of  Waaq / Wakh . In the related Oromo culture,  Waaq  denotes the single god of the early pre- Abrahamic ,  montheistic  faith believed to have been adhered to by Cushitic groups. Some Rendille have also adopted  Islam  or  Christianity .

10. Maldhari Maldharis  are  nomadic   tribal   herdsmen  who live in the  Gujarat  state of  India . The literal meaning of  Maldhari  is "owner of animal stock". They are notable as the traditional dairymen of the region, and once supplied  milk  and  cheese  to the palaces of rajas . Culture Maldharis are descendants of nomads who periodically came from neighboring  Rajasthan ,  Madhya Pradesh  and other parts of  Gujarat  finally settled in the  Banni grasslands . The Maldhari have been living in the Banni grasslands for nearly 700 years.

11. These semi- nomadic  herders spend eight months of the year criss-crossing sparse pasturelands with their  livestock  including  sheep ,  goats ,  cows , buffalo, and  camels  in a continual quest for  fodder . During the  monsoon  season, the Maldhari generally return to their home villages as more new grass grows closer to home during the rains. For villages in some areas, weddings are traditionally held just one day each year, on the date of the lord Krishna’s birthday  Krishna Janmashtami , which falls in the midst of the monsoon. Communities In different regions, they belong to different  castes . There are 8,400 Maldharis living in  Gir Forest National Park  who are mainly Rabari,Bharwad and  Charan , and their villages are known as  ness . The Maldharis of northern Gujarat are known by different names in different parts. In  Kutch , the Maldhari are found mainly in the  Banni  region, near the town of  Bhuj . Here some forty  Kutchi  speaking Maldhari hamlets are home to several tribal communities including the  Halaypotra ,  Hingora ,  Hingorja ,  Jat ,  Junejas ,  Mutwas  and  Me.

12. Lifestyle The  pastoral   Maldhari community live a simple life. They live in small mud houses deep in the forests, with no electricity, running water, schools or access to healthcare. They earn a living by producing  milk  from their cattle. They have developed a local breed of  buffalo  that is well known in India for its high productivity and strong resilience to the harsh conditions of the Banni. The  Banni Buffalo  was recognized as the 11th breed of buffalo in the country in 2010, the first one to be registered post independence. The breed registration process was carried out through the Maldharis themselves. They grow vegetables and collect wild  honey . Their main sources of cash income are sale of high quality  ghee , milk,  wool , animals and  handicrafts . They trade their produce in the local market for essential items like food grains. Most are unable to count or use money and are  illiterate .

13. Oromo people The  Oromo people  ( Oromo :  Oromoo ;  Ge'ez : ኦሮሞ;  ’Oromo ) are an ethnic group inhabiting  Ethiopia , northern  Kenya , and parts of  Somalia . With around 25 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnicity in Ethiopia and the wider  Horn of Africa , at approximately 35% of Ethiopia's population according to the 2007 census.

14. Origins Oromos are the largest  Cushitic -speaking group of people living in  Northeast Africa . Available information suggests that they have existed as a community in the  Horn of Africa  for several millennia ( Prouty et al., 1981). While further research is needed to precisely comprehend their origins, the Oromo are believed to have originally adhered to a pastoralist / nomadic  and/or semi- agriculturalist  lifestyle. Many historians agree that some Oromo clans (Bale) have lived in the southern tip of present-day  Ethiopia  for over a millennium. Language The Oromo speak the  Oromo language  as a  mother tongue  (also known as  Afaan Oromoo  and  Oromiffa ). It belongs to the  Cushitic branch of the  Afro-Asiatic  family. According to  Ethnologue , there are around 40,467,900 Oromo speakers worldwide. The Oromo language is divided into four main linguistic varieties: Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo, Eastern Oromo, Orma and West Central Oromo.

15. Religion Waaq  (also Waq or Waaqa ) is the name of God in the traditional Oromo religion, which only about 3% of the population of Oromia follows today, those who do usually living in the  Borena Zone . In the 2007 Ethiopian census in the 88% Oromo region of Oromia , 47.5% were Muslims, 30.5% Orthodox Christians, 17.7% Protestant Christian, 3.3% Traditional. Protestant Christianity is the fastest growing religion inside the Oromo community. In urban areas of Oromia , Orthodox Christianity constitute 51.2% of the population, followed by Islam 29.9% and Protestants 17.5%. But adherence to traditional practices and rituals is still common among many Oromo people regardless of religious background.

16. Dhangar The  Dhangar  are a herding caste of people primarily located in the Indian state of  Maharashtra .

17. Current situation Traditionally being shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, the Dhangars were late to take up modern-day education. Though it has a notable population, not only in Maharashtra but also in India at large, had a rich history, today it is still a politically highly disorganized community and is socially, educationally, economically and politically backward. They lived a socially isolated life due to their occupation, wandering mainly in forests, hills and mountains. In Maharashtra, the Dhangars are classified as a  Nomadic Tribe  but in 2014 were seeking to be reclassified as a  Scheduled Tribe  in India's  system of reservation . Culture Dhangars worship various forms of gods, including Shiva, Vishnu, Parvati and Mahalaxmi as their kuldevta or kuldevi. These forms include Khandoba, Beeralingeswara (Biroba),Mhasoba, Dhuloba (Dhuleshwar), Vithoba, Siddhanath (Shidoba), Janai-Malai, Tulai, Yamai, Padubai, and Ambabai. They generally worship the temple of these gods that is nearest to their residence which becomes their kuladev and kuladevi. In Jejuri, the deity Khandoba is revered as the husband of Banai, in her incarnation as a Dhangar. He is, therefore, popular amongst the Dhangars, as they consider him their kuldevta. [5]  Khandoba (literally "father swordsman") is the guardian deity of the Deccan.