Different types of disabilities presentantion.pptx

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1. Children with different types of disabilities Causes and characteristics

2. Session objective Differentiate different types of disabilities by defining its causes and characteristics

3. Children with Visual Impairment The term “Visual difficulties” is used to describe any kind of vision loss, whether total or partial vision loss. The causes of visual impairment : Parental problems: Poor nutrition of pregnant mothers, eating foods that contain insufficient energy, proteins, vitamins and mineral salts; alcohol use, smoking, etc Birth problems: Inappropriate use of tools to deliver the baby; difficult birth; baby may not immediately start breathing, which is dangerous for the brain Malnutrition of the child from birth : lack of a balanced diet, especially insufficient vitamin A, which can cause night blindness or dry eyes. Injuries: accidents which may affect different parts of the eye; brain damage due to injuries/disease Diseases/conditions: meningitis; cerebral malaria; glaucoma; cataract; malaria. Old age: As people grow old, they tend to become susceptible to some diseases such as cataract, long-sightedness.

4. Characteristics of visual impairment Generally, someone with visual difficulties exhibits d ifferent behaviors including: Having difficulties reading and participating in different activities Squinting often, rubbing the eyes, having red eyes, high sensitivity to light Bumping into objects or things often Sitting very close to the television screen Closing one eye or keeping it covered Complaining about difficulty seeing things Problems reading from far or near Visual discomfort and fatigue. Tend to hold objects very close to the eyes when looking at them Abnormal responses to bright light (gazing at light excessively or trying to avoid it) Search for his/her way using hands Using white can for mobility

5. Learners with hearing impairment Hearing impairment is an inability to hear well or not hearing at all. Causes of hearing impairment : Hereditary factors : this is hearing loss or deafness that is inherited from parents relatives Prenatal factors: an expectant mother can be exposed to many different kinds of infection during pregnancy, such as rubella and influenza. Some of these infections are more damaging to the developing embryo that others Peri-natal factors : Hearing impairment may occur just before, during or just after birth lack of oxygen Post natal factors : Infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles and mumps can lead to hearing impairment this can be during childhood or later in life

6. Characteristics of someone with hearing impairment Have problems in understanding directions Rely more on visual information processing Have difficult in group discussions Difficulty with oral expression May not participate in useful conversation with others Have inappropriate rhythm in speech and have poor articulation Have a feeling of inferiority and may withdraw from the hearing community if misunderstand May become aggressive or impulsive if not given appropriate support by the hearing Ask repetition of what has been said Will often have a degree of language delay Cups the ear in the direction of sounds

7. Physical Impairment What is physical impairment? The causes of physical impairment: Physical disabilities can be caused by either hereditary, congenital or acquired reasons: Hereditary or congenital: A person with a hereditary or congenital physical disability has had the condition since birth, developed the condition because of inherited genetic problems, issues with muscle cells or the person suffered an injury during birth. Acquired: A person can acquire a physical disability due to a number of reasons. These can be severe accidents, brain injuries, infections, diseases and as a side effect of disorders and other medical conditions, such as a stroke and dementia. A physical disability is a substantial and long-term condition affecting a part of a person’s body that impairs and limits their physical functioning, mobility, stamina or dexterity. The loss of physical capacity results in the person having a reduced ability, or inability, to perform body movements such as walking, moving their hands and arms, sitting and standing as well as controlling their muscles

8. Children with Muscular Dystrophy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qb5wcEGJTRg Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic(inherited) condition that gradually causes the muscles to weaken. It often affects a particular group of muscles, before moving on to the other muscles. Characteristics of children who have muscular d ystrophy: Tendency to tire quickly Postural changes due to progressive muscle weakness Waddling gait with legs far apart Walking on tip toes Tendency to lose fine manual dexterity Trouble walking and maintaining balance Poor posture with a protruding abdomen and a sway back Equinovarus deformity of the feet Increasing difficulty in rising from the floor Lack of motivation because of limitation

9. Children with Cerebral Palsy Cerebral means” concerning the brain” and palsy means “paralyses or the inability to move. Therefore, cerebral palsy is a disorder of the brain that occurs as a result of brain damage or lack of development in the part of the brain controlling movement and posture. Abnormal perception and sensation Delayed or lack of speech control Different walking patterns Difficulty with gross and fine motor skills Involuntary movement and lack of coordination Lack of muscle control, muscle tightness or spasm Poor posture and spastic movements

10. Children with Spina Bifida Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings Characteristics: Closed neural tube defects Have problems with bowel and bladder control Fluid-filled sac visible on the back protruding from the spinal canal Spinal cord tissue is usually exposed Muscle weakness Paralysis Incontinence Poor short term memory Easily distracted Poor attention

11. Down Syndrome Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms during pregnancy and how the baby’s body functions as it grows in the womb and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes

12. Characteristics of Down Syndrome A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose. Almond-shaped  eyes  that slant up. A short  neck . Small ears. A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth. Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the  eye . Small hands and feet. A single line across the palm of the hand (palmar crease) Small pinky fingers that sometimes curve toward the thumb Poor muscle tone or loose joints Shorter in height as children and adults

13. Children With Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) And Learners With Autism Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is defined as persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individual at a comparable level of development. Causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) The exact cause of ADHD is not well known but researchers explore possible possibilities including neurological foundations, hereditary and environmental conditions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DN0i3FYQfY0

14. Characteristics of ADHD Self-focused behavior: A common sign of ADHD is what looks like an inability to recognize other people’s needs and desires. This can lead to the next two signs: interrupting, trouble waiting their turn Interrupting: Self-focused behavior may cause a child with ADHD to interrupt others while they’re talking or butt into conversations or games they’re not part of. Trouble waiting their turn: Kids with ADHD may have trouble waiting their turn during classroom activities or when playing games with other children. Emotional turmoil: A child with ADHD may have trouble keeping their emotions in check. They may have outbursts of anger at inappropriate times. Fidgeting: Children with ADHD often can’t sit still. They may try to get up and run around, fidget, or squirm in their chair when forced to sit. Problems playing quietly: Fidgetiness can make it difficult for kids with ADHD to play quietly or engage calmly in leisure activities.

15. Characteristics of ADHD ( Cont ’) Unfinished tasks: A child with ADHD may show interest in lots of different things, but they may have problems finishing them. For example, they may start projects, chores, or homework, but move on to the next thing that catches their interest before finishing. Lack of focus: A child with ADHD may have trouble paying attention even when someone is speaking directly to them. They’ll say they heard you, but they won’t be able to repeat back what you just said. Avoidance of tasks needing extended mental effort: This same lack of focus can cause a child to avoid activities that require a sustained mental effort, such as paying attention in class or doing homework. Mistakes: Children with ADHD may have trouble following instructions that require planning or executing a plan. This can then lead to careless mistakes but it doesn’t indicate laziness or a lack of intelligence. Daydreaming: Children with ADHD aren’t always rambunctious and loud. Another sign of ADHD is being quieter and less involved than other kids.A child with ADHD may stare into space, daydream and ignore what is going on  around them.

16. CHILDREN WITH AUTISM Autism is a complex neurobiological disorder of development that lasts through a person’s lifetime. Autism onset is between 0-5 years, and is three times more likely to affect males than females. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affect three area of deficiencies (also called triad of impairment) of development such as communication development, social relatedness, and behaviours.

17. Characteristics of children who have autism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrsDDZycjfY O ften have difficulty with social interaction. M ay have an unusual interest in objects. O ften have difficulty with changes in routine. Have great ability in one area and great difficulty in another. Have unusually strong reactions to one or more of their five senses. M ay do the same thing over and over again, or talk constantly about specific things that interest them. M ay have unusually intense and prolonged emotional reactions. P roblems with social interaction with others. This may include problems talking back and forth, working, or playing with others. U nusual interest in objects N eed for sameness G reat variation in abilities U nder or over reaction to one or more of the five senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, or hearing R epeated actions or body movements U nusual emotional reactions and expressions

18. Children with learning disabilities Children with Learning Disabilities have always been in our classrooms, but teachers have often failed to identify these pupils and recognise their special needs. These learners have been called names including” slow learners, hard to teach, daydreamers, lazy, abaswa ” etc These specific learning disabilities include: Dyslexia: A specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills Dyscalculia: A specific learning disability that affects a person’s ability to understand numbers and learn math facts Dyspraxia: A disorder that is characterized by difficulty in muscle control, which causes movement problems and coordination, language and speech, and can affect learning Dysgraphia: A specific learning disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability and fine motor skills

19. CHILDREN WITH EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS (EBD) Emotional and Behavioural disorder (EBD) is a disability that is characterized by behavioural or emotional responses in school programmes different from appropriate age, culture, or ethnic norms that affect education performance, including academic, social, vocational and personal skills. Causes of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders Even though there no known and exact causes of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders. Researchers believe that biological, developmental and environmental factors with some preventive measures are considered as leading factors of EBD in young children

20. Characteristics of emotional Behavior disorders Hyperactivity (short attention span, impulsiveness); Aggression or self-injurious behavior (acting out, fighting); Withdrawal (not interacting socially with others, excessive fear or anxiety); Immaturity (inappropriate crying, temper tantrums, poor coping skills); and Learning difficulties (academically performing below grade level).

21. GIFTED AND TALENTED LEARNERS Gifted and talented children exhibit high performance capability in intellectual, creative and/or artistic areas, possess an unusual leadership capacity or excel in specific academic fields. They require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the schools. Here are some differences for those Gifted, Genius and Talented learners: Gifted learners are those who have superior general ability in academic performance. Genius learners excel in almost all academic domains and with less effort. Talented learners are those who show signs of special aptitude or ability in specific areas of the arts, sciences, business, etc.

22. Characteristics of gifted, genius and talented children Learn new material faster, and at an earlier age, than age peers; Always remember what has been learned without making revision; Is able to deal with concepts that are too complex and abstract for age peers; Has a passionate interest in one or more topics, and would spend all available time learning more about it if possible; Does not need to look at the teacher to hear what is being said; Can operate on multiple brain channels simultaneously and process more than one task at a time. Fluent and flexible thinking Excellent thinking and reasoning

23. CHILDREN WHO ARE EDUCATIONALLY VULNERABLE Children are said to be vulnerable when their basic needs for food, shelter, education, medical care, or protection and security are not met. This has different factors including political, socio-cultural and economic and health difficulties. Such children are at great risk of suffering malnutrition, disease and possible death. Unless their own situation changes their conditions of gross disadvantages will extend to their own children who may suffer even greater misery and suffering. Categories of children who are educationally vulnerable: Street children, abused and neglected children, children who are traumatized, child mothers, c hild soldiers, children h eading f amilies, child labourer, children who are refugees and displaced, homeless and unaccompanied children, orphaned children, children affected and infected by HIV/AIDS.

24. Characteristics of children who are educationally vulnerable Physical characteristics: Those are physical event that may cause a child not to attend the class as expected including: fractures, bruiser and welts, burns and scalds, head or brain injuries, human bite marks. Cognitive characteristics: They are drive and or mind-set that push a leaner to have a repeated absent in school like Development delays in cognitive abilities, distractibility and poor attention span, unrealistic expectation in life Behavioural characteristics: In behavioural characteristics include drug and alcohol misuse, abusive behaviour and language, poor memory and concentration, suicidal behavioural, truancy and running away from the school, etc. Socio-emotional characteristics: Some characteristics are: self-harming behaviours such as head-banging, persistent rocking, disturbed toileting behaviours, excessive hunger drives, short attention span, excessive hunger drive, bizarre eating behaviours, disrupted sleep behaviours