DIGESTIVE GLANDS//Associative Glands of GIT// LIVER

SALIVARY GLANDS​

GASTRIC GLANDS ​

LIVER ​

PANCREAS​

INTESTINAL GLANDS​

1. Digestive glands Represented by WASIM AKRAM Nursing tutor     Blossom college OF NURSING

2. Digestive glands Salivary glands Gastric glands Liver Pancreas Intestinal glands

3. 1. Salivary glands Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands. In human, pH of saliva is 6.5 ( acidic ). Saliva contains - Electrolytes :- sodium ion , potassium ion , chloride , bicarbonate . Enzymes :- lysozyme ( kills microorganisms present in the food ) . salivary amylase ( ptyalin ) – helps in starch digestion . The pairs of Salivary glands are : Parotid glands Sub-mandibular glands / sub-maxillary glands Sub-lingual glands

4. Parotid glands Biggest salivary glands . Present in cheek . Secretion is 25% of total secretions . Secretion is Carried to the oral cavity by duct of stensen . When it is attacked by paramyxo virus it leads to mumps , especially to the Childs.

5. Sub-mandibular glands Present in lower jaw . Secretion is 75% of the total secretions. Highest secretory Salivary glands. Secretion is Carried to the oral cavity by duct of Wharton .

6. Sub-lingual glands Presents below the tongue . Secretion is 2-5% of total secretions. Smallest salivary glands. Connection to oral cavity through duct of rivinus .

7. 2. Gastric glands THE MUCOSA OF STOMACH HAS GASTRIC GLANDS. GASTRIC GLANDS ARE :  MUCUS NECK CELLS – SECRETS MUCUS WHICH PROTECTS THE MUCOUS LAYER OF STOMACH FROM ACIDIC CONTENTS AND BICARBONATE WHICH NEUTRALIZES THE ACIDIC CONTENTS. PEPTIC / CHIEF / ZYMOGEN CELLS – SECRETS THE PROENZYME PEPSINOGEN AND GASTRIC LIPASE .  PARIETAL / OXYNTIC CELLS – SECRETS HCL   (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) AND CASTLE’S INTRINSIC FACTORS.       * HCL CONVERTS PEPSINOGEN INTO PEPSIN (ACTIVE),        PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME.     * INTRINSIC FACTOR:  GLYCOPROTEIN IN NATURE. ESSENTIAL FOR ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN B 12 . INDIRECTLY HELPS IN ERYTHROPOIESIS.

8. Gastrin (hormone) – released from g-cell on mucosa of stomach , stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. Enterogastrone (hormone) – released from duodenum inhibits the secretion of gastric juice.

9. 3. Liver GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Liver Is The Largest gland  in Our body (thyroid is the largest Endocrine gland). Liver is the Largest Internal Organ  of human body. Liver Is The  second largest Organ  in our Body. (Largest Organ Is Skin) In An Adult Human liver Weights About 1.2 kg to 1.5 Kg . (2% of our body weight). Shape is Triangular (Wedge shaped). Colour : Reddish- Brown It Is Situated in the upper right portion of the Abdominal Cavity Just Below The diaphragm. DEFINITION: Liver is defined as the largest gland and a vital organ which regulates various biochemical reactions and metabolism processes of our body. 

10. Structure of Liver THE LIVER HAS TWO LOBE -  RIGHT LOBE  LEFT LOBE  BOTH THE LOBES ARE SEPARATED BY THE FALCIFORM LIGAMENT AND BY WHICH THE LIVER IS CONNECTED WITH THE DIAPHRAGM. EACH LOBE IS COMPOSED OF SMALL SMALL LOBULES. THESE HEPATIC LOBULES ARE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIVER.

11. THERE ARE ABOUT 50,000 TO 1,00,000 HEPATIC LOBULES IN THE LIVER. THE LOBULE IS A  HONEYCOMB-LIKE STRUCTURE AND IT IS MADE UP OF LIVER CELLS  (HEPATOCYTES) AND  KUPFFER CELLS . HEPATIC CELLS ARRANGED IN FORM OF CORDS . HEPATIC CELLS SECRETS  BILE JUICE .

12. KUPFFER CELLS ARE THE  MACROPHAGE CELLS (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS) IN BETWEEN THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN LIVER. THEY DESTROY THE MICROORGANISMS IN BLOOD AND HELPS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE . Kupffer Cell

13. EACH LOBULE IS COVERED BY A THIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH CALLED GLISSON'S CAPSULE . BILE PASSES THROUGH THE HEPATIC DUCTS AND IT IS STORED & CONCENTRATED IN A THIN MUSCULAR SAC CALLED GALL BLADDER. THE DUCT OF GALL BLADDER ( CYSTIC DUCT ) ALONG WITH THE HEPATIC DUCT FROM THE LIVER FORMS THE COMMON BILE DUCT . THE COMMON BILE DUCT AND THE PANCREATIC DUCT ( DUCT OF WIRSUNG ) OPEN TOGETHER INTO THE DUODENUM AS THE  HEPATO-PANCREATIC DUCT  WHICH IS GUARDED BY A SPHINCTER CALLED SPHINCTER OF ODDI

14. Functions of Liver BILE PRODUCTION:  Synthesizes Bile To Help Digest Fats. BLOOD DETOXIFICATION:  Filters Toxins From The Blood, Including Drugs And Alcohol. METABOLISM OF FATS, PROTEINS, AND CARBOHYDRATES:  PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:  Produces Albumin (Essential For Blood Volume And Pressure) And Clotting Factors. STORAGE OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS:  Stores Vitamins A, D, E, K, And B12, As Well As Iron And Copper. BLOOD FILTRATION:  Removes Old And Damaged Cells From The Blood. REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOTTING:  Produces Clotting Factors And Substances Necessary For The Formation Of Clots. IMMUNE SYSTEM SUPPORT:  Part Of The Reticuloendothelial System (Res), It Helps In The Immune Response By Removing Pathogens From The Blood. CHOLESTEROL REGULATION:  Synthesizes And Breaks Down Cholesterol; Also Converts Excess Cholesterol Into Bile Acids. GLUCOSE REGULATION:  Maintains A Steady Level Of Glucose In The Blood By Storing And Producing Glucose As Needed. AMMONIA CONVERSION:  Converts Ammonia, A Byproduct Of Protein Metabolism, Into Urea, Which Is Then Excreted In The Urine. HORMONE REGULATION.

15. 4. Pancreas THE PANCREAS IS A COMPOUND MIXED GLAND (BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND) AND ELONGATED ORGAN SITUATED BETWEEN THE LIMBS OF C – SHAPED DUODENUM. THE  EXOCRINE PORTION CONSISTS OF  PANCREATIC ACINI  AND THE  ENDOCRINE PORTION CONSISTS OF  ISLETS OF LANGERHANS . EXOCRINE PANCREAS: CELLS OF PANCREATIC ACINI SECRETS AN ALKALINE PANCREATIC JUICE  CONTAINING - ENZYMES: TRYPSINOGEN, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASES, AMYLASES, LIPASES, NUCLEASES. BICARBONATE IONS (HCO 3 - ): THEY NEUTRALIZES ACID ENTERING INTO THE DUODENUM FROM STOMACH. ALKALINE PANCREATIC JUICE OF PANCREAS ENTERS THE DUODENUM THROUGH THE PANCREATIC DUCT AND HEPATOPANCREATIC DUCT.

16. Endocrine pancreas: Cells of islets of langerhans secrets hormones to regulate the blood sugar levels. Alpha cells (15%)  - secrets  glucagon . Beta cells (65%)  - secrets insulin . Gamma cells (15%) - secrets Pancreatic polypeptide . Delta cells (5%)  - secrets  somatostatin.

17. 5. Intestinal glands In sub-mucosa layer -  Brunner's glands: Located at the duodenum. Made up of collagen fibre . Secrets - mucus: helps in lubrication      - less amount of enzymes.      - hormones: secretin, cholecystokinin. In mucosa layer -  Crypts of Lieberkühn:  Located in between two bases of villi. Secrets - intestinal enzzymes from brushborders cells       - mucus from the goblet cells. Secretions of all together forms succus entericus whichh contains maltase, dipeptidase, lipase, nucleosidase, sucrase.

18. In the base of crypts, two type of cells are present -  Paneth cells – in duodenum, unicellular glands, secrets lysozyme. Argentaffin cells – they secrets      > serotonin hormone (5-ht: 5-hydroxythyrotriptafine) - a potent                     vasoconstrictor.     > somatostatin hormone – suppress the release of pancreatic juice                     from the pancreas. Goblet cells: Alcoholic pot Unicellular glands Present on crypts and stomach Nature of secretion is apocrine. Secrets mucus(mucin) - glycoprotein in nature. Mucus protects the lining of gastro-intestinal tract from various enzymes and acidic contents.