Digital Module 1.pptx Digital logic design

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1. DIGITAL Computer Fundamentals & OFFICE AUTOMATION Dr. Felix M Philip Assistant Professor JAIN(DEEMED-TO-BE UNIVERSITY)

2. Computer : It is an electronic device which processes given data to derive the required and useful information. During the processing the computer has to perform various functions like receives data (input) processes data (process) produces output (information) stores results (storage)

3. Block diagram of digital computer and the functioning of its blocks A digital computer is considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed. To be able to process data the computer is made of various functional units to perform its specified task .

4. Functional Units Of a Computer Input Unit Storage Unit Primary Storage (Main Memory) Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Memory) Central Processing Unit (CPU) Control Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Output Unit

5. History of Computer Abacus An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

6. Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive .

7. Leibniz Calculator Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

8. Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. Analytic Engine Difference engine

9. Z1 The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the world Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.

10. ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchl . ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space

11. UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I ( UNIV ersal A utomatic C omputer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

12. The First Portable Computer Osborne 1 –the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation .

13. Early in the 50’s two important engineering discoveries changed the image of the electronic - computer field These discoveries were the magnetic core memory and the Transistor - Circuit Element. Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced very successful PC’s in the 1970’s. Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s. By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process about 4,000,000 instructions per second.

14. Generation of computers Generations Period Technology First Generation 1942-1955 Vacuums Tube Second Generation 1955-1964 Transistors Third Generation 1964-1975 Integrated Circuits (ICs) Forth Generation Since 1975 Microprocessor/Large Scale Integration Fifth Generation Since 1980 Artificial Intelligence

15. The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. •They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

16. IBM 700 logic module

17. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The Mark-I, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I and ENIAC

18. Punched Cards

19. The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. Transistor replaced the vacuum tubes . Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.

20. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

21. The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.

22. Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

23. The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

24. The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

25. Application of computers Scientific research Business application Education Entertainment Banks Communication Engineering Medicine Military

26. TYPES OF COMPUTER On the basis of functionality On the basis of Size, Speed and Cost.

27. ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONALITY Analog Digital Hybrid

28. Analog Computers Analog computers are used to process analog data. Analog data is of continuous nature and which is not discrete or separate. Such type of data includes temperature, pressure, speed weight, voltage, depth etc. These quantities are continuous and having an infinite variety of values. It measures continuous changes in some physical quantity e.g. The Speedometer of a car measures speed The change of temperature is measured by a Thermometer The weight is measured by Weights machine .

29. Digital Computers They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF. Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s.

30. Hybrid Computers Hybrid computer combines features of both analog and digital computers. In this computer, some calculations are done in the analog portion of the computer and some are done in the digital portion of it. In hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU), an analog device is used which measures patient’s blood pressure and temperature etc, which are then converted and displayed in the form of digits.

31. ON THE BASIS OF SIZE, SPEED AND COST Micro Computer Mini Computer Mainframe Computer Super Computer

32. Micro Computers A microcomputer is the smallest digital computer, which uses a microprocessor as its CPU. Microprocessor is a single chip (Integrated Circuit) CPU. Microcomputer is popularly called as Personal Computer (PC).

33. Mini Computers Minicomputers are computers, which have multiterminal facilities. They have only one CPU but many terminals and keyboards. If it has 7 terminals, than 7 persons can use the computer at a time. Minicomputers are designed to be of medium scale, smaller and generally slower than mainframe computers.

34. Mainframe Computer Mainframe computers are the most powerful computers. A mainframe computer may contain several microprocessors. A single mainframe computer can be used by hundreds of people at once. Each user has his own terminal that is connected to the mainframe. They are mainly used for following applications   Banking Applications Railway and Airline Reservations Commercial Applications of large industries/companies

35. Super Computer Supercomputer is the biggest and fastest computer, which is mainly designed for complex scientific applications. It has many CPUs (Central Processing Units), which operate in parallel to make it as the fastest computer. It is typically used for the following applications   Defense Electronic Design Energy Management Petroleum Exploration and production dheerubai rig