DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY in X-RAY-1DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY in X-RAY-1.pptx

X-rays (or rarely, X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. In many languages, it is referred to as Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered it in 1895[1] and named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.[2]

Natural color X-ray photogram of a wine scene. Note the edges of hollow cylinders as compared to the solid candle.Duration: 9 minutes and 15 seconds.9:15Subtitles available.CCWilliam Coolidge explains medical imaging and X-rays.

X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays. There is no universally accepted, strict definition of the bounds of the X-ray band. Roughly, X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 nanometers to 10 picometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range of 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and photon energies in the range of 100 eV to 100 keV, respectively.

X-rays can penetrate many solid substances such as construction materials and living tissue, so X-ray radiography is widely used in medical diagnostics (e.g., checking for broken bones) and material science (e.g., identification of some chemical elements and detecting weak points in construction materials).[3] However X-rays are ionizing radiation, and exposure to high intensities can be hazardous to health, causing damage to DNA, cancer, and at high dosages, burns and radiation sickness. Their generation and use is strictly controlled by public health authorities.Before their discovery in 1895, X-rays were just a type of unidentified radiation emanating from experimental discharge tubes. They were noticed by scientists investigating cathode rays produced by such tubes, which are energetic electron beams that were first observed in 1869. Many of the early Crookes tubes (invented around 1875) undoubtedly radiated X-rays, because early researchers noticed effects that were attributable to them, as detailed below. Crookes tubes created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the tube by a high DC voltage of anywhere between a few kilovolts and 100 kV. This voltage accelerated the electrons coming from the cathode to a high enough velocity that they created X-rays when they struck the anode or the glass wall of the tube.[4]

The earliest experimenter thought to have (unknowingly) produced X-rays was William Morgan. In 1785, he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube, producing a glow created by X-rays.[5][6] This work was further explored by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday.

1. DIGITAL RADIOGARPHY X-RAY

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 04 02 05 03 06 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND TYPES WORKPRINCIPLE PROS & CONS CONCLUSION 01 04 02 05 03 06

3. INTRODUCTION 01

4. X-ray digital radiography (DR) Digital radiography (DR) is a form of X-ray image diagnosis that uses an X-ray sensitive flat panel detector instead of conventional X-ray film or an imaging plate (IP) as employed in computed radiography (CR) systems. X-ray flat panel detectors are available in both direct and indirect conversion types.

5. BACKGROUND 02

6. Undoubtedly, the discovery of the traditional X-ray laid the foundation for digital radiography (DR). Over the years, diagnostic imaging evolved to meet different patients’ needs and human beings in general. In the 1980s, computed radiography (CR) joined the diagnostic imaging scene.  Plenty of hospitals were fascinated by this new technology and its advantages. Most of them had already left analog film radiography by the early 2000s.  CR helped technologists realize all the endless possibilities in the world of radiology and made way for the inception of direct digital radiography (DDR) in 2007. 

7. critical developments made between the discovery of the X-ray and the introduction of DDR. 1983 – Fujifilm Medical Systems began using Phosphor stimulated radiography in clinics 1987 – Digital radiography (DR) was first used in dental practice 1995 – The world’s first dental digital panoramic system was introduced by the French company Signet 2001 – The first-ever commercial indirect CsI FPD for general radiography and mammography was availed 2003 – Schick Technologies made Wireless CMOS detectors ( for dental practices) available

8. TYPES 03

9. Amorphous silicon  (a-Si) is the most common material of commercial FPDs. It  converts X-rays to light. Amorphous  selenium   (a-Se).  Photons are converted directly into charge. TYPES INDIRECT DIRECT

10. WORKPRINCIPLE 04

11. DIRECT use a photo conductor like amorphous selenium (a-Se) or Cadmium telluride (Cd- Te ) on a multi-micro electrode plate, providing the greatest sharpness and resolution. The information on both types of detectors is read by thin film transistors. have a scintillator layer which converts x-ray photons to photons of visible light and utilize a photo diode matrix of amorphous silicon to subsequently convert the light photons into an electrical charge. This charge is proportional to the number and energy of x-ray photons interacting with the detector pixel and therefore the amount and density of material that has absorbed the x-rays. INDIRECT when x-ray photons impact over the photo conductor, like amorphous Selenium, they are directly converted to electronic signals which are amplified and digitized.  As there is no scintillator, lateral spread of light photons is absent here, ensuring a sharper image.  This differentiates it from indirect construction.

12. PROS & CONS 05

13. PROS Shorter exposure times Real-time applications Reduced inspection time, as no chemical processing of film is required Higher productivity Portability Easy to transfer to customers electronically Digital image enhancement and data storage Immediate feedback

14. CONS Initial Cost Dependency on Technology Learning Curve Limited Resolution in Some Cases Security Concerns Maintenance Costs Over-Reliance on Imaging

15. CONCLUSION 06

16. CONCLUSION

17. RESOURCES TWI : https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/digital-radiography#:~:text=Digital%20radiography%20(DR)%20is%20an,use%20of%20an%20intermediate%20cassette. NMC : https://nmchealthcare.com.my/history-of-digital-radiography/ Valence Medical Imaging : https://valencemedicalimaging.com/pros-and-cons-of-digital-radiography/

18. DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS? Eng. Osama Kh . Mofareeh THANKS