Dilemma in Logic

Dilemma in Logic, Definition, Informal fallacies, Ambiguity of fallacies, Avoidance of fallacies, Examples of Dilemma, Types of dilemma, Quantitative, Qualitative, and Ethical dilemma.

1. Copyright© mahnoor

2. ASITUATIONINWHICHADIFFICULTCHOICEHASTOBE
MADEBETWEEN TWOORMOREALTERNATIVES,
ESPECIALLYONESTHATAREEQUALLYUNDESIREABLE.
ACCORDINGTO LOGIC
AN ARGUMENT FORCINCG AN OPENENT TO
CHOOSE EITHER OF TWO UNFAVOURABLE
ALTERNATIVS.

4. BEST OUTCOME FOR
OVERALL GROUP
CHOOSE WHATS BEST
INDIVIDUALLY

5. •COUNJUCTIVEWITHTWOCONDITIONALSTATEMENTAS
CONJUCTS.
•IFWEWANTTOKNOWTHATBOTHPROPOSITIONGROUPED
TOGETHERARETRUE,WEUSETHEWORD‘AND’.THISIS
CALLEDACONJUCTIVEPROPOSITION.
‘’ CANADA IS IN AMERICA AND NEWYORK CITY IS
THE BIGGEST CITY IN CANADA’’
IF EITHERONE OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROPOSITION
ARE FALSE THEN THE WHOLE THING IS FALSE.
WHAT TYPES OF STATEMENT DOES A
DILEMMA CONTAIN?
1. MAJOR
EXAMPLE

6. •DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION IN WHICH EITHER OF THE
ANTECEDENT OF THE MAJOR PREMISE ARE AFFIRMATED OR
DENIED.
‘’CANADA IS IN NORTH AMERICA OR NEWYORK CITY IS THE
BIGGEST CITY IN CANADA’’.
NOW WE HAVE ONE PROPOSITION THAT ISTRUE ,SO THE
WHOLE THING IS SEEN AS TRUE.
IT IS GOINGTO RAIN OR IT ISGOING TO BE SUNNY.
2) MINOR
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2

7. •FOLLOWS LOGICALLY FROM PREMISES.
•
•
3)CONCLUSION
DILEMMA
ACCORDING
TO QUALITY
ACCORDING
TO
QUANTITY
1.CONSTRUCTIVE
DILEMMA
2. DISTRUCTIVE DILEMMA
1.SIMPLE DILEMMA
2. COMPLEX DILEMMA

8. IS A VALID RULE OF INFERENCE OF PRPOSITIONAL LOGIC . IT IS
THE INFERENCE THAT IF (P Q) P IMPLIESQ AND R
IMPLIES S (R S) AND EITHER P OR Q IS TRUE , THEN Q OR
S HAS TO BE TRUE.
IF IT RAINS, I WILL TAKE A LIVE , (P Q)
IF IT IS HOT OUTSIDE, I WILL GO FOR A SHOWER, (R S)
EITHER IT RAINS OR IT IS HOT OUTSIDE , (PVR)
THEREFOR I WILL TAKE A LEAVE OR I WILL GO FOR A SHOWER, (QVS)
NOTATION FOR CD= P Q, R S,PVR
QVS
QUALITATIVE DILEMMA
1) CONSTRUCTIVE DILEMMA
EXAMPLE

9. •DISTRUCTIVE DILEMMA IS A NAME OF VALID RULE OF
INFERENCE OF PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC IS THE INFRENCE
THAT IF P IMPLIES Q AND R IMPLIES S AND EITHER Q IS FALSE
OR S IS FALSE , THEN EITHER P OR S MUST BEFALSE.
•IF IT IS RAIN , I WILL TAKE A LEAVE,(P Q)
•IF IT IS HOT OUTSIDE, I WILL GO FOR A SHOWER,(R S)
•I WILL NOT TAKE A LEAVE OR I WILL NOT GO FOR A SHOWER
(-QV-S)
•THEREFOR EITHER ITDOESNOT RAIN OR IT ISNOT HOT
OUTSIDE (-PV-R)
•NOTATION DD=P Q, R S,-QV-S
• -PV-R
2)DISTRUCTIVE DILEMMA
EXAMPLE

10. IN THE SIMPLE CONSTRUCTIVE DILEMMA ,THE CONDITIONAL
PREMISES INFERS THE SAME CONSEQUENT FROM ALL THE
ANTECEDENT PRESENTED IN THE DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION.
HENCE , IF ANY ANTECEDENT IS TRUE , THE CONSEQUENT
MUST BE TRUE.
THIS FORM IS ILLUSTATED BYTHWREFLECTION OFA MAN
TRAPPED IN AN UPPER STORY OF A BURNING BUILDING.
CHOICE 1 JUMP
CHOICE 2 STAY
QUANTATIVE DILEMMA
SIMPLE DILEMMA
EXAMPLE

11. •A DILEMMA IS A DIFFICULT SITUATION IN WHICH YOU HAVE
TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TWO OR MORE ALTERNATIVES.
•PRISONERS DILEMMA
2)COMPLEX DILEMMA
EXAMPLE

12. ETHICALDILEMMAALSOKNOWNASMORALDILEMMA.A
MORALDILEMMAISCONFLICTINWHICHYOUHAVE
TOCHOOSEBETWEENTWOORMORWACTIONSAND
HAVEMORALREASONSFORCHOOSINGEACHACTION.
EXAMPLE