Direct and indirect-speech -1 statements.

Reported speech model-1, Direct vs indirect speech statements

2. He said to me, “Jonny is a great dancer.”
-Direct Speech
He told me that Jonny was a great dancer.
-Indirect (Reported) Speech

3. What is reporting speech?
There are two ways of reporting
what someone says:
Direct speech
Indirect (or reported) speech.

4. Direct Speech
In direct speech
we use the
speaker’s own
words exactly
with in quotations
“In text we
vspeech
marks
around the
words
spoken”
“Speech
marks are
also
called
inverted
commas”
Teacher said to
me ”the Principal is
happy with your
performance”

5. Indirect speech
*In indirect speech (sometimes called reported
speech) we do not use the exact words of the speaker.
*Instead we report what was said.
*We sometimes need to change pronouns and verb
tenses. We don’t use Quotation(speech) marks.
“I am going
home.”
Hamsa said she was going
home.
Teacher told me that the Principal was happy
with my performance

6. I have the package
He says he has the package.
Reporting verbs
To report what someone said we usually
useverbssuch as:
Say, tell, ask,explain, request, etc.
For example:
Shesayswe should go.
•Theytoldus to bring our stuff.
•Heaskedthem the time.
•Iexplainedthe rules to her.

7. The word ‘THAT’
The word THAT can be used after reporting verbs to
begin the statement. But remember –it is optional.
You can use it or leave it out, as you prefer.
For example:
She says they are full = She saysthatthey
are full
I told them we could help = I told themthatwe could
help.
I suggest we start = I suggestthatwe start

8. How to report?
When youquotewhat someone else has said
(direct speech) it's very simple: nothing changes
and you put the statement between quotation
marks.
But when youreporta statement (tell it in your
own words), there are obviously some necessary
changes.

9. Reported speech –changes
Pronouns
If there are any pronouns present, you may have
to change them.
Examples for when and how to change
pronouns:
Direct speech Reported speech
She says, "Ilike ice cream."She saysshelikes ice cream.
They say, "Youare right." They sayweare right.
He says, "Myname is Gary."He sayshisname is Gary.

10. Third person singular verbs
Verbs in the third person singular form usuallyget
an S at the end:
I cook => He cooks
We talk => She talks
You have => Ithas
I am => Heis
So when reporting speech we must apply this
rule.

11. Direct speech Reported speech
He says, "Iworkevery day."He says heworksevery day.
She says, "Iama big girl."She says sheisa big girl.
Bonnie says, "Ihavea
question."
Bonnie says shehasa
question.
Examples for when and how to change verbs:
Place and time expressions
In many cases, when you report someone's speech you are in a
different place, and almost always in different point of time (we
usually report in the present what someone told us before, in
the past).
So we need to change the place and time expressions
accordingly.

12. Time words:
If we report something around the same time,
then we probably do not need to make any
changes totime words. But if we report
something at a different time, we need to
change time words.
Look at these example sentences:
-He said: "It was hotyesterday." → He said
that it had been hotthe day before.-
-He said: "We are going to swimtomorrow." →
He said they were going to swimthe next day.
Here is a list of common time words, showing
how you change them for reported speech:

13. Here is a list of common TIME Words, showing how you change
them for reported speech:
Direct speech Reported speech
Now then, at that time
Today that day, on Sunday, yesterday
Tonight that night, last night, on Sunday night
Tomorrow the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today
Yesterday the day before/ the previous day, on Sunday
Last night the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday
night
This week that week, last week
Last month the month before/ the previous month, in May
Next year the following year, in 2014
Two minutes ago two minutes before
In one hour one hour later
:

14. Place words:
If we are in the same place when we report
something, then we do not need to make any
changes toplace words. But if we are in a different
place when we report something, then we need to
change the place words. Look at these
Example sentences:
-He said: "It is cold inhere." → He said that it was cold
inthere.
-He said: "How much isthis book?" → He asked
how muchthe bookwas.

15. Direct speechIndirect speech
here there
this that
this book the book, that book,
in this room in the room, in that room,
Here are some common place words, showing how you
change them for reported speech:
Note:Withthesethings,alwaysuseyourcommonsense.Ifyouare
reportingsomethingthatsomeonesaidtenminutesago,andyourlocation
isstillthesame,andthetimeframeisstillthesame,thendon'tchange
theseplaceandtimeexpressions.
For example:
Ten minutes ago you said,"We have a lot of work today.“ (DS)
Ten minutes ago you saidwe had a lot of work today (IDS)

16. Examples for when and how to change place and time
expressions:
Direct speech Reported speech
She said, "I workhere." She said she workedthere.
They said, "We are
eatingnow."
They said they were
eatingthen.
You said, "She singstoday."You said she sangthat day.
He said, "I will
cometomorrow."
He said he would comethe
following day.

17. Different types of sentences
When you use reported speech, you either report:
* statements
* questions(open ended & Close ended)
* Requests / commands
(*STATEMENTS)Tense backshift
Backshiftisthe changing of atensewhen reporting
what someone said.
When reporting what somebody saidin the past, the
tenses of the verbs in the reported statementgo one
step backwards.

18. Direct speech Reported speech
Simple present Simple past
E.g:He said, "Ieatcheese." He said heatecheese.
Present progressive Past progressive
E.g: He said, "Iam eatingcheese." He said hewas eatingcheese.
Present perfect Past perfect
E.g:Hesaid, "Ihave eatencheese." He said hehad eatencheese.
Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive
E.g: He said, "Ihave been
eatingcheese."
He said hehad been
eatingcheese.
Here is how the tense backshift works:

19. Simple past Past perfect
E.g: He said, "Iatecheese." He said hehad eatencheese.
Past progressive Past perfect progressive
E.g: He said, "Iwas eatingcheese."
He said hehad been
eatingcheese.
Past perfect Past perfect(no change)
E.g: He said, "Ihad eatencheese."He said hehad eatencheese.
Past perfect progressive
Past perfect progressive.(no
change)
E.g: He said, "Ihad been
eatingcheese."
He said hehad been
eatingcheese.
Past tense:

20. Direct speech Reported speech
Will Would
E.g: She said, "Iwilleat cheese."She said shewouldeat cheese.
Can Could
E.g: She said, "Icaneat cheese."She said shecouldeat cheese.
Must Had to
E.g: She said, "Imusteat cheese."She said shehad toeat cheese.
Shall Would
E.g:She said, "Ishalleat cheese."She said shewouldeat cheese.
May Might
E.g: She said, "Imayeat cheese." She said shemighteat cheese.
The backshift also works on certainmodal verbs:

21. Direct speech Reported speech
Would
E.g:She said, "Iwouldeat cheese." She said shewouldeat cheese.
Could
E.g:She said, "Icouldeat cheese." She said shecouldeat cheese.
Should
E.g: She said, "Ishouldeat cheese." She said sheshouldeat cheese.
Might
E.g: She said, "Imighteat cheese." She said shemighteat cheese.
Ought to
She said, "Iought toeat cheese." She said sheought toeat cheese.
There is NO CHANGE in the followingmodal verbs:

22. No tense backshift:
If you are reportingfacts(universal truths)or
something that isstill true, you can keep the verbs in the
present:
Also, if the reporting verb is in thesimple present,present
perfect, or future, then there isno tense backshift:
Direct speech Reported speech
You said, "The
Earthisround."
You said the Earthisround.
I said, "Romeisin Italy." I said Romeisin Italy.
She said, "Peoplesleepat
night."
She said peoplesleepat night.
Direct speech Reported speech
You say, "Ijogdaily." You say youjogdaily.
You have said, "Ijogdaily." You have said youjogdaily.
You will say, "Ijogdaily." You will say youjogdaily.